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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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« 


1 

CIHM/ICMH 

CIHIVI/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Collection  de 

Series. 

microfiches. 

• 

i                   .      ■                       - 

V 

Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliograph'c  Notes/Notas  tachniques  at  bibiiographiquaa 


Tha  Instituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibiiographically  unique, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
tha  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


□ 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I     1    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagte 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  et/ou  pellicui6e 


I      I   Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6cgraphiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bieue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avac  d'autras  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  iiure  serrde  peut  causer  de  i'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  la  long  da  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
11  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissant  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  iorsqua  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  AtA  fiim^as. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentairas  suppl6mentalres: 


L'Instltut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaira 
qu'il  iui  a  M  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  e}:emplaire  qui  sont  paut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographiqua,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thoda  normale  de  fiimage 
sont  indiqute  cl-dessous. 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 
D 

D 


D 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdas  et/ou  pellicui^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dAcolortes,  tachat^es  ou  piqutes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdas 


r~T|    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

QuailtA  inigale  de  i'impression 

Includes  supplementary  matarli 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponlble 


I     I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I    Only  edition  available/ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  At6  filmtes  d  nouveau  da  fapon  k 
obtenir  la  meiileure  image  possible. 


The  c 
toth< 


Theii 
possil 
of  thi 
filmir 


Origii 
begin 
the  la 
sion, 
other 
first  I 
sion, 
or  iili 


Theii 
shall 
TINU 
whici 

Mapa 

differ 

entirf 

begin 

right 

requii 

meth 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  eu  taux  da  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dassous. 

10X  14X  '      18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grSce  d  la 
ginirositi  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  iceeping  with  the 
filming  contract  spacifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  rexemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  bacit  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fiim6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  <^»>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  appara?tra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


ly/laps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  mey  be  filmed  st 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fiimds  i  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  11  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

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1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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paiNTj 


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THE 


rASBIOMTABKB  TOUR 


i  ^v\.^^•-l•. /^^ 


AN  EXCURSION  TO     * 


is 


THE  SPRINGS,  NIAGARA,  QUEBEC, 

AND  THROUGH  THE  -^    *>  fr  »» 

NEW.ENGLAND  STATES  :  '".Lo'i'^itV 


1 


INTERSPERSED  WITH  GEOGRAPHICAL  AND   HI^- 
t  TORICAL  SKETCHES.*:  ^  ,^J.C;jj  .l^iii 

THIRD  EDITION — ENLARGED  MXti  IMPROVKP^:  > 


SARATOGA  SPRIJVOS  r 

PRINTED  AND  PUBLISHED  BY  G.    M,   DAVISON. 

1828. 


! 


y  ■■»  •  ^ . 


•1 


"'^  *>;,• 


J\/brthem  District  ofJVetv-Yorkt  to  wit: 

BE  IT  REMEMBERED,  That  on 
the  fourteenth  day  of  March,  in  the 
fifty  second  year  of  tlie  Independence 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  A.  D. 
1828,  G.  M.  Davison,  of  the  said  dis- 
trict^  hath  deposited  in  this  office,  the 
title  of  a  book,  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  pro- 
prietor,  in  the  words  following,  to  wit : 

<*  The  Fashionable  Tour ;  an  excursion  to  the 
Springs,  Niagara,  Quebec,  and  through  the  New- 
England  States  :  interspersed  with  geographical  and 
historical  sketches.  Third  edition — enlarged  and  im- 
proved." 

In  conformity  to  the  act  of  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  entitled  "  An  act  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps, 
Charts,  and  Books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of 
such  copies,  during  tiie  times  Uierein  mentioned  ;" 
and  also,  to  the  act  entitled  '*  An  act  supplementary 
to  an  act  entitled  *  An  act  for  Uie  encouragement  of 
learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts, 
and  Books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such 
copies  during  the  times  therein  mentioned,'  and  ex- 
tending the  benefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  Designing, 
Engraving,  and  Etching  historical  and  other  prints. " 
R.  R.  LANSING,  Clerk 
of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  foi^ 
the  jyorthem  Di^t  qfJVew-  York. 


4 


,;■;• 


^.y 


■if 


'  r'' 


INDBZ. 


From  Charleston  to  Philadelphia,   Page. 

Charleston,  S.  C 19 

Sullivan's  Island,    .        .        .        .        .      .  20 

Hot  Spring, 21 

Berkley  Springs id 

Natural  Bridge, id 

Monticello, id 

Grave  of  Jefferson, id 

Washington  City, 23 

Georgetown, 24 

Alexandria, id 

Mount  Vernon, 25 

Tomb  of  Washington,        ,         ,        .        *  id 

Baltimore, •  26 

Stages  and  Steam  Boats  from  Baltimore,        •  27 

Philadelphia, '*  31 

Coal  Mines,      .    ' 82 

Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,        .         .        •  ^ 

Stages  and  Steam  Boats  from  Philadelphia,      .  id 

Liverpool  Packets,        .         .  .  .  87 

From  Philadelphia  to  New- York,  ''*'' ' 

Burlington,  N.  J 88 

Bristol,        ......  id 

Bordentown, id 

Trenton,        .  ....  id 

Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal,        ...  39 

Princeton, 40 

New-Brunswick, id 

Perth  Amboy,        .  ....  id 

Elizabethtown,         .        .         .        .        .  *  id 

Staten  Island, id 


X  INDEX. 

New- York, 41 

Liverpool,  London  and  Havre  Packets,  46 

Brooklyn,                   id 

Discovery  of  the  Hudson,        ...  47 

JFVom  JVew-  York  to  Albany, 

Bemarks — Steam  Boats,  kc.           .  50 

Passageoft^e  Hudson,              .        .  61 

Weehawken .52 

Palisadoes, id 

Harlaem  Heights, id 

Fort  Washington, id 

Tappan  Bay,        .....  58 

Haverstraw  Bay,        .....  ftf 

Highlands, id 

Anthony's  Nose,            ....  54 

West  Point,        .        ,        .        .                ,  id 

Major  Andre, 55 

Pollopell  Island, 61 

New  Windsor — Newburgh,                    .        ,  id 

Milton 62 

Poughkeepsie — Hyde  Park  Landing,              .  id 

Gattskill— Pine  Orchard,         .        .         .  63 

Athens,        .....  j$5 

Hudson,  .  .  .  .  r(|f 
Coxsackie  Landing,        ...          .66 

Albany, id 

Stages  from  Albany,        ...  69 

From  Albany  to  Saratoga  Springs. 

Patroon's  Mansion — U.  S.  Arsenal,        .        .  73 

Troy, 73 

Lansingburgh — Waterford,      ...  74 

Cohoes  Falls, 75 

Van  Schaick's  Island— Mechanics'  Ville,  .  76 
Malta  Ville  -  Dunning  Street,  .  .  .77 
Ballston  Spa,         .         .         ,                   .id 

Sftratoga  Springs,        .        .         .          .        .  9^ 


INDEX  .  St 

From  Saratoga  Springs  to  Betnua*  Heights, 

Saratoga  Lake .96 

Schuyler  Ville, W 

Bemus'  Heights — Surrender  of  Burgoyne,      .     id 


..:v 


From  Schuyler  Ville  to  Lake  George. 

Fort  Edward, 112 

Sandy  Hill— Glen's  Falls,                 .         .  113 
Caldwell— 'Lake  George,      .         .        .        .115 

Fort  William  Henry 116 

Fort  George — Passags  of  Lake  George,       .  118 

Ticonderoga,        .....  121 


EXCURSION  TO  THE  WEST,  • 

BY    STAGE. 

i.t:     .  From  Saratoga  Springs  to  Utica, 

Directions  to  Travellers,        .         .       '  i"  123 

Table  of  Distances — Stirason's  Farm,  Galway,  124 

Fonda's  Bush — Johnstown,  .         .  125 

Caughnawaga,  ...  126 

Palatine — Canajoharie — Fort  Plain— Little  Falls,  id 

Herkimer, ,  128 

Utica,         .        .  ...  129 

Stages  from  Utica,  distances,  &c       .        •  130 


From  Utica  to  Trenton  Falls. 
Route  and  description  of  the  Falls,  ^    « 


•:fr. 


131 


Stage  Route  from  Utica  to  Buffalo,        / 

New-Hartford— Manchester — Vernon,       •        136 

Oneida  Castle, 

Lenox — Quality  Hill — Chitteningo, 


.'^:  \  .„  Iffy 


Manlius — Orville — Syracuse , 
Salina, 


t.. 


f89 
140 


. . :  !j  , 


xii  .INDEX. 

Camillus—Elbridge— -Auburn,        .  141 

Cayuga,  «•'•*'** 

Seneca  Falls — Waterloo— Genava,        .        .  145 

Canandaigua— Burning  Springs,        .         .  146 

Eastand  West  Bloomfield,           .           .  149 

Lima — Avon — Avon  Spring — Caledonia,      .  id 

Leroy — ^Batavia,         ,         .          .          .  150 

Buffalo,        •        •        •        •         •         •  151 

r.n,  .        .         ERIE  CANAL,    ^^ '  -  ■':  .'^-v  ' 

Description  of, 152 

Canal  Passage,          .          ....  154 

Table  of  distances,         .        .          .        .  155 

Canal  Route  from  Schenectady  to  Rochester, 

Schenectady, 157 

Amsterdam, 159 

Schoharie  Creek, id 

Caughnawaga — Anthony's  Nose,        .        .  id 

Canajoharie — Fort  Plain,        .        .        .  H 

East  Canada  Creek — Mohawk  Castle,      .       .  id 

Little  Falls— Utica,        ...          .  160 
Whitesborough,        ...         .         .id 

Oriskany,        .                ...         .  161 

Rome id 

Oneida  Creek— Canistota,        ...  162 

New  Boston — Chitteningo,        ,        .        .  id 

Manlius — Orville — Syracuse,         .        .        .  id 

Geddes — Nine  Mi4e  Creek,         .        .         .  id 

Canton — Jordan — Weed's  Basin,        .  id 

Port  Byron, 163 

Montezuma, id 

Clyde — Lyons — Newark id 

Palmyra, id 

Fullom'd  Basin,        .        .        ,        .        .  164 

Great  Embankment— Pittsford,        .        ♦.,;  44 

Rochester, .id 

Stage  Routes  from  Rochesler  to  Buffalo,  166 


INDEX. 


xiu 


^'ri. 


IVom  Rochester  to  Carthage  Falls. 

Carthage, 

Ontario  Steam  Boat,        .... 

Canal  Route  from  Rochester  to  Buffalo. 

Description,  .... 

Ogden — Brockport — HoUey, 

Newport — Oak  Orchard,  • 

Middleport — Lockport, 

Pendleton — Tonnewanta  Creek, 

Niagara  River,  .... 

Buffalo,  .  .  . 

Lake  Erie,  .... 

From  Buffalo  to  JViagara  Falls, 

Stage  and  Steain*boat  routes. 

Black  Rock,  .... 

Waterloo,  .  .  .  ,  '  ^^r 

Chippewa  Battle  Ground,  .  , 

Chippewa  Village, 

Bridge  water,  or  Lundy's  Lane, 

Burning  Spring,  .  .  .      — : 

Niagara  Falls,  .... 

Welland  Canal, 


167 

id 


167 

168 

id 

id 

169 

id 

170 

172 

173 

id 
174 

id 
175 

id 
177 

id 
185 


tVom  J^agara  Falls  to  Forts  George  and 

JViagara,  .,»•..  '__ 

Queenston — Brock's  Monument,        .        .      1^ 
Fort  George— Newark,  .  .        .      187 

Fort  Niagara— Youngstown,  .  .      188 

From  Fort  J\ltagara  to  the  Falls  on  the  Amer- 
ican side, 

.  188 

id 


Lewiston, 

Ridge  Road,  or  Alluvial  Way, 


•  'jt^  '•If 


'U.1 


XIV 


INDEX. 


Tuscarora  Village, 
Devil's  Hole— Whirlpool, 
Sulphur  Spring— American  Fall, 


LAKE  ONTARIO, 


Description  of, 


189 

190 

id 


190 


Route  from  JSTiagara  to  Montreal* 

Directions  and  description,            .            •  191 

Table  of  distances,            .            .            .  192 

Charlotte — Great  Sodus  Bay — Oswego,  id 

Sacket's  Harbor- Cape  Vincent — Morristown,  193 

Ogdensburgh,                         .            .        .    .  194 

Rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence,            ,            .  id 

Wreck  of  a  barge  on  the  rapids,                 .  id 

Gallop  Islands,            .             .  .           .  196 

St.  Regis,           ....  197 

Lachine,            .....  198 

Montreal,           .           .•         •,         .      •  '  i(f 

1' ,  IVom  Montreal  to  Quebec. 

Steam-boats,  &c.                       •' '        .  199 

William  Henry— Lake  St.  Peter,        .        .  200 

Three  Rivers — Richelieu  Rapids,        .        .  201 

SiUery  River— Wolfe's  Cove— Point  Levi,  202 

Quebec,           ....  id 

Gen.  Montgomery,            *           .           .  204 

Plains  of  Abraham,        ...  206 

Wolfe  and  Montcalm's  Monument,        .  208 

Falls  of  Montmorenci,              .            •  id 

Return  to  Montreal,         ....    rwi-          .  209 

Route  from  Montreal  to  the  White  Mountains,  210 

FVom  Montreal  to  WhitehalU 

Table  of  distances — Chambly — St.  Johns,  210 

Description  of  Lake  Cbamplain,            .        .  211 

IsleauxNoix,           .           .           *        -  id 


INDEX. 


XV 


189 

190 

id 


190 


191 
192 

id 
193 
194 

id 

id 
196 
197 
198 

id 


,r 


rtf    '--:\\.     w: 


Rouse's  Point, 

Plattsburgh, 

Downie's  Monument, 

Port  Kent, 

Adgate's  Falls— High  Bridge 

Burlington, 

Split  Rock — Crown  Point, 

Ticonderoga — Mount  Independence, 

South  and  East  Bays, 

Whitehall, 

NORTHERN  CANAL, 

Description  of,        *        ...        . 

Canal  Routefrom  Whitehall  to  Albany. 

Table  of  distances. 

Wood  Creek,  .  .  .         . 

Fort  Anne — Burgoyne's  Road, 

Fort  Ann  to  Albany, 


212 

id 
213 
214 
215 

id 
216 
217 

id 

id 


■It 


^:l/-       M 


218 


219 
id 
id 

220 


ROUTES  TO  BOSTON.       '  ''^  ^ 

Remarks  relating  to,            .            .            .  220 

From  Saratoga  Springs  to  Boston  ^ 

Table  of  distances,            .             .           .  220 

Schuyler- Ville — Union  Village,         .          .  221 

Manchester — Chester,                         ,        .  id 

Bellows  Falls,                     .                      .  222 

Walpole — Keene — Groton — Concord,            .  223 

Lexington,                         .     '       .          .  ,-^ 
Cambridge— Boston,            .            ,            .225 

-  From  Whitehall  to  Boston. 

Fairhaven — Castleton,             .     ^       -^  £25 
Rutland,                         .            ,             .226 

Chester  to  Boston,            .            •            ,  227 


xvx 


INDEX. 


IVom  Burlington  to  Boston^  through  Windsor,  Vt. 

Table  of  distances,  .           .            .        227 

Montpelier,  id 

Gulf  road — Randolph,  .                .            228 

Woodstock — Windsor,  .             ,         .           id 

Windsor  to  Boston,  .            .            .229 


From  Burlington  to  Concord,  JV.  H. 


Hanover, 
Concord, 


229 
230 


From  Concord,  M  H.  to  the  White  Mountains. 


Winnipiseogee  Lake— Red  Mountain, 
White  Mountains, 

From  Concord  to  Boston. 

Pembroke—Hooksett,  .  • 

Methuen — Andover— Medford,  • 

Charlestown — Boston,  • 

"^•-  From  Albany  to  Boston.    ,, 

Stages— table  of  distances,      ,      |>.^ 

New-Lebanon,  .  . 

Pittsfield,  .... 

Northampton— Mount  Holyoke, 

Southampton  Lead  Mine, 

Hadley, 

Regicide  Judges,  Whalley  and  Goffe, 

Brookfield — Leicester,         .  .        . 

Worcester,  ,  .     .  ■      .■ 

Boston,        •  •  ... 

Description  of  the  surrounding  country, 

Dorchester — Roxbury, 

Brighton — Watertown— Charlestown, 

Ursuline  Convent,        .        . 


230 
231 


235 

236 

id 

236 
237 
238 

id 
239 
241 

id 
243 

id 

244 

,      248 

.        id 

.:■      249 
260 


INDEX. 


XVI  t 


Windsor,  Vt. 

227 
id 

228 
id 

229 


/v.  IT. 


229 
230 


Mountains, 

.      230 
231 


235 

236 

id 


236 
237 
238 

id 
239 
241 

id 
243 

id 
244 
248 

id 
249 
260 


Breed's  Hill,  battle  of, 
Quincy  Rail  Way  (see  note) 
Fort  Independence, 
ISahant,  .     :'     v 


250 

253 

254 

id 


livr; 


From  Boston  to  Portland,  Me. 
Table  of  distances — Lynn,  .  .         257 

Salem — Newburyport — Portsmouth,        .  258 

Portland,  .  .  .259 

Route  from  Portland  to  Hallowell  and  Augusta,  260 
Route  from  Portland  to  the  White  Mountains,      id 


From  Boston  to  JVew-  York. 
Stages,  and  sketch  of  the  route, 

JPVom  Boston  to  Providence,  jR.  /. 
Stages,  .... 

Intervening  places, 
Providence,  .         i  .  . 

From  Providence  to  JVewport, 
Stages,  .  •  .  • 

Bristol— Newport, 
Return  to  Providence, 

From  Providence  to  J^eW'London,  Conn, 

Centreville — West  Greenwich — ^Hopkinton, 
Stonington,  .... 

New-London,  •  .  .  . 

IiVom  JVeW'London  to  Ndrwich, 

River  Thames— Mohegan — Trading  Cove, 
Norwich,  .  .  ,        v,^, 


261 


261 

262 

id 


264 
265 
267 


267 

id 

269 


271 
272 


From  MmMch  to  Hartford,  '^  ' 

Stages — Distances — East  Hartford — Hartfotdi    273 
Steam  Boats  and  Stages  from  Hartford,       «       276 


XVIII 


INDEX. 


(I 


( 


From  Hartford  to  JVew-Haven. 

Wethersfield— Rocky  Hill— Middletown, 
From  Middletown  to  the  mouth  of  the  river, 

(see  note,)  ,       ■•>.*■•••%,,■>■  ?ii{^' t-.^i;,, 

Northford — Natural  Ice  House, 
Natural  Ice  House  in  Meriden,  (see  note,) 
Newr-Haven,  .         . 

West  and  East  Rocks — Farmingtoo  Canal, 

'  From JVew-Havat  to JVew-York. 
Steam  Boats,  Stages,  and  sketch  of  the  route,    284 


277 

278 
id 

279 
id 

283 


'.-llt'.H-'^ 


From  JVeW'Bavento  IMehfield. 

Beacon  Mountain,  ii      ,vca>K>  xiJf  ,         285 

Watertown — Litchfield,  :  ^      ko    ggg 

Mount  Tom— Great  Pond— Chalybeate  Spring,    id 
Mount  Prospect,  .  ,  287 

"^<^^y^  "  'Frommchjieldtomany^'^r^r^ 
Stages  and  intervening  places,        .        , ,  :      2S7 

'^mi.      From  Litchjield  to  Hartford.       ^stV'"^' 
Harwinton— Burlington— Farmington,    ,;  ^,  ;  288 

Route  up  the  Valley  of  the  Connecticut  River: 
Windsor,  Conn.     Z  ^'f*, -^fi^y,  .  288 

Suffield— West  Springfield,     5  i**7v-~..i;^mP>  289 
Springfield,        ,  ..  ,  ,*v»imL.    id 

South  Hadlcy  Falls,  .  :    ,:r^j^l   29Q 

Northampton— Hadley— Hatfield,        ...     .    291 

J^,B^P^^^         -*-•*  r  V  >    .-^.mM:^^     292 
Deerfield,  .  .     ^  -^,    ^     »  . 

Greenfield-Turner's  Fallsf  '^'^-.^-i^ -^    . 
Vemon— Guilford^Brattleborough, 
Westminster— Walpole— Bellows  Falls, 
Charlestown,  N.  H,  . 

|P'iSSfif»<i— Weathenifield,  Vt-windiOr, 
Hartland-HT^tfpnil.,  Vt-Kfanovei-;        . 


293 
295 
296 

id 

298 

id 


i 


!>  •    .■   -  ; ^n 


■'S:  ;■ 


r ASHIOITABKE  TOUR. 


Charleston,  the  metropolis  of  South  CarO' 
Una,  is  alike  distinguished  for  the  opulence  and  hos- 
pitality of  its  inhabitants.  On  entering  the  city 
from  the  bay,  an  interesting  prospect  is  presented. 
Tho  glittering  spires  of  its  public  edifices  are  well 
calculated  to  give  animation  to  the  scene.  Some 
of  its  streets  are  extremely  beautiful,  and  many  of 
the  houses  are  truly  elegant  Orange  trees,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  season,  laden  with  fruit,  and  peach 
trees  clothed  wiUi  blossoms,  meet  the  e^  e  of  the 
traveller,  and  united  with  the  clLnate  of  the  coun- 
try at  that  ti  ne,  render  Charlestoii  one  of  the  most 
'M  attractive  cities  [:\  the  union.  The  society  is  refin- 
' ;        ed,  intelligent,  frank  and  affable. 

From  this  city  and  the  surrounding  country,  many 
travellers  repair,  during  the  summer  season,  to  tfie 
north.  The  communication  betwera  Charleston 
and  New-York  is  rendered  frequent  by  convenient 
and  commodious  packets  that  ply  from  one  place  to 
the  other.  A. journey  by  land  is  tedious  and  unin- 
teresting ;  the  public  innc  are  unusually  poor,  and  a 
voyage  by  water  is  the  ur  iform  choice  of  the  fash-  , 
ionable  and  genteel  porti  .m  of  the  community. 

The  most  celebrated  edifices  of  this  city,*^arc  the 
Orphan  Asyi^itm  and  the  Circular  Church. 
The  former  is  one  of  the  best  institutions  of  the  kind 
in  the  United  States.  It  is  highly  honorable  to  tiie 
characterestic  humanity  and  benevolence  of  the 
place,  and  is  a  happy  illustration  of  the  to^  o  of  pub- 
lic ieeling. 


20 


SULLIVAN'S  ISLAND. 


Sullivan's  Island,  which  lays  at  the  distaacc 
of  seven  miles  from  the  city,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
harbonr,  10  a  spot  consecrated  as  the  theati*e  of  im- 
portant events  during  the  revolution .  On  this  Island 
is  Fort  Moultrie,  rendered  glorious  by  the  un- 
yielding desperation  with  which  it  sustained  the  at- 
tack of  the  British  Heet  in  the  war  of  our  independ- 
ence. Hic  fleet  consist^  of  about  fifty  sail ;  and 
on  the  first  annunciation  of  its  approach,  lay  within 
mx  leagues  of  the  island.  It  was  a  time  of  awful 
and  Anxious  suspense  to  the  garrison  in  the  fort,  and 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  city.  The  public  mind  had 
become  deeply  impressed  with  ideas  of  English  val- 
our ;  and  diffident  of  its  own  power,  looked  with 
Jminful  anxiety  towards  the  Issiie  of  the  coming 
^oQtest. 

'  About  this  period  a  proclamation  reached  the  shore, 
undei*  the  sanction  of  a  fla^,  in  which  the  British 
romtnander,  Sir  H^nry  Clinton,  held  out  the  prom- 
is^  of  pardon  to  all  who  would  rengn  their  ann&  and 
co-operate  in  the  re-establishment  of  loysJty.  But 
thi^  royal  proposition  met  with  the  rejection  which 
it  deserved.  The  ipilitia  of  the  adjacent  country 
crowded  the  streets  of  Charleston  ^  the  citizens 
threw  down  their  implements  of  industry,  and  grasp- 
er, their  arms  in  defence  of  their  native  city.  On  the 
Sntii  of  June,  1776,  Fort  Moultrie  was  attacked  by 
S^t  ten  ships,  frigates  and  sloops,  and  was  defend- 
ieAla  a  manner  that  would  hav^  honored  the  heroic 
veterans  of  Greece  or  Rqi^e. 

poring  this  engagement,  the  inhabitants  stood  at 
Uicnrresppctivepo9ts,  prepared  to  meet  tho  advanc- 
ing foe.  Hieyjiad  detiermiped  to  grapple  with  the 
eij^my  as  he  landed,  and  surrender  ttieir  liberty  on- 
ly With  their  livesi.  B)it  so  manfully  did  the  garri- 
son withstand  the  conflict,  that  the  fleet  was  com- 
pelled to  withdraw,  leaving  the  inhabitants  in  the 
unmolested  enjoyment  of  uieir  rights. 

The  influence  of  this  expedition,  was  most  auspi- 
cious to  the  cause  of  American  libertv.     It  stvencth- 


MONTICELLO. 


21 


ebed  the  trembling  hopes  and  dispersed  tlie  fears  of 
the  inhabitants.  They  had  seen  the  result  of  this 
attempt,  and  now  felt  the  triumphant  assurance  that 
the  sticred  cause  in  which  they  had  enlisted,  wouid 
eventually  succeed. 

In  passing;  through  Virginia,  tourists,  and  particth 
larly  invalids,  frequently  visit  the  Hot  Sfriko,  in 
Bath  county,  170  miles  fire  \  Richmond,  and  50 
miles  south  west  of  Staunton ;  the  waters  of  which 
are,  at  times,  of  a  sufficient  temperature  to  boil  a^ 
egg.  But  the  most-  fashionable  place  is  the  Bsbjc- 
XiBY  Springs,  110  miles  nortli  west  of  Wadi- 
ington.  The  Natural  Bridgb  over  Cedar 
Creek,  in  Rockbridge  county,  12  miles  south  west 
of  Lexington,  is  also  a  [dace  of  considerable  resort. 
It  is  justly  considered  one  of  the  greatest  natural  cu* 
riosities  in  the  world.  Ttie  river  at  this  place,  runs 
through  a  chasm  in  a  hill.  The  chasm  is  90  feet 
wide  at  the  top,  250  feet  deep,  and  the  sides  al- 
most perpendicular.  The  bridge  is  formed  by  a  huge 
rock  thrown  completely  across  this  chasm  at  the  top. 
The  rock  fwming  the  brid^  is  60  feet  bread  in  tiae 
middle,  and  is  covered  with  earth  and  trees.  It 
forms  a  sublime  spectacle,  wheh  examined  from  the 
margin  of  the  river  beneath.  .  _  .... 

>  MoNTiCELLO,  (79  miles  from  Richmond,)  the 
former  residence  of  Jefferson,  was  also  an  object 
of  attraction,  during  the  life-time  of  its  sag^  and 
philosopher  ;  and  since  his  decease,  the  spot  of  his 
interment  has  become  a  place  of  frequent  visitation. 
It  is  thus  described  by  a  late  traveller :  m;,  ^ 

"  I  ascended  the  winding  road  which  leads  from 
Charlottesville  to  Monticello.  The  path  leads  a 
circuitous  ascent  of  about  2  miles  up  the  miniature 
mountain,  on  which  stand  the  mansion,  the  farm, 
and  the  grave  of  Jefferson.  On  entering  the  gate 
which  opens  into  the  enclosure,  numerous  paflis  ai- 
verge  in  various  directions,  winding  through  beauti- 

b2 


il 


1 

'1 

M  GR4VE  OF  JEFFERSON. 

ful  groves  to  the  sumiDit  of  ''  ill.  From  the 
peak  on  which  the  house  stanu  ,  a  grand  and  nearly 
illuminated  view  opens,  of  the  thickly  wooded  hills 
and  fertile  valKes,  which  stretch  out  on  eitlier  side. 
The  University,  with  its  dome,  porticoes,  and  coN 
onadei,  looks  like  a  fair  city  in  the  plain ;  Charlottes* 
ville  seems  to  be  directly  beneatti.  No  spot  can  be 
imagined  as  combining  greater  advantages  of  ^;rand- 
eur,  healthfulness  and  seclusion.  The liouse  is  no- 
ble in  its  appearance ;  two  lane  columns  support  a 
portico,  which  extends  from  ue  wings,  an(l  into  it 
the  front  door  opens.  The  apartments  are  neatly 
famished  and  embellished  with  statues,  busts,  por- 
traits, and  natural  curiosities.  The  grounds  and  out 
houses  have  been  neglected  ;  Mr.  Jefferson  V  at- 
tention being  absorbed  from  such  personal  concerns » 
by  the  cares  attendant  on  the  superintendance  of  the 
University,  which,  when  in  health,  he  visited  daily 
since  its  erection  commenced. 

**  At  a  short  distance  behind  the  mansion,  in  a  qui- 
et, shaded  spot,  tlie  visitor  sees  a  square  enclosure, 
surrounded  by  a  low  uninortered  stone  wall,  which 
he  enters  by  a  neat  wooden  gate.  This  is  the  fami- 
ly burial  ground,  containing  10  or  15  graves,  none 
of  them  marked  by  ep  taphs,  and  only  a  few  dis- 
tinguished by  any  memorial  On  one  side  of  this 
simple  cemetry,  is  the  resting  place  of  the  Patriot 
and  Philosopher.  When  I  saw  it,  the  vault  was  just 
arched,  and  in  readiness  for  the  plain  stone  which 
*j  to  cover  it.  May  it  ever  continue  like  Washing- 
ton's, without  any  adventitious  attractions  or  con- 
spicuoueness ;  for,  when  we  or  our  posterity  m  ed 
any  other  mornento  of  our  debt  of  honor  to  tliose 
names,  than  their  simple  inscription  on  paper,  wood 
or  stone,  gorgeous  tombs  would  be  a  mockery  to 
their  memories.  Wh&n  gratitude  shall  cease  to  con- 
seen,  te  their  remembrance  in  the  hearts  of  our  (-^ti' 
zens,  no  cenotaph.will  inspire  the  reverence  we  owe 
to  them."  ^    ^r^- ..« ' «"  ',  r,..    -.-^^ 


CnV  OF  WASHINGTON. 


F'rom  tlie 
nd  nearly 
oded  hlll^; 
iier  side. 
and  col- 
harlottes* 
Kit  can  be 
of  erand- 
iseis  no- 
mpport  a 
Q0  into  it 
re  neatly 
ists,  per- 
ls and  out 
rson*8'  at- 
concerns, 
ice  of  the 
ited  daily 

in  a  qui- 

nclosure, 

I!,  which 

the  fami- 

es,  none 

'ew  dis- 

of  this 

Patriot 

was  just 

which 

Vashing- 

or  con- 

ty  nted 

to  tliose 

wood 

kery  to 

to  con- 

our  v.'^l* 

we  owo 


■  But,  as  a  principal  object  of  southern  tourists  is  to 
«njoy  the  salubrious  air  of  the  north  durin<(  tho 
warm  season,  their  firjt  point  of  attraction  is  the 
city  of  New- York  ;  which,  as  before  remarked,  ifi 
more  frequently  reached  by  water  than  otherwise  ; 
and  when  travellad  by  land,  the  route  is  generally 
performed  with  ns  little  delay  nt  the  intermeditrte 
places  as  practicable. 

The  "Citt  of  Washingtow,  as  the  seat  of  gor- 
ernment  of  the  Union,  558  miles  from  Charleston, 
is  a  place  of  much  fashionable  resort  during  thd 
session  of  congress  in  the  winter;  but  is  mostly  de- 
serted by  strangers  in  the  surruner. 

It  is  situated  on  the  Maryland  side  of  the  Poto- 
mac, and  on  a  point  of  land  formed  by  the  junction 
of  the  fiastern  Branch.  The  District  of  Columbia,  in 
v^  wliich  the  city  is  located,  was  ceded  to  the  Unif^d 

™  States  by  Maryland  and  Virginia  in  1790,  and    i 

1800  it  became  the  seat  of  the  general  government. 
This  District  is  about  10  mites  square,  lying  on  both 
sides  of  the  Potomac,  and  is  under  the  immediate 
direction  of  Congress. 

The  original  plan  of  Washington  when  complet* 
od,  the  erection  of  its  public  edifices,  and  the  ele- 
gance of  its  situation,  will  render  it  one  of  the  most 
splendid  <:ities  in  the  world.  The  capital  stands  on 
a  h^h  and  lofty  eminence,  and  commands  ade- 
iif^litfitl  prospectof  the  Penn^Kania  Avenue,  the 
President's  Mouse,  Georgetown  and  the  Potomac, 
the  Gijneral  Post-office,  the  Navy  Yard,  GreenleaPs 
Point,  the  bridge  on  the  river,  aru!  tlie  road  to  Al- 
exandria and  Mount  Vernon.  The  capital  is  built 
of  white  free  stone,  has  two  wings,  and  is  a  veri^ 
ms^nificent  edifice.  The  president's  house,  which 
is  also  constructed  of  stone,  two  stories  high,  with 
four  spacious  buildings  near  it,  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  the  heads  of  department,  make  altogetiier  sm 
interesting  spectacle  for  the  visitant. 


ill 


:'    »t 


'  i 

1 

1 

t 

> 

;;     f 

i 

•2\ 


tfEORGETOVVN. 


The  chamber  in  which  the  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  assemble  for  the  transaction  of  pub* 
lie  business,  is  one  of  the  richest  and  most  Jr*plendid 
apartment:!  of  the  kind  that  has  ever  been  construct- 
ed. It  is  semi-circular,  with  dark  blue  columns  of 
polished  stone,  and  is  lighted  from  the  roof 

The  national  library  is  in  the  same  edifice,  and 
contains  the  paintings  executed  by  Col.  Trumbull. 
They  are  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the 
surrender  of  the  English  armies  on  the  plains  of 
Saratoga  and  at  Yorktown,  and  General  Washing- 
ton in  the  act  of  resigning  his  commission. 

Perhaps  there  is  no  spot  in  the  United  States 
that  holds  out  more  inducements  to  a  traveller  than 
this  city  during  the  sessions  of  congress.  It  is  the 
theatre  on  which  the  pride  and  power  of  the  Amer- 
ican nation  are  congregated  to  control  the  destinies 
of  a  mighty  people.  It  is  the  residence  of  all  the  For- 
eign 1  iinisters,  and  embraces  a  large  portion  of  the 
gay  and  fashionable  world.  The  levees  at  the  house 
of  the  president  are  fascinating  ;  and  the  apartments 
on  these  occasions  are  open  and  accessible  to  every 
citizen  of  the  republic.  ,♦'  •/  ^  f>^»*-  vw 

Georgetown  is  on  the  same  side  of  the  Poto- 
mac with  Washington,  at  the  distance  of  3  miles — 
It  is  very  pleasanUy  situated,  and  is  a  place  of  con- 
siderable trade,  llie  coimtry  around  it  is  richly  di- 
versified, and  the  location  of  the  Catholic  Col- 
lege is  very  delightful.  This  institution  is  in  a 
flourishing  condition,  with  about  150  students,  a  li- 
brary of  7000  volumes,  and  a  valuable  i^iilosophic- 
al  apparatus.  The  banks  of  the  Potomac,  still  fur- 
ther up  the  river,  are  high,  and,  together  widi  Ma- 
son's Island  near  its  mouth,/orm  an  agreeable  sce- 
nery. 

Alexandrl4  is  6  miles  south  of  Washington,  on 
the  Virginia  side  of  the  Potomac.    It  is  an  cxten- 


AlOUNT  VERNON. 


» 


sivc  placo,  and  it  a  fasliionnblc  aud  pleasant  resort 
for  genteel  society  durinp^  the  sittjn«;3  of  confess. 
The  country  between  thit;  city  and  the  capital  is  but 
thinly  inhabited,  and  the  soil  poor  and  unproductive ; 
but  the  road  is  K(>od)  ^^^  ^  "de  to  Alexandria  con^ 
stitutes  one  of  me  amusements  of  a  winter  at  Wash" 
ington. 


«". ) 


\  y 


MouifT  Veriton  is  9  miles  belo^  Alexandria. — 
To  this  sacred  spot  the  mind  of  every  American  re- 
curs  with  the  most  enthusiastic  devotion.  He  looks 
upon  it  as  consecrated  ground.  Hero  the  im- 
mortal Washington,  after  having  conducted  the 
American  armies  forth  to  victoiy  and  independence, 
retired  to  enjoy  the  rich  reward  of  his  services  in  the 
warm  hearted  gratitude  of  his  countrymen,  and  in 
the  peaceful  seclusion  of  private  life. 

This  place  is  now  the  residence  of  Judge  Wash- 
ington, the  nephew  of  the  General.  The  road  to  it 
is  almost  uninhabited  and  difficult  to  trace.  The 
house  stands  on  an  eminence,  embracing  a  delight- 
ful view  of  the  Potomac,  with  a  rich  and  beautiful 
lawn  extending  in  front  to  the  river. 

The  Tomb  of  Washington  is  visited  as  an  in- 
teresting object  of  contemplation.  Here  slumber  in 
peaceful  silence  the  ashes  of  the  great  and  patriotic 
Father  of  Liberty.  Americans  will  repair  to  his 
grave  and  moisten  with  their  tears  the  sod  that  press- 
es upon  his  bosom.  No  monument  has  yet  been  c- 
rected  to  his  memory ;  but  it  will  survive,  long  after 
monuments  shall  have  crumbled  into  dust. 

■M  ^-^^'-^"-'-'^  STAGES.         ".^-  "-*■  -;"r> 
Tlie  United  States  Afail  Stage  leaves       *  * 


Washington  City  for  Bal- 
timore, daily,  at  5  A.  M. 


Baltimore  for  Washing- 
ton City,  daily,  at  4  A. 

M.  *    ..  li..*v  . 

B   4 


-2E3S 


'26 


BALTIMORK. 


# 


if    .' 


I\  ^ 


And  arrives  in  each  citj'  in  time  for  passengers  to 
dine. 

Besides  the  above,  there  are  three  lines  of  stages, 
running  daily,  for  the  accommodation  of  travellers, 
as  follows  : — Leaving 

Washington  City  for  Bal-  I  Baltimore  for  Washing- 
timore,  at  5,  6,  8,  and  I  ton  City,  at  4,  8,  and 
10,  A.  M.  ]  9,  A.  M. 

The  city  of  Baltimore,  38  miles  nortli-east  of 
Washington,  is  the  third  citjr  in  population  and  com- 
merce in  the  Union.  It  is  situated  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Patapsco  river,  14  miles  from  its  en^-^nceinto 
the  Chesapeake  bay.  Its  population  in  1820,  was  62,- 
728 ;  and  many  of  its  buildings  which  are  mostly  of 
brick,  are  elegant.  The  city  is  built  on  a  bay,  which 
sets  up  from  the  river,  affording  a  convenient  and 
spacious  harbor.  On  the  narrow  strait  which  connects 
the  bay  with  the  river  is  Fort  M'Henry.  A  small 
river,  over  which  there  are  convenient  bridges,  di- 
vides the  city  into  two  parts,  called  the  town  and 
Fell's  Point.  The  ^eat  water  privileges  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  the  city,  give  it  important  advantages  in 
manufactures.  Among  the  mills  already  erected  are 
GO  flour  and  corn  mills  ;  13  cotton  factories ;  a  wool- 
len factory,  and  several  iron  and  copper  works.  Of 
its  public  buildings,  the  city  contains  the  state  peni- 
tentiary, an  alms-house,  a  court-house,  museum,  2 
theatres,  a  custom-house,  a  hospital,  in  which  there 
is  a  fine  collection  of  anatomical  preparations  in  wax, 
an  exchange  of  very  superior  dimensions,  an  athe- 
neuni,  10  banks,  and  32  houses  of  public  worship. 
The  University  of  Maryland ,  St.  ary 's  college,  and 
Baltimore  college  are  .ilso  located  in  the  city.  The 
two  first  are  flourishing  and  important  institutions. 
Among  the  best  public  houses  are  the  Indian  Queen 
Hotel  and  the  City  Hotel — the  latter  situated  neai* 
the  Washington  Monument 


STAGES,  STEAM- BOATS,  &c.  27 


sengers  to 

I  of  stages, 
travellers, 

Washing- 
4,  8,  and 


>rtli-east  of 
1  and  corn- 
north  side 
I'^anceinto 
0,  was  62,- 
e  mostly  of 
bay,  which 
enient  and 
:h  connects 
'.    A  small 
Jridges,  di- 
!  town  and 
s  in  the  vi- 
'antages  in 
erected  are 
$s ;  a  wool- 
vorks.     Of 
state  peni- 
museum,  2 
^hich  there 
)nsin  wax, 
s,  an  athe- 
c  worship, 
ollege,  and 
city.     The 
istitutions. 
ian  Queen 
uated  near 


The  Washington  Monument,  on  an  elevation 
at  the  north  end  of  Charles-street,  is  a  superb  and 
elegant  marble  structure.  It  is  50  kot  square  at  the 
base,  which  is  23  feet  high  ;  on  which  is  another 
square  of  about  half  the  extent  and  elevation.  On 
this  is  a  lofty  column,  the  summit  of  which  is  163 
feet  from  the  grounrl — its  base  being  20  feet,  and  its 
top  14  feet  in  diameter.  The  ascent  is  by  means  of 
a  spiral  stair  case  ;  and  the  prospect  thus  afforded 
of  the  surrounding  country  is  beautiful  and  extreme- 
ly interesting. 

■J    ij./f.    nc 


1,1 


The  Battle  Monument  is  also  an  object  wor- 
thy of  attention.  It  is  situated  on  a  large  square  in 
North  Calvert-street ;  and  was  erected  to  perpetuate 
the  memory  of  those  who  fell  in  bravely  defending 
the  city  from  the  attack  of  the  British  on  the  12th 
and  13th  of  September,  1814.  .^^^  ;„,# 

The  Public  Fountain,  located  in  the  western 
part  of  the  city,  surrounded  by  a  public  square,  and 
shaded  with  trees,  is  a  place  of  much  fashionable  re- 
sort in-the  warm  season.  The  neatness  and  order 
preserved  at  the  fountain,  and  the  repeated  assem- 
blage within  the  square  of  the  beauty  and  fashion  o[ 
the  city,  render  it  peculiarly  attractive  and  inviting. 

,     STAGES,  STEAM  BOATS,  fyc.    ,,„^. 

BALTIMORE  TO  ANNAPOLIS.        >.i 
The  Steam  Boat  Maryland  leaves 
Baltimore  for  Annapolis,  I  Annapolis  for  Baltimore, 
every  Sunday  at  9  A.  M.  |  every  Sunday  at  8  P.  M. 
And  arrives  at  Baltimore  early  the  same  evening. 
The  Patuxent  also  runs  every  Sunday  from  Bal- 
timore to  Annapolis, 


Leaving  Baltimore  at 
nine  o'clock  A.  M.,  and 
arriving  at  Annapolis  in 
time  to  dine. 

b5 


Leaving  Annapolis  for 
Baltimore  at  half  past  S 
P.  M.,  and  arriving  at 
the  latter  place  early  the 
same  evening. 


ff 


m 


STAGKS,  STEAM.liUATS,  &c. 


BALTIMORE  TO  CHESTERTOWN. 

The  steam  boat  Mcarylandy  Capt.  Taylor,  and  tbc 
steam  boat  Patuxent,  Capt.  Weems,  run  as  fol- 
lows : 


Leave  Baltimore, 
*  Monday,  at  half  past  5 
o'clock  A.  M.,  and  Fri- 
day, at  10  o'clock  A.  M. 


'  I 

'  if 


Leave  Chcstertown, 
*  Monday,  at  half  past 
'.>  o'clock  P.M.,  and  Sat- 
urday morning  at  9  o'- 
clock A  M. 

Touching  at  the  new  wharf  on  Blake's  farm,  Corsi- 
ca Creek,  every  Monday  and  Saturday,  on  both  out- 
ward and  return  passage,  to  land  or  take  in  passen- 
gers, (touching  at  Queenstown  on  Saturdays  only,) 
and  arriving  at  Chestertown  at  about  10  o'clock* A. 
M.  and  at  Baltimore  early  the  same  evening.  «j/»,< 

-  *  These  trips  are  performed  by  the  Maryland. 

■  *^^       BALTIMORE  TO  EASTON,^« -^ '^ir^'^' 

Via  Annapolis,  Castle  Haven  and  Oxfori?. 

The  Maryland  leaves 
Baltimore  for  Easton, 
on  Tuesday  and  Friday 


of  each  week,  at  7  o'clock 
A.  M.,  and  proceeds  to 
Annapolis,  which  place 
.she  leaves  at  half  past  11 
o'clock,  touching  at  Cas- 
tle Haven  and  Oxford,  in 
the  afternoon,  and  arriv- 


Easton  for  Baltimore, 
on  Wednesday  and  Sat- 
m-day,  of  each  week,  at 
7  o'clock  in  the  morning, 
and  proceeds  to  Annapo- 
lis, touching  at  Oxford 
and  Castle  Haven  ;  de- 
parts from  Annapolis  at 
2  o'clock  P.  M.,  and  ar- 
rives at  Baltimore,  at 
about  six  o'ciuck  P.  M. 


ing  at  Easton  about  6  o' 
clock  the  same  evening 

Passengers  taking  the  steam  boat  Maryland^  for 
Baltimore,  on  the  above  ntentioned  days,  can,  if 
they  please,  be  put  aa  board  the  Union  line  of  steam 
boats,  which  leave  Baltimore  at  5  o'clock  every  af- 
ternoon, and  proceed  on  direct  for  Philadelphia, 
where  they  will  arrive  early  tlie  next  mormng. 


I 


S  TAGES,  STEAM-BOATS,  &c.  29 


N. 

and  tbe 
as  fol- 

ertown, 
ttlf  past 
md  Sat- 
U  9  o'- 

»,  Corsi- 
foth  out- 
passen- 
's  only,) 
clock  A. 
J.  .Q' 
and.  «-+' 


IXFORP. 

iltimoic, 
md  Sat- 
week,  at 
looming, 
Annapo- 

Oxford 
en  ;  de- 
apolis  at 

and  ar- 

aore,    at 

k  P.  M. 

landi  for 
can,  if 
of  steam 
every  af- 
adelpbia, 
ng. 


BALTIMORE  TO  NOTTINGHAM, 

Via  Plumb-Point,  Magruder's  Ferry  and 
,  Upper  Marlborough. 

The  steam  boat  Patuxent,  Capt.  Weems,  leaves 

Baltimore  for  Notting- 
ham, every  .Tuesday,  at 
6  A.  M. ,  and  arrives  at 
Benedict,  (on  the  Pa- 
tuxent  river,)  early  the 
same  evening ;  the  next 
morning  she  proceeds  up 
the  river  to  Nottingham. 


Nottingham  for  Balti- 
more, every  Wednesday 
in  time  to  arrive  at  Ben- 
edict the  same  afternoon; 
which  place  she  leiives 
at  6  o'clock,  every  Thurs- 
day morning,  and  arrives 
at  Baltimore  early  wj^e 
I  evening.  '        t^v 

The  Patuxent  stops  at  Town  Creek,  Magruder's 
Ferry  and  Lower  Marlborough,  going  and  returning, 
to  land  and  take  off  passengers  or  freight ;  and  also 
touches  at  Huring  Bay,  Plumb  Point,  Miss  Read- 
er's, Point  Patience  and  Shudam's  Point,  to^Jand 
and  take  off  passengers. 


A,., 


Ui* 


n^m     BALTIMORE  TO  NORFOLK. 
Tlie  steam  boat  JVorfolk,  Capt.  Owen,  leaves 


Baltimore  for  Norfolk, 
every  Monday,  at  7  A.  M. 


Norfolk  for  Baltimore, 
every   Wednesday,  at  6 
P.M. 
The  steam  boat  Virgimay  Capt.  Ferguson,  leaves 


Baltimore  for  Norfolk, 
at  7  o'clock  every  Thurs- 
day morning. 


Norfolk  for  Baltimoic, 
at  6  o'clock  every  Sunday 
evening. 


By  this  arrangement,  passengers  bound  south  are 
warranted  to  meet  with  no  detention,  either  by  stage 
or  steam  boat,  on  their  arrival  at  Norfolk ;  and  those 
to  the  north  will  arrive  at  Baltimore  in  time  to  meet 
the  daily  Union  Line  for  Philadelphia, 


^1 '  • 


ri 


STAGES,  STEAM-BOATS,  &c. 


BALTIMORE  TO  HAVRE-BE-GRACE, 

Port  Deposite  and  Lancaster. 
Tlie  steam  boat  JSTorfolk,  Capt.  Owen,  leaves 


Baltimore  for  Port  De- 
posite, every  Saturday  at 
9A.M. 


Port  Depo^te  for  Btl- 
timore,  every  Sunday,  at 
10  A.  M. 


Stages  ai'e  in  readiness  to  carry  passengers  and 
light  freight  to  Lancaster,  and  to  return  in  time  for 
the  boat  on  Sunday  morning. 


•if,' 


t^  BALTIMORE  TO  PHILADELPHIA. 

,1  Daily  Union  Line  from 

Baltimore  to  Frenchtovs^n,  per 

The  dteam  boat  CkmsHtution,  Capt  Robinson. 

The  steam  boat  Philadelphia,  Capt.  Thomas. 

The  steam  boat  United  States,  Capt.  Tripp.  ^  >,:. 
From  Newcastle  to  Philadelphia,  pr.  the  steam  boat 
JVewcastle,  Capt.  M.  Jenkins,  and  per  the  steam 
boat  Delaware,  Capt.  Wheldon,  virbich  run  as  fol- 
lows :  from 


Baltimore  f(Hr  French^ 
torrn  daily  at  5  o'clock 
P.  M.,  where  stuges  are 
in  readiness  on  the  arrii- 
val  of  the  boats  to  take 
passengers  to  New  Cas- 
tle; from  whence  they 
proceed  direct  to  Phil- 
adelphia, and   arrive  in 


Philadelphia  for  New- 
Castle  daily  at  12  o'clock, 
noon  ;  from  thence  paa- 
sengcr?  take  stages  to 
French  To^vn,  where  a 
boat  will  be  in  waitin<; 
to  convey  them  to  Balti- 
more, at  which  place 
they  arrive  at  an  early 
hour  the  next  morning. 


that  city  at  an  early  hour 
the  next  morning. 

The  United  States'  Mail  is  conveyed  from  and  to 
BaRimore  and  Philadelphia  by  th^  above  daily  eve- 
ning line. 


ry^r  -n 


<1-- 


VHILADELPHIA. 


ai 


leaves 
i  for  Bll- 
iinday,  at 

Dgers  and 
I  time  for 


[lA.:  V 

.-.       .:.<fl,'..T' 

>er    ,,..,. 

[NnSOQ. 

omas. 
ipp. 

Learn  boat 
\ke  steam 
un  as  fol- 

>r  New- 
2  o'clock, 
mce  pas- 
itages  to 

where  a 
waiting 

toBalti* 
h     place 

an  early 
orning. 

m  and  to 
aily  eve- 


PHILADELPHIA, 

Tlie  flourishing  capital  of  Pennsylvania,  99  miles 
N.  E.  of  Baltimore,  stands  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
river  Delaware,  five  miles  from  its  confluence  with 
the  Schuylkill,  which  forms  its  western  boundary. — 
This  city  was  founded  in  1682,  and  incorporated  in 
1701.     The  charter  being  abrogated  at  the  revolu- 
tion, it  remained  under  a  provincial  government  till 
1789^  when  it  was  incorporated  a  second  time.     Its 
present  population  is  upwards  of  130,000.    The  city 
13  built  on  streets  from  60  to  100  feet  in  width,  run- 
ning parallel,  and  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  They 
are  h-undsomely  paved,  and  are  kept  remarkably  clean. 
The  houses  exhibit  an  appearance  of  neatness,  uni- 
formity and  commodiousness,  and  ir^ny  of  them  are 
ornamented  with  white  marble.     Against  the  city, 
which  is  90  miles  distant  from  the  sea,  the  Delaware 
is  about  a  mile  wide,  and  is  navigable  for  ships  of  a 
large  size.    The  most  conspicuous  buildings  are  the 
churches,  the  state-house,  the  United  States  and 
Pennsylvania  Banks,  and  the  institution  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb.    The  bank  of  tfie  U.  S.  yna  established 
in  the  year  1816,  with  t  capital  of  ^,000,000.  The 
banking  house  is  a  splendid  structure,  built  on  the 
plan  of  the  Parthenon  at  Athens,  and  is  situated  in  a 
north  and  south  direction,  fronting  on  Chesnut  and 
Library  streets,  having  8  fluted  columns,  4  feet  6 
inches  in  diameter,  embracing  the  whole  front. — 
From  each  of  tl)e  fronts  are  pc^icoes,  projecting  ten 
feet  6  Inches.    The  whole  length  of  the  edifice,  in- 
eluding  the  portico,  is  161  feet,  and  its  breadth,  in 
front,  87  feet    The  main  entrance  is  from  Chesnut- 
street,  by  a  flight  of  six  marble  steps,  extending  along 
the  whole  front  of  the  portico.     The  banking  roopn 
occupies  the  centre  of  the  building,  being  48  fe^ 
wide,  and  81  feet  long.  The  whole  body  of  the  build- 
ing is  arched  in  a  bomb  proof  manner,  from  the  C9l^ 
lar  to  the  roof,  which  in  wvvered  with  copper. 


m 


COAL  MINES. 


There  are  in  this  city  88  houses  for  public  won^hip  ; 
10  banks,  13  insurance  companies,  of  which  8  arc 
marine,  4  fire,  and  one  for  lives  and  annuities,  a  cus' 
torn  house,  an  exchange,  and  a  chamber  of  ommerce. 
The  new  bank  of  Pennsylvania  is  an  extensive  and 
elegant  edifice  of  marble,  of  the  Ionic  order,  and  con- 
structed after  themodle  of  the  ancient  temple  of  the 
muses,  on  the  Ilysaus. 

The  Pennsylvania  hospital  is  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  respectable  institutions  of  that  description  in 
the  Union. 

In  amount  of  shipping,  Plnladelphia  occupies  the 
fourth  rank  in  the  U.  8. ;  and  three  lines  of  regular 
and  commodious  packets  now  run  between  the  city 
and  Liverpool. 

This  place  is  supplied  with  water  from  theSehuyl- 
kill.  A  dam  is  erected  across  the  river,  by  means  of 
which  the  water  is  thrown  into  reservoirs  and  cairi- 
ed  from  thence  in  pipes  to  every  part  of  the  city. 

Its  principal  hotels  are,  the  Mansion  House,  in  3d 
street,  and  Judd's  in  2d  street,  between  Mai'ket  and 
Chesuut ;  and  its  principal  boarding  houses  are  Mrs. 
Frazicr's,  in  Spencer-street,  Mrs.  Sword's  in  Wal- 
n«it,  and  MrSi  Allen's  in  6th  street,  near  the  State 
ilouse. 

Tne  CoAi,  Mines,  which  have  recently  lieen 
opened  on  the  Delaware  and  Schuylkill  rivers^  have 
tended  to  attach  much  interest  to  that  section  of -the 
Gountry,  and  have  rendered  a  tour  there  both  frequent 
aiKl  faAhiobable.  The  mines  aie  inexliaustible,  and 
may  be  visited  eithe**  by  land  or  in  boats  on  the 
Schuylkill,  as  best  suits  the  fancy  of  the  traveller. 

Fromthese  mines  the  cities  of  the  U.  &»  will  be 
supplied  with  fuel ;  and  it  will  probably  be  trans- 
ported^  to  almost  every  part  of  the  Union. 
.    The  canal  which  has  been  commeaced  by  the 
.Schuylkill  company  is  one  of  the  most  stupendous 


4 


i   i.i 


STEAM-BOATS,  STAGES,  &c. 


ti:i 


ilii!  worship ; 
which  8  arc 
iiities,  a  cus- 
ifommerce. 
xtensive  and 
cler,  and  con- 
eraple  of  the 

he  oldest  and 
iescrtptioQ  in 

occupies  the 
38  of  regular 
recn  the  city 

n  (he  Sefeuyr- 
l)y  means  of 
>irs  and  cairi- 
the  city. 
House,  in  3d 
a  Mai'ket  and 
uses  are  Mrs. 
)rd*s  in  Wal- 
ear  the  State 

3cently  been 
1  rivers,  have 
icction  of -the 
botli  frequent 
laustible,  and 
)oats  on  the 
i  traveller. 
U.  &  will  be 
ably  be  trans* 
n. 

enced  by  the 
t  stupendous 


i 


undertakings  that  has  ever  engaged  the  attention  of 
private  individuals ;  and  will  cost  more  than  four 
millions  of  dollars. 

The  Delaware  AND  Hudson  canal,  was  com- 
menced in  July,  1825,  and  connects  the  Hudson  with 
the  Delaware,  a  distance  of  64  miles.  When  thiil 
work  is  fully  completed,  Lacka waxen  coal  will  be 
purchased  in  New- York  for  $4  per  ton.  The  canal 
reaches  within  a  few  miles  of  Pennsylvaina,  and 
will  open  a  source  of  communication  to  the  city  of 
N.  York.  It  forms  a  junction  with  the  Hudson  river 
within  two  and  a  half  miles  of  Kingston. 

STEAM  BOATS,  STAGES,  SfC. 

PHILADELPHIA  TO  WILMINGTON. 

The  steam  boat  Superior,  Capt.  H.  Read,  leaves 


Philadelphia  for  Wil 
mington,  every  day  at  2 
o'clock  P.  M.,  excepting 
Sundays. 


Wilmington  for  Phila- 
delphia, every  day  at  7 
o'clock  A.  M.,  Sundays 
excepted. 


PHILADELPHIA  TO  SALEM. 

The  steam  boat  Essex  leaves 


Philadelphia  for  Salem 
every  Tuesday,  Thursday 
and  Saturday,  at  10  o'- 
clock A.  M. — 


Salem  for  Philadelphia 
every  Monday,  Wednes- 
day and  Friday,  at  9  o'- 
clock A.  M. 


Lands  and  receives  passengers  at  Chester,  Marcus 
Hook,  Craven's  Ferry,  Fort  Delaware,  and  at  Dela- 
ware city.  On  her  passage  from  Salem,  touches  at 
Del  ware  city,  at  half  past  9  o'clock,  A.  M. 

The  Baltimore  morning  and  ovening  line  steam 
boats  land  and  receive  passengers  for  or  from  Salem, 
opposite  New-Castle,— also  land  and  receive  passen- 
gers at  the  Lazaretto,  Chester  and  Marcus  Hook, 
when  going  to  or  returning  from  Ncw-Caf  tie. 


M 


STEAM-BOATS,  STAGES,  &(. 


i 

i 


t 


w 


PHILADELPHIA  TO  RICHMOND, 

Via  Dover,  Seaforo,  Vienna,  Norfozjc 
AND  City  Point. 

•       '    1      COMMERCIAL  LINE,         , "  " ' 

Consisting  of  three  steerm  boats  and  a  sufficient  num- 
ber of  stages,  viz.— of  the  former,  the  steam  boat 
Pr{mklm,  Capt.  H.  Manly,  on  the  Delaware  ;  the 
steam  boat  JVorfolk,  Capt.  E.  Weems,  and  the 
steam  boat  Philade^hiUy  Capt.  O.  W.  Crocker,  on 
the^  Chesapeake. 

The  steam  boat  Nor- 
folk or  Philadelphia 
leaves  Richmond  for  Sea- 
fcNrd  on  Monday,  Wed- 
nesday and  Saturday  mor- 
nings, <  touching  at  City- 
Poirt  and  Norfolk ;  and 
leaves  Norfolk  every  mor- 
ning, proceeding  to  Sea- 
ford,  where  passengers 
can  take  stages  for  Do- 
ver, at  which  place  they 
will  find  the  steam  boat 
Franklin,  Capt.  Manly, 
in  waiting  to  convey 
them  to  Philadelphia , 
where  they  will  arrive  on 
Sunday,  Tuesday  and 
Friday  morning,  in  time 
to  take  either  of  the  dai- 
ly Hnes  for  New-York. 


The  Franklin,  Capt. 
H.  Manly,  leaves  Phila- 
delphia for  Dover  (Del.) 
every  Sunday,  Tuesday 
and  Friday  evenings,  at 
six  o'clock ;  from  which 
place  passengers  can  pro- 
ceed in  stages  direct  to 
Seaford,  where  they  will 
tind  in  waiting,  either 
the  Norfolk  or  the  Phila- 
delphia ;  which  boats  will 
depart  immediately  on 
their  arrival  for  Norfolk, 
where  they  will  arrive  on 
Sunday,  Tuesday  and 
Friday  mornings,(in  time 
for  the  southern  stages,) 
and  will  then  proceed  im- 
mediately to  City  Ppint 
and  Richmond. 


I 


I 


is,    &,C. 


STEAM-BOATS,  STAGES,  &c. 


35 


MOND, 
,  Norfolk 

ufficientnum- 
le  steam  boat 
elaware ;  the 
ems,  and  the 
^  Crocker,  on 

im  boat  Nor- 
Philadelphia 
mond  for  Sea- 
onday,  Wed- 
Saturday  mor- 
:hing  at  City- 
Norfolk;  and 
yik  every  mor- 
eding  to  Sea- 
e   passengers 
iges  for  Do- 
h  place  they 
8  steam  boat 
!apt.   Manly, 
to   convey 
hiladelphia, 
viil  arrive  on 
uesday   and 
ing,  in  time 
r  of  the  dai- 
New-York. 


PHILADELPHIA  TO  NEW-YORK. 

United  States  Mail  Stage  leaves 
Philadelphia  for  New- 
York,  every  day  at  half 
past  2  o'clock,  P.  M., 
and  arrives  in  New- York 
early  the  next  morning. 


New- York  for  Phila- 
delphia, every  day  at  half 
past  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  9nd 
arrives  in  Philadelphia 
early  the  next  morning. 


CITIZEN'S   LINE. 

"'**  ■        .   Tlirough  ip  one  Day.       m;>>J  »*»^.,4 

„^^i       Via  BpEPBNTOWN  AND  WASHINGTON. 

24  miles  land  carriage,  in  con^exiop  with  the  steam 
boats  Pennsylvania  and  JVeiw-York, 


Philadelphia  to  New- 
York. 
The  9team  boat  Penn- 
sylvania, Capt.  Z.  W. 
KeHupoi,  leaves  Ajrch- 
street  wharf  every  mor- 
ning, (Smxd^iys  except- 
ed^) at  six  o'clock  for 
Buriingtjon,  Bristol  and 
Bordentown,  where  pas- 
sengers take  stages  for 
the  land  route  of  twenty 
four  miles  to  Washing- 
ton, and  Aere  take  the 
new  and  elegant  steam 
boat  New-York,  Capt. 
Jeffi-ies,  and  arrive  at 
New- York  by  5  o'clock 
the  same  afternoon. 

Passengers  breakfast  and 


New-York  to  Philadel- 
phia. 
The  steam  boat  New- 
York,  Ct^.  Jef&ies, 
leaves  pier  No.  2.  (N. 
R. )  every  morning,(Sun- 
day 8  excepted,)  at  6  o'c 
clock,  for  Elizabethtown^ 
Perth- Amboy  and  Wash- 
ington; where  passen- 
gers for  PhSadelphia  take 
stages  to  Bordentawn, 
tiience  on  board  die 
steam  boat  Pennsylva- 
nia, which  will  be  in 
waiting  to  convey  them 
to  Philadelphia,  where 
they  arrive  at  5  o'clock 
the  same  afternoon, 
dine  on  board  of  the  boats. 


r 


I 


■i 


STEAM-BOATS,  STAGES,  &i 


\,<t 


^^^^\l^ 


•» 


/'' 


,     ,  V '       DAILY  UNION  LINE, 

■  ••■•<  ..••.♦.s>. .. 

,.  .^^4.       Twenty  five  miles  land  caniagc,        . 
Via  Trpicton,  Paiw^iSTON  and  New-Bruns- 


■  /■ ,  ^^  j#*ii.  k«vf'»    •.!•*»*•» 


WICK, 


.,j.!l   *..    ».\ 


Ly  steam  boats  Trer^on  and  Thistle. 


Philadelphia  to  New- 
York. 
The  steam  boat  Tren- 
ton, Capt.  A.  Jenkins, 
leaves  Cbesnut-street 
wharf  every  morning, 
(Sundays  excepted,)  at 
six  o'clock.  The  passen- 
gers for  New- York  will 
tadce  stages  at  Trenton 
on  the  arrival  of  the  boat, 
and  proceed  immediately 
to  New-Brunswick, 
thence  in  the  steam  boat 
Thistle,  which  will  be  in 
readmess  to  take  them  to 
New- York,  where  they 
arrive  at  an  early  hour  the 
same  afternoon. 


;«,"-'■■>,     f 


;.:..  .'h?  Ji?:  ,ir?  ^,%-J^ ':  i 


.j...^.,„;si' 


:C.^ 


^.u;^:/. 


New- York  to  Philadel- 
phia. 
The  steam  boat  This- 
tle, Capt.  J.  H.  Vander- 
bilt,  leaves  the  wharf  at 
the  head  of  the  battery, 
every  morning,  (Sundays 
excepted,*^  at  six  o'clock. 
The  passengers  for  Phil- 
adelphia will  take  stages 
at  New-Brunswick,   on 
the  arrival  of  the  boat, 
and  proceed  immediately 
to  Trenton,  thence  in  tiie 
steam     boat     Trenton, 
which  will  be  in  waiting 
to  take  them  to  Philadel- 
phia, where  they  arrive 
at  an  early  hour  the  same 
afternoon. 


•     '  •  'i 


I 


J,&1-. 


t^^  *-.;»» 


igc, 


{ .'.<•»  ■> 


i< 


[ew-Bbuks- 

^histle. 

to  Pniladel- 
Ilia. 

m  boatThifi- 
L  H.  Vander- 

I  the  wharf  at 
F  the  battery, 
Ing,  (Sundays 
it  six  o'clock, 
gers  for  Phil- 

II  take  stages 
tinswick,  on 
of  the  boat, 
i  immediately 
thence  in  the 
tt  Trenton, 
)e  in  waiting 
d  to  Piiiladel- 
B  they  arrive 
lour  the  same 


•  »  V 


JIC*'f 


^TEAM-BOATS,  STAGES,  fcc. 
UNION  LINE  AT  NOON. 


P 


\r 


By  Steam  Boats  Saltimore.  and  Suum.  r. .  • 

New-    New- York  to   PliiUdel 
phia 


Philadolpbia   4o 
York. 
The  steam  boat  Bur- 
lington,  Capt    Martin, 
jeaves  ChesBut-st  wharf 
daily,  (Sundays  «xcept- 
ed,)  at  12  o'clock,  M., 
(oi  Trenton,  where  pas- 
sengers  for    New- York 
take    stages    40    New- 
Brunswick,     at    which . 
place  th^  take  supper; 
and  lodge.      The  next 
morning,  at  6    O'dock,. 
-embark    on    board    the 
steam   boat  Swan,  and 
proceed  on  to  New- York, 
where  they  arrive  about 
10  o'clock  A.  M.  same 


The  steam  boat  Swan, 
Capt.  Yanderbilt,  leaves 
the  wharf,  at  the  head  of 
the  Battery,  precisely  at 
12  o'clock,  (noon)  lor 
New-Brunswick,  where 
passengers  for  Fluladel- 
phia  take  stages  to  Tren- 
ton, at  which  place  they 
.sup  and  lodge.  The  next 
moining,  at  5  o'clock, 
embark  on  board  the 
steam  boat  Burlii^|ton, 
and  proceed  on  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  they  ar- 
rive at  about  10  o'clock 
^.  Jlf.  same  day. 


day. 

Passengers  by  this  Ike  dine  and  breakfast  on 
board  the  hOdi9.  While  on  the  passage,  the  boats 
land  and  receive  passengers  at  Burlin^on,  Bristol, 
Trenton,  New-Brunswick,  Pttrtb-Ambojr^  and  at 
Elizabethtown,  and  sometimes  at  other  intermedi- 
•ate  places. 

The  Philadelphia  and  Liverpool  Packets, 
which  are  handsomely  fitted  up,  sail  from  Philadel- 
phia on  the  20th  imd  from  Liverpool  t>n  the  8th  of 
each  month.  Price  of  passage  in  the  cabin,  X30 
sterling,  and  in  the  steerage,  $25,  including  accom- 
modations. 

In  the  NEW  LINE  BY  WAY  OF  Savannah,  the 
packets  sail  from  Philadelphia  tho  20th  .  of  each 
?aonth.  ..     ■        Q      ,.  .     ;:  •.  }  1^  i» -f 


ti 


;    I 


t 


H  BURUNCTON— TRENTON. 

The  pricM  ofihre  fromPhilftdelphlato  New-Voric 
vary  6md  $8 'M  to^  60,  and  tfMwfeKde distance  it 
paiMd.in  12  hours.  Tl^e  prineipil  places  of  any  dis- 
tmetkm  oil  thfrtaote  «rt  BitfHhgtotfi,  fivistol,  Bor- 
dentownj  Trenton,  Princeton  Mid  New-fininA- 
wick. 


.il'likA     «>'V>«''>      ji,J     ii.'t'      •L' 


J     I, 


•i;;*;. 


■  tj  ?».   >i. 


ndkLli^G^ro^  %  flM«(^ta]'of{hl»'<e«nty  of  the 
9aaie'fiaine,iii  12  miles  below  Trenton  and  18- above 
Phnaide)|>Ma.  It  is  d^lk^tfolly  situated,  and  con- 
tains some  faandsomfr  public  and  private  hooses.    •  > 

BnisTDt  i»  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  ]>elawarc, 
19  ttilYe^'ftom  Pl^hMldphift,  in  Bucfes  county,  Penn- 
s^a^is.  This  phee  ceotaittB  8omo1Hio««sid«nces, 
'  and  ^an  attraca  ve  «ntt  interesting  country  village. 
S6m6  sif  ite  (kMir^idena,  v^hicb  are  unustnily  elA- 
'gtitf^'lild  located  on  the  mirgin  of  the  river,  add 
much  to  the  hcauty  of  itsappeaiance.        i^  •  m-  ^ 

^BokSftskows,  '24  inOes  from  Philadolpbia,  and 
6  iMiloiv  TteotoB,  is  noted  as  the  residence  of  the 
'Count  do  9wv91ien,  the  ex-king  of  Spain,  whose 
eleffBiit  mansion- Was  within  ia  few  years  burnt  by 
Qc^^t,  but  f»il0W-r^>nilt' with  additiOoal  embef- 
'jiiiiim^tmd'mBKDifi^^^*''  ^te  villa  eonunaods  a 
fine  View  of 't)ie  nver.  The^seil^ffOtrnd  it  is  unpro- 
doctivef ;  'iMit  by  the  aid' <ef  ^nHuraand  art,  his  resi- 
dence now  -exubtts  an  appearance  of  taste  and  mu- 
nificence worthy  the  princely  jfortnne  and  dignity  of 
iis..pr9priotor.  :f>om  BDnlent0W9  a  stpge  route  is 
.^^i8hed.to  rSouth- Afliboy. 

^Cb^ntoN}  the  ew^tal  of  iCbe  state  of  New-Jer- 
sey, is  situated  on  tm^  Delaware  river,  80  miles  from 
Philadelphia.  It  contains  about  4000  inhabitants, 
ft^tate  house,  two  banks,  end  «a  bouses  <tf  public 
vrorship.  At  Trenton  tbffi  steam-boat  navigation  on 
the  Deleware  terminates.    The  river  here  fonns  a 


DN. 

►  New- York 
tediitonceis 
«  of  any  difl- 
Mitol,  Bor- 

New-Brunfi- 

I  «t  i  *     *  «  <   .  • 

ounty  of  the 
nndlS'above 
led,  and  con- 
ihooBCB* 

he  Delaware, 

oUnty,  Penn- 
iMWidtnces, 
^tty  village. 

nroaoaily  el«i' 
tfie  river,  add 

or  iiisy-  v.'J?-  '• 

«id«nceofthc 
Spain,  whose 
eorfl  burnt  bv 
itieoal  embei- 
ta  eomoiaDds  a 

id  it  i«  onpfo- 
1  alt,  his  «««i- 
taste  and  nui- 
I  and  dignity  of 
0t?kge  rottto  IS 

te  6f  New-Jcr- 
r,  80  miles  from 
)00  inhabitants, 
iieuaesof  iniblic 
kt  navigation  on 
erhere  fonns  a 


I 


I 


I 


jklawakk  andkaritan  canal,  atf 

cuusiderable  rapid  or  fall^,  near  whi«h  ift  an  elevated 
bridge,  about  a  quaiier  of  aroile  long,  nfatty,  tftok^, 
and  the  sides  eoeloeed  to  a€tcure  it  nom  tbe ,  weath: 
er.  The  distance  between  Trenton  and  Now-Brops* 
wick  is  passed  by  an  eiceUent  line  of  post-coaches, 
which  leave  the  former  place  immediately  oii  the  v« 
rivd  of  die  boat  This  route  affords  the  traveller  o 
6ae  new  of  the  most  £B|rtiIe  section  of  tibie  ftaie  ; 
and,  mdking  all  allowances  for  roads,  whkn  are  or- 
dinary, it  is,  in  other  respects^  by  no  me«ii«  devoid 
ofinterest.  .      .    ^ 

.     '  I  t*    -       .    *  -tj  ■  /     •  ■   i  J  ■  -I  t  '. 

Ths  DklAwaeb  AMI)  RiRiTAjr  cAJKALt  Is  lb- 
tended  for  sloop  navigatioo,  and  its  dinnnsions  cor- 
respond with  those  ef  the  CSgtesapeake  and  pel^wve 
canaL  Its  route  was  eslablished  14,  the  year  lSi&, 
snd  commences  m  the  valley  of  Raritan,  and  termin- 
ates at  the  village  of  JUunberton,  wl^eire  it  enters  the 
Delaware. 

This  section  of  New-Jisisey  is  full  of  iatertst— 
Some  of  the  most  important  scettes  of  tb^  n»vohi- 
tion,  and  those  which  gave  a  poini  and  cbwKter 
to  the  American  war,  here  tran^ired  at.  the  oapet 
gloomy  period  of  that  contest  It  was  for  a  length 
of  time  m  the  possession  of  the  English,  and  was 
the  theatre  of  much  carnage  and  hloodsb.dd.  The 
capture  ofa  detachment  of  English  and  German  troojMS 
in  December^  ITTS,  at  Trenton,  was  the  first  ^ig^al 
victory  that  crowned  our  arms  in  the  revolutionicy, 
contest.  It  cheered  the  drooping  and  depressed  spir- 
its of  our  little  army,  and  iniwrted  new  vigor  to  t^ 
cause  of  liberty,  llie  retreat  of  Washington  with 
his  troops,  fixH^  Trenton,  considering  the  circumstan- 
ces which  sun^ounded  him,  and  tne  secrecy  with 
which  it  was  all^c(Hnpli8hed,  may  be  j  jsUy  contem- 
plated as  one  of  me  most  successful  movements  of 
that  eventful  period.  » 


40      PRINCETON— STATEN  ISLAND. 

'Princeton  is  located  on  an  elevated  piece  of 
land  10  miles  fr<Hn  Trenton,  16  from  New-Bruns- 
wick, 40  from  Philadelphia)  and  50  from  Now-York. 
It  overlooks  an  extensive:  prospect,  and  is  a  vei^ 
handsome  village.  It  cor.  tains  a  college,  theologi- 
cal seminary,  a  presbyterian  church,  and  about  100 
dwelling  houses.  Trie  college  of  New-Jersey  was 
founded  in  1738.  It  has  a  president,  3  professors, 
and  2  tutors. 

The  theological  seminaiy  was  estahlfsbed  in  1812, 
by  the  general  assembly  of  the  presbyterian  church. 
It  has  Sprofessors^a  respectable  library,  andupwards 
oflOOslodents. 

'  In  the  college  yard  are  the  remains  of  Ae  presf- 
(i^nts  of  the  institution,  Burr,  Edwards,  £>avi8,  Fit^ 
ley,  Witherspoon  and  Smith. 

NEw-BRtTNSt^icK  is  the  starting  pliaee  fbr  ^c 
New-York  steamboats.  In  this  village  is  the  theo- 
logical seminary,  under  the  direction  of  the  synod 
01  the  Dutch  reformed  church.  ITie  village  also 
contains  a  court  house,  gaol,  a  college  edifice,  and 
five  churches. 


*  Perth  Amboy  is  13  miles  from  New-Bruns- 
wick, 85  southwest  of  New- York,  and  74  nortfieast 
of  Philadelphia.  Its  harbot  is  one  of  the  best  on  the 
continent,  and  its  shipping  in  1SI6  amounted  to 
10,899ton3.     ^';  ^*'V\ 

EitzABETHTOWN,  15  miles  in  a  sonthwestward- 
ly  direction  from  New- York,  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  a  creek  emptying  itself  into  Staten  Island  Sound. 
A  steamboat  plies  between  the  point  and  New- 
York. 

Staten  Island,  constituting  the  county  of 
Richmond,  is  14  miles  Ipng  and  8  wide.  It  wa^the 
residence  of  the  late  vice-president  Totnpkin?. 


A"\ 


-..■^  ::i„."i     ..i    - 


NEW-YORK. 


>  I  ?V 


n 


and 


On  approaching  New- York,  the  most  pioroinent 
objects  that  meet  the  eye,  are  Fort  La  Fayette, 
Castle  Williams,  the  lofty  spires  of  Trinity  and  St. 
Pauls  church,  and  the  Catholic  Cathedral. 


'^/*^ 
^ 


NEW-YORK. 


llus  city  is  situated  on  the  point  of  York  Island, 
at  the  connuence  of  the  Hudson  and  East  rivers,  in 
latitude  40.  It  was  founded  by  the  Dutch,  in 
1615,  under  the  name  of  New-Amsterdam,, and  was 
incorporated  by  the  British  in  1696.  The  island  on 
which  it  stands,  is  15  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  6 
mites  broad.  The  city  is  situated  at  the  so^th  side 
of  the  island  and  extends  along  the  HudUdta  about 
2  miles,  and  from  the  Battery  along  East  river  near- 
ly 4  miles.  Of  the  public  buildings,  the  most  prom- 
inent and  important,  is  the  CiTY-JflAL.L,  the  front  of 
which  is  built  of  white  marble.  It  is  216  feet  long, 
105  feet  broad,  and,  including  the  attic  story,  65 
feet  lugh.  The  rooms  for  liolding  th<^  different 
courts  dl  law,  tf e  fitted  up  in  a  rich  and  expensive 
style.  The  room  for  holding  the  Mayor's  court, 
contains  portraits  of  Washington,  of  the  different 
Governors'  of  the  state,  and  many  of  the  most  cele- 
brated commanders  of  the  ai-my  and  navy  of  the 
United  States.  The  building  cost  $500,000  and  is 
f  one  of  the  mdst  beautiful  edifices  in  America. 

The  Exchange,  recently  erected  in  Wall  Street, 
of  free  stone,  is  also  a  superb  structure.  .Besides 
numerous  offices,  it  contains  the  post  office,  which 
occupies  nearly  the  whole  of  the  story  beneath  the 
basement,  affi)rding  a  spacious  hall  for  the  conven- 
'  ience  of  persons  visiting  the  office ;  entrances  to 
which,  are  in  Wall  and  Exchange  street".  On  the 
basement  is  a  magnificent  hall,  its  centre  extending 
in  height  to  the  cupalo  ;  and  forming  an  elegant  and 
delightful  promenade.  From  the  hall  are  doors  and 
into  a 

03 


passages  leading 


commercial  reading  room. 


--   iimi    w 


iit 


Ni:\V-YORK.   , 


I  . 


the  post  oflice,  and  the  various  insurance,  exchange 
and  newspaper  offices  in  the  building. 


■LU 


The  Battery  is  situated  at  the  southwest  point 
of  the  city,  opposite  to  Governor's  Island.  It  is 
handsomely  laid  out  into  gravel  walks,  and  tasteful- 
ly decorated  with  shrubbery  and  trees.  It  is  much 
frequented  by  the  citizens,  in  the  warm  seascm,  as 
well  for  the  purpose  of  partaking  of  the  refreshing 
sea  breeie,  as  for  enjoying  the  prospect,  which, 
from  this  place,  includes  the  harbor  with  its  various 
shipping,  Governor's  Island,  Bedlow*s  Island, 
and  Ellis'  Island,  on  each  of  which  are  military  sta- 
tions, the  shores  of  New-Jersey  and  Long  Island, 
with  the  flourishing  town  of  Brooklyn,  and  the  nu- 
merous country  seats  in  its  vicinity. 

Castle  Garden,  connected  with  the  battery 
by  a  bridge,  is  much  frequented  during  the  summer 
evenings.  It  has  a  fine  promenade,  and  is  often 
rendered  attractive  by  a  display  of  fire  works  from 
its  enclosure,  and  other  amusements. 

The  Park  is  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  city. 
It  contains  about  4  acres,  which  is  ornamented  with 
much  taste,  and  enclosed  by  a  substantial  iron 
railing.  It  furnishes  a  cool  and  fashionable  resort  for 
men  ofbusiness  and  pleasure,  after  the  fatigue  and 
heat  of  a  summer's  day. 

In  point  of  population,  this  city  is  the  first  in  the 
United  States,  containing  upwards  of  170,000  in- 
habitants, and  in  respect  of  trade  it  is  now  and  will 
probably  continue  the  first  commercial  metropolis  in 
America.  Though  it  cannot  vie  with  Fhiladelpha, 
in  pointof  beauty  and  regularity,  New- York  exhibits 
an  air  of  novelty  and  grandeur  very  imposing  to  a 
stranger.  Its  ever  bustling  streets  and  crowded 
wharyes,  indicate  an  uncommon  spirit  of  commercial 
enterprize.  Its  local  situation  embraces  every  ad- 
vantage for  commerce  ;  and  the  canals,  by  opening 


rVKW-YOKK. 


•iS 


uu  easy  communicatidn  between  the  fertile  regions 
of  the  west  and  north,  and  the  city  of  New-York, 
have  produced  an  astonishing  change  in  its  gnnvtb 
and  prosperity.  At  no  very  distant  period,  New- 
York,  with  all  its  natui-al  and  artificial  advantage?, 
will  probably  become  tiie  greatest  commercial  me- 
tropolis in  the  world. 

llie  principal  Hotels  and  Boarding  Houses, 
are  the  Mansion  Heuse,  No.  39  Broadway ;  the  city 
Hotel ;  National  Hotel ;  Franklin  House  ;  Wash- 
ington Hall,  at  the  comer  of  Broadway  and  ]%eed- 
street ;  Park  Place  House  ;  American  Hotel,  oppo- 
site the  Park ;  Pearl-street  House  ;  Mrs.  South- 
ard's ;  Mrs.  Mann's  ;  Mrs.  Keese's,  and  many  oth- 
ers ;  some  of  which  are  located  in  the  most  delight- 
ful part  of  Broadway,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Battery 
and  Bowling  Green. 

Broadway,  the  most  splendid  street  in  the  city, 
runs  through  the  centre  and  extends  3  miles  m 
length  and  about  SO  feet  in  width.  It  is  the  great 
and  fashionable  resort  for  citizens  and  strangers,  and 
is  much  crowded  during  pleasant  weather.  In  'Jbis 
avenue  are  Grace,  Trinity  and  St.  Paul's  churches, 
the  City  Hotel,  the  National  Hotel,  and  a  variety  of 
shops  with  elegant  and  extensive  assortments  of  mer- 
chandize of  every  desciption. 

Opposite  Trinity  church.  Wall  street  opens,  which 
contains  the  Exchange,  most  of  the  banks,  together 
with  the  principal  part  of  the  broker's  and  insurance 
office^.  At  the  termination  of  Wall-street,  is  the 
Tontine  coffee  house,  an  extensive  and  handsome 
establishment. 

On  passing  Up  broad  way  still  further,  is  Cedar  and 
Courtland  streets,  both  of  which  lead  to  the  Hudson 
river,  where  the  steam -boats  start  for  Albany.  At 
the  foot  of  Courtland  street,  is  the  ferry  to  Jersey 
city — fare  twelve  and  a  half  cents.  A  little  further 
up  is  Fulton  street,  on  the  comer  of  which  and 
Broac^wav  stand  St.  Paul's  church.     Fulton  street 

r  -5 


»iiainri;giio 


■  JM  ■■  mmmmm9^m.<*^:m 


tfAmmSObtiUmmtmimm^fm 


U 


NEW-YORK. 


"1 


I    I 


leads  to  the  East  livcr;  along  the  docks  of  which  are 
the  steam-boats  for  the  New  England  ports.  A  lit- 
tle lielow  are  the  boats  for  Newport  and  Providence 
— above,  for  Brideport,  Saybrook,  Hartford,  New- 
London  and  Norwich.  The  New- Haven  boats  lie 
at  Fly  market  dock,  still  further  below.  "  " 

Above  St.  Paul's  church  is  Puffs  exhibition  of 
pictures,  the  Park,  Park  Theatre  and  Park  Place,  at 
the  upper  end  of  which  is  Columbia  college,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  City  Hall.  I'he  next  street  above 
Park  Place  is  Murray,  which  ]!eads  to  the  Hoboken 
ferry — fare  12 1-2  cents. 

The  New- York  iNSTrrutioN  is  in  the  rear  of 
the  City  Hall.  Jts  apartments  are  occupied  by  the 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society,  the  Historical 
Society,  the  American  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  the 
Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  the  American  Museum, 
and  the  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb.  Th^  His- 
torical Society  has  a  library  of  10,000  volumes,  em- 
bracing many  valuable  works 

Near  the  institution,  are  the  Savings  Bank  and 
Panorama  Rotunda  ;  and  a  little  further  up  Broad- 
way, are  the  Washington  Hall  and  New- York  Hos- 
pital. The  latter  comprises  the  hospital  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  sick  and  disaMed,  and  the  lying-in 
hospital.  The  annual  expenditure  is  about  ^10,000, 
and  the  annual  number  of  patients  from  140  to  ISO. 

Hudson  Square,  north  west  from  the  hospital, 
is  a  beautiful  spot,  with  St.  John's  church  in  front, 
which  has  the  tallest  spire  in  the  city.  The  houses 
in  the  vicinity  are  regularly  built,  and  exhibit  a 
tiattdsome  appearance. 

Among  the  other  public  buildings  'n  the  city,  are 
the  New- York  Atheneum,  the  Apprentice's  Library, 
containing  between  5  and  6000  volumes,  th&  Aims- 
House,  the  Orphan  Assylum,  Fever  Hospital,  State 
Prison.  Penitetitinry,  and  House  of  Refuge  for  Ju- 


ISiKW-VOKK'. 


4if 


:8  of  which  are 
i  ports.  A  lit- 
ind  Providence 
lartford,  New- 
laven  boats  lie 

s  exhibition  of 
I  Park  Place,  at 
I  college,  in  the 
ixt  street  above 
to  the  Hoboken 

sin  the  rear  of 
occupied  by  the 
J,  the  Historical 
Fine  Arts,  the 
lerican  Museum, 
)un)b.  ThoHis- 
00  volumes,  em- 

virigs  Bank  and 
arther  up  Broad- 
New-York  Hos- 
gpital  for  the  re- 
and  the  lying-in 
is  about  ^10,000, 
from  140  to  180. 

from  the  hospital, 

church  in  front, 

ity.    The  houses 

lit,  and  exhibit  « 

ga  'n  the  city,  are 
prentice*s  Library, 
olumes,  the  Alms- 
;er  Hospital,  State 
of  Refuse  for  Ju 


venile  Delinquents.  The  Lunatic  Asylum  is  seven 
miles  north  of  the  City  Hall,  on  a  lofty  eminence, 
and  is  seen  in  approaching  the  city,  on  the  Hudson, 
for  several  miles  above. 

There  are  also  in  the  city  four  Theatres  and  two 
Circuses. 


<•>.<<) 


The  PinK  Theatre,  fronting  the  Park,  is  the 
oldest  establishment  of  the  kind  in  the  city,  and  i'/ 
liberally  patronized  by  the  fashiona(ble  ai\d  wealthy. 

The  New- York  Theatre,  in  the  Bowery,  and 
the  Chatham  Theatri:,  in  Chatham  street,  are 
also  well  supported  ;  hut  the 

La  Fayette  Theatre,  in  Laurens,  near 
Chamber  street,  is  the  largest  and  roost  splendid 
building  ever  erected  for  theatiical  purposes  in  the 
United  States .  It  is  located  in-  a  section  of  the  city 
which  has  sprung  into  existence,  and  anived  at  ma- 
turity, in  so  short  a  period,  as  to  astonish  even  those 
who  were  daily  witnessing  its  progress,  but  which, 
to  the  occasional  visitant,  could  scarcely  be  realized. 
It  extends  in  depth,  from  Lauren's  to  Thompson 
street,  about  200  feet.  The  front  is  of  white  gra- 
nite and  presents  one  of  the  most  beautiful  exteriors 
in  the  city.  The  lobbies  are  spacious  and  thorough- 
ly ventilated.  The  interior  is  elegant,  and  decora- 
ted in  a  style  equally  chaste  and  splendid.  The 
boxes  are  supported  by  bronze  columns,  surmounted 
by  Ionic  capitals,  beautifully  carved  and  gilt.  The 
saloons,  which  are  very  elegant,  and  admirably  ar- 
ranged, upon  the  level  of  the  lobbies,  are  kept  in  su- 
perior style.  The  beauty  ot  the  dome  attracts  the 
immediate  attention  of  the  spectator.  A  superb  gas 
chandelier  is  suspended  from  the  centre,  directly 
under  the  ventilator,  shedding  a  light  over  the 
whole  audience,  like  the  splendor  of  the  mid-day  gun. 
The  stage  with  its  scenery  and  machinery,  exceed 
.all  former  attempts  in  this  country.    It  is  120  feel 

<4 


sam 


-^  -r-fjaiji, 


4t» 


BROOKLYN. 


4 


I 


M 


deep,  and  in  some  places  !00  feet  wide.  The  inn' 
chinery  is  managed  above  the  scenes,  and  the  stage 
lights  are  also  Placed  above  ;  which  is  a  great  im- 
provement  over  the  ordinary  plans  adopted  in  other 
theatres. 


•t\<  f:     ..■*.,■  --.4?  I,,  .-^t, ....  i 

The  Orange  S^itigSf  near  Newark,  Scholey's 
Mount€ant  and  Xon^f  Branchy  in  New-Jersey  ;  and 
Bath,  Rockawavt  and  Gravesend,  on  Long  Island, 
e^e  fhshionabie  places  of  resort  tor  citizens  and  stran- 
gers during  the  summer  months.         ,,  ,k  !*v'i«,  Jv  , 

The  New  York  and  Liverpool  Packets, 
which  are  fine  vessels  and  elegantly  furnished,  sail 
from  New-York,  on  the  1st,  8th,  16th,  and  24th  of 
every  month  ;  and  in  returning,  leave  Liverpool  on 
the  same  days.  Passage  in  the  cabin  to  Liverpool, 
30  guineas  ;  from  Liverpool,  35  guineas,  inclur'ing 
beds,  bedding,  wine,  and  stores  of  every  des- 
cription. 

i':  ;j,The  New- York  and  London  Packets, 

sail  firom  New- York  on  tl^  1st  and  15Ui  of  every 
month  ;  and  in  retivkune,  leave  London  on  the  10th 
and  25th  of  each  month.  Passage  to  and  frtim 
London,  the  same  as  to  and  from  Liverpool,  with 
similar  accommodations.  ^^f 

New- York  and  Havre  (France)  Packets, 

sail  from  N.  York  on  the  1st  and  15di  of  each  month : 
and  from  Havre  on  the  same  days.  Passage  to  or 
from  HaVre,  140  dollars,  including  the  same  accom- 
modations as  in  the  London  and  Liverpool  packets- 

BRooKiiYir,  directly  opposite  New- York,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  East  river,  is  usually 
reached  by  steam-boats  which  are  ''nnstantly  plying 
between  the  foot  of  Fulton  street  and  that  village. 
It  ia  large  town,  having  a  population  of  about  12.- 


DISCOVEKV  OF  THE  HUDSON.      47 


The  ma- 
i  the  stage 
great  im- 
d  in  other 


Scholvy'e 


lersey 


and 


iong  Island^ 
ns  and  stran- 

Packets, 
iraished,  sail 
and  24th  of 
Liverpool  on 
to  Liverpool, 
eas,  iDclu('ing 
)f  every  des- 

JACKETS, 

15th  of  every 
on  on  the  10th 
!  to  and  from 
iverpool,  wh^i 

.  I.  ■■ 

)  Packets, 

of  each  month : 

Passage  to  or 

;ie  same  accom- 

'erpool  packets. 

ew-York,  from 
river,  is  usually 
instantly  plying 
Dd  that  village. 
%  of  about  12.- 


000,  and  within  a  few  years  has  arisen  to  much  im- 
portance. Its  contiguity  to  New- York,  and  the  facili- 
ties afforded  for  communicating  between  the  two 
places,  have  induced  many  merchants  and  men  of 
business  to  select  it  as  a  place  of  residence  in  pref- 
erence to  the  upper  part  of  the  city.  The  village  al- 
so contains  several  elegant  country  seats  and  public 
^fardens.  North-eastwardly  of  the  vilLtge,  on  a 
tract  of  land  called  the  Wallabout,  is  a  U.  S.  Navy 
yard,  where  are  erected  a  house  for  the  command^ 
«nt,  several  spacious  ware-houses,  and  an  immense 
^vooden  edifice,  under  which  the  lai^est  ships  of  war 
are  built. 

DISCOVERY  OF  THE  HUDSON. 

From  the  collections  of  the  New- York  Historicsil 
Society,  we  are  enabled  to  glean  the  following 
sketch  of  the  first  discovery  of  the  Hudson  river ; 
which  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  tourists  about  to 
embark  on  its  waters : 

John  De  Verrazzano,  a  Florentine,  in  the  service 
of  Francis  I.  of  France,  had  been  entrusted  with  the 
command  of  four  ships,  in  cruising  against  the  Span- 
iards. These  vessels  being  separated  in  a  storm, 
the  commander  resolved,  with  one  of  them,  to  un- 
dertake a  voyage  for  the  discovery  of  new  countries. 
About  the  middle  of  March,  1554,  he  accordingly  ar- 
rived on  the  American  coast,  and  after  having  vis- 
ited the  coasts  of  North-Carolina  and  Georgia,  he  di- 
rected his  course  northward,  and  entered  the  harbour 
of  the  present  city  oi  New- York.  He  describes  the 
islands  (Staten,  Manhattan,  &c.)  as  *'  fruitful  and 
pleasant,  full  of  hie  and  broad  trees,  among  the 
%vhich  islands  any  navie  may  ride  safe,  without  any 
feare  of  tempest  or  other  danger." 

He  stayed  in  the  harbor  about  15  days,  during 
which  time  he  went  on  shore  several  times,  and  had 
familiar  intercourse  with  the  natives,  who  had, 
among  other  ornaments,  plates  of  wrought  copper. 


Vrn'MI'T 


4$       DISCOVERY  OF  THE  HUDSON. 

His  are  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  European 
feet  that  ever  entered  the  present  state  of  New- Vork. 
On  the  15th  of  May,  be  set  sail  for  France ;  and  on 
a  subsequent  voyage  to  America,  is  said  to  have 
been  lost,  as  he  was  not  heard  of  again. 

Nearly  a  century  elapsed  before  any  further  addi- 
tion was  made  to  the  knowledge  of  this  part  of 
the  American  continent.  It  was  reserved  for  Hen- 
ry Hudson,  a  native  of  G'-eat  Britain,  to  receive  the 
honor  of  the  lirst  effectual  discovery  of  ttie  Hudson 
river.  Having  engaged  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch 
East  India  Company,  he  was  employed  by  .them  on 
a  voyage  of  discovery.  His  6riginsd  design  was  to 
have  attempted  the  finding  a  north-west  passage  to 
India ;  but  having  failed  in  thic,  lie  resolved  on  vis- 
iting the  New  World.  He  arrived  at  or  near  where 
PorUand,  in  Maine,  now  stands,  in  July,  1609  ; 
from  whence,  after  spending  a  few  days,  he  proceed- 
ed south  as  far  as  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  from 
thence  returned  to  the  north,  discovering  and  enter 
ing  the  baj'  now  called  Delaware.  Without  land- 
ing, he  continued  hiseourse  northwestwardly,  until, 
on  the  3d  of  September,  he  anchored  within  Sandy 
Hook.  The  next  day  he  sent  a  boat  on  shore  for 
the  purpose  of  fishing.  The  tiadition  is,  that  his 
men  first  landed  on  Coney  island,  which  lies  near 
Long  Island,  and  now  makes  a  part  of  King's  coun- 
ty. He  landed,  and,  with  a  part  of  his  crew,  pene- 
trated some  distance  into  the  woods  in  what  is  now 
Monmouth  county,  JN^.  Jei-sey.  He  was  well  re- 
ceive^ by  the  natives,  making  them  presents  and 
receiving  in  exchange,  *' green  tobacco'*  and  "dri- 
ed currents,"  (probably  whoitlebernes,)  wMch  were 
found  in  great  abundance.  On  the  6th  September, 
Hudson  sent  a  boat,  manned  with  five  hands,  to  ex- 
plore what  appeared  to  be  the  mouth  of  a  river  ; 
prob'\bly  the  sj-ait  betiveen  Long  and  Staten  Is- 
lands, now  called  the  Narrows.  In  exploring  the 
bay  and  the  adjacent  waters,  the  boat's  crew  spent 


])1SC0VEHY  OF  THE  HUDSON.  '    4Jt 

the  tvhole  day.  On  their  way  back  to  the  ship, 
they  were  attacked  by  the  natives  in  two  canoes.-- 
A  skirmish  ensued,  in  which  one  of  Hudson's  men, 
named  Colman,  was  killed  by  an  nrrow  which  struck 
him  in  the  throat,  and  two  more  wounded.  The 
next  day  the  remains  of  Cohnan  were  interred  on  a 
point  of  land  not  far  from  the  ship  ;  which*  from 
that  circumstance,  received  the  name  of  CoUnanV 
Point,  and  which  was  probably  the  same  that  is  now 
called  Sandy  Hook. 

On  the  12th,  Hudson  first  entered  the  river  which 
bears  his  name,  and  sailed  up  about  two  leagues. 
He  was  visited  by  great  numbers  of  the  natives,  who 
brought  him  Indian  com,  tobacco,  beans  and  oysters 
in  great  abundance.  They  had  pipes  of  yellow  cop* 
per,  in  which  they  smoked  ;  and  earthen  pots,  in 
Vrliich  they  dressed  their  food. 

From  the  12th  to  the  22d  September,  Hudson 
was  employed  in  ascending  the  river.  He  describes 
it  as  abounding  with  great  stores  of  salmon.  In  his 
passage,  he  was  visit^  by  many  oi  the  natives,  but 
always  in  an  amicable  manner.  He  sailed  up,  as  is 
supposed,  a  little  above  where  the  city  of  Hvxlson 
now  stands ;  beyond  which  he  himself  never  ascend- 
ed. From  this  place  he  dispatched  a  boat,  (not  con- 
sidering it  safe  to  proceed  farther  with  his  vessel,) 
manned  w'th  five  hands,  which  ascended  the  river, 
it  is  suppoac-d,  as  far  as  the  city  of  Albany  !:;ow 
stands. 

During  this  excursion,  Hudson  gave  to  «»wne  of 
the  Indians  ardent  spirits,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
an  experiment  on  their  tempers.  He  says  they  all 
became  merry  ;  but  only  one  was  completely  intox- 
icated. A  tradition  still  exists  among  the  six  na- 
tions, that  a  scene  of  intoxication  oecurre('>  when  the 
Ijrstship  arrived;  having  reference^  <taubtless,  to  thi» 
event.  -. 

Hudson  began  to  descend  the  river  on  the  23d  of 
September,  having  frequent  intercourse  with  the  In- 
dians  on  his  way  down,  from  whom  he  experienced 


^ w 


I!;  « 


■ 

i 

') 

1 

-{ 

^ 

.1 

, 

: 

'•i 

1 

50      J  ROM  NEW- YORK  TO  ALBA^*V. 

kind  treatment,  until  he  descended  below  the  Ilij,'ii 
lands.  Here  they  attempted  to  rob  the^hip,  an({ 
repeatedly  shot  at  the  crew.  He  directed  sev- 
eral muskets  to  be  dischai-^d  at  them,  which  kill'^d 
ten  or  twelve.  Thcae  conflicts  occurred  frequditilly 
duiing  the  1st  and  2d  of  October  ;  but  none  of  the 
ship^s  crew  were  injured.      "»¥•'  ifun«^ 

On  the  4th  of  October,  one  rtonth-from  the  tiiriw 
he  first  landed  at  Sandy  Hook,  he  sailed  out  ot  (he 
jiver  and  proceeded  to  seu,  reaching  il/fUgland  the 
7th  of  November  following.'''"'*"*-^  ^'^'^      *w* 

Hudson  did  not  give  his  own  name  to  the  river  he 
discovered.  It  was  called  by  the  Iroquois  Indians, 
Cahohatatea  ;  by  the  Mohiccnns,  Mahakaiieghtuc, 
and  sometimes  Shatemuck.  Hudson  dtylod  it  the 
"Great  River,"  or  the  "Great  River  of  the  Mbtm- 
tains."  The  name  of  its  discoverer,  however,  was 
given  ^0  it  30on  afterwards. 

Hutlson,  in  asubsctiuent  voyage  for  tho  East  In- 
dia Compiany,  became  a  prey  to  thb  mutiny  of  his 
men  in  the  Bay  which  bears  his  name.  He  was  for- 
cibly put  into  a  boat  with  his  son  and  sev^en  others, 
who  were  mostly  invalids,  and,  irt  this  mantief /ibhu- 
manly  abandoned.   They  were  never  heard  of  mon\ 

K^f^r  FROM  NEW-YORK  TO  ALBANY,  '^ 

A  distance,  by  water,  of  145  miles^  and  by  laod, 
measuring  between  the  respective  po'st-ofiiccd.of  160 
miles,  a  communication  is  alternately  kept  up  by  a 
line  of  stages  in  the  winter  season,  and  by  steam- 
l)oats  during  the  absence  of  the  ice  in  the'  Hudson. 
The  monopoly  which  formerly  existed  in  favor  of  the 
North  River  Steam-boat  Company,  has,  by  a  decis- 
ion of  the  United  States  Court,  been  done  aWay;  the 
consequence  of  vvhiui  has  been  to  muUiply  the  num- 
ber of  opposition  steam-boats  upon  the  Hudson,  and 
to  reduce  the  price  of  fare,  which,  at  present,  includ- 
ing board,  is  not  over  $4  to  Albany,  and  in  eoine  oi 
the  boats  not  more  than  $i.  '  ;<;''**'••'■■' 


PASSAGE  OF  THE  HUDSON. 


51 


5  Ilijjii 
lip,  and 
»d  sev- 
h  kilWd 
(iquditilly 
te  of  the 

it  o^  Ihe 
and  the 

b  Hver  lie 
IndiJiiis, 
liieghtuc, 
jd  it  the 
le  Mbtm- 
jver,  wa5» 

East  In- 
ny  of  hifi 
e  was  for- 
jn  others, 
nef.'ibhu- 
dofmwt. 

d  byWd. 
ices,ofl60 

;pt  lip  by  a 
by  steam- 
c  Hudson, 
favor  of  the 
by  adecis- 
c  a  way;  the 
ly  the  num- 
udson, and 
lent,  includ- 
\  in  some  ot 

» *  ^-  -  -  .  I   > .    J 


'ra 


The  principal  boats,  at  present,  on  the  river,  arc 
the  North- America  and  Albany,  which  perform  their 
trips  by  day-light,  seldom  exceeding  12  hours  on  the 
passage  ;  the  safety  barges.  Lady  Clinton  and  Lady 
Van  Rensselaer,  which  leave  N.  York  and  Albany 
in  the  rooming  of  eadi  day  in  the  week,  Saturday  and 
Sun  lay  excepted  ;  and  the  Ncw-Phiiadelphia,  Vic- 
tory Constitution,  Constellation,  Chief  Justice  Mar- 
shall .which  leave  Albany  at  9  and  10  A.  M.  and  New* 
York  at  6  P.  M.  and  perform  their  trips  in  from  14  to 
16  howrs.  The  Marshall  leaves  Troy  at  2  P.  M.  Alba- 
ny at  'j^ ;  and,  in  returning,  leaves  New- York  at  5 
p.  M.  I    ■•hJ*  >">';.' H.' 

u.  lides  these,  there  are  several  others  on  the  riv- 
er, designed,  principally,  for  tow-boats  ;  but  which, 
nevertheless,  have  accommodations  for  such  passen* 
gers  as  wish  to  travel  at  reduced  prices.  '?«>• 

All  the  boats  stop  at  the  principal  places  between 
New-York  and  Albany , for  the  purpose  of  landing  and 
receiving  passengers.  Till  within  two  or  three  years, 
accidents  were  not  uncommon  at  the  landing  places, 
owing  to  the  continued  motion  of  the  boat ;  but  by 
a  late  law,  captains  and  masters  are  required  to  stop 
their  boats,  whenever  passengers  are  landed  or  re- 
ceived on  board.       i  i.t:-  ;     ,  . 

The  spirit  of  accommodation  which  is  manifested 
in  all  the  boats,  is  owing  probably  to  the  rivalship 
existing  between  them.  Passengers  are  well  enter- 
tained, and  every  attention  is  shev^n  that  can  con- 
tribute to  their  comfort  and  convenience. 

THE  PASSAGE  OF  THE  HUDSON.  » 

Besides  the  novelty  of  a  steam-bo  t  passage,  the 
Hudson  river  presents  to  the  tourist  a  variety  of  nat- 
ural scenery  which  it  will  be  difficult  to  tind  else- 
where in  a  journey  of  the  same  extent.  To  the 
pleasun^  derived  from  a  prospect  of  the  beautiful  and 
subiiiTio  objects  of  nature,  the  effect  of  the  most  strik- 
ing contrast  is  added,  to  render  the  scene  truly  pic- 
turesque and  enchanting.  On  the  one  hand  are 
t*een  stimmits,  crowned  with  forests,  apparently  im- 


5» 


Four  WASHINGTO-N. 


I 


peoetrable  to  the  footstops  of  cultivation,  and  oo  the 
(j^er,  beautiful  and  extensive  lawns,  checkered  with 
the  abodes  of  husbandry,  and  glowing  in  all  the  rich 
verdure  of  summer;  n^iile  in  the  same  circumstan- 
ces of  vision  may  be  seen  the  fading  view  of  some 
town  or  city,  ana  in  perspective  a  perpetual  opening 
scenery  of  forests  and  cultivation,  plains  and  moun- 
tains, towns  and  villages,  imparting  to  the  beholder 
all  the  charms  of  novelty,  with  the  highest  emotions 
of  the  sublime. 

W^HAWKEN,  about  6  miles  from  ttie  city,  on< 
the  west  side  of  t^  river,  is  pointed  out  to  the  tmv^ 
eller  as  the  ^und  on  which  Gen.  Hamilton  fell  in  a 
duel  with  Col.  Burr.  It  is  a  small  spot  on  the  margin 
of  the  river,  with  huge  rocks  on  three  sides,  effectmd- 
ly  screening  it  from  the  observation  of  man,  except 
from  the  river ;  and  probably  has,  for  that  cause^  been 
selected  as  al  suitable  place  for  settlii^  afiairs  of  h«i- 
or.  Till  within  a  few  years,  it  contained  a  monu- 
ment erected  to  the  memory  of  Gen.  Hamilton  by 
the  St.  Andrews^  Society ;  but  it  has  been  removed. 
His  body  was  deposited  in  the  ground  attached  to 
Trinity  church  in  the  city,  where  Siere  is  a  handsome 
monument,  enclosed  in  an  iron  railinjg.       it  >  .^  v'  --i 

The  Pausadoes,  which  make  their  first  appear- 
ance on  the  Hudson,  about  8  miles  from  New-York;^ 
are  a  m^e  of  rocks,  from  20  to  5dO  feet  in  height, 
and  extend  from  thence  to  Tappan,  a  distance  of  > 
about  20  miles.  In  some  places,  they  rise  almost 
perpendicularly  from  the  shore,  and  form,  for  several  - 
miles  in  extent,  a  solid  wall  of  rock. 

A  short  distance  above,  on  the  east  side  of  the  riv- 
er, are  Harlaem  Heights,  on  whidv  were  fortifi- 
cations dudng  the  revolutionary  war ;  nearly  oppo- 
site to  which  is  Fort  Lee,  300  feet  above  the  lev- 
el of  &e  river. 

12  miles  from  New- York,  is  Fort  Washinotost, 
on  a  hi»h  hill  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  rendered 


HIGHLINDS. 


M 


^d  with- 
the  f  ich 
imstan- 
Dfsome 
)peDmg 
Imoun- 

Ksholder 
inptions 


city,  on 

thetmv^ 

fell  in  a 

remargin 

affectual- 

I,  except 

iise,beeii 

»  of  hsu^' 

lamonu- 

miltonby 

removed. 

ttacbed  to 

luaidsoiBie 

St  appear- 
(ew-York> 
in  bei^t,' 
distauee  of ' 
rise  almost 
for  several 

jofthetiv- 
vere  fortifi- 
learly  oppo- 
avethelev- 


.SHINOTON, 

er,  rendered 


memorable  as  the  place  where  a  gallant  defence  was 
made  by  the  Amencans  in  October,  1776,  but  whicli 
eventually  resulted  in  their  surrender,  to  Uie  number 
of  2600  men.  Their  loss  was  small ;  but  that  of  Uie 
British  amounted  to  nearly  800. 

About  25  miles  above  New- York  the  river  expands 
and  forms  what  is  called  Tappan  Bay.  The  little 
village  of  Ts^pan,  a  place  of  much  note  during  An- 
dre's and  Anmd's  conqiiracy,  is  situated  on  its  wes- 
tern shore.  The  spot  of  Andre's  ^ve  is  still  point- 
ed out  near  this  village,  though  his  remains,  a  few 
years  since,  were  conveyed  to  England,  by  order  of 
the  British  govonment.  This  bay  is  from  2  to  5  miles 
wide,  and  8  miles  long,  terminating  at  Teller's  Point. 

Haterstraw  Bay,  commences  36  miles  (rom 
New-York,  and  terminates  at  ioney  and  Verplank's 
Points;  being  about  6  miles  in  len^h,  and  from  2 
to  4  in  width.  Haverstmw  village  js  on  Uie  w^st 
side  of  this  bay.  I^,^  ;.  *»vi,;.  u,,i 

The  HioKi^AzvBs,  or  FishkiU  mountains,  which 
first  appear  abottt  40  miles  from  New* Yor|c,  wJl  at- 
tract notice,,  not  only  from  their  grandeur  and  sub- 
limity, but  also  from  their  association  with  some  of 
the  most  impcMrtant  events  of  the  revolution.  This 
chamof  mountains  is  s^ut  16  miles  ip  width,  and 
extends alongboth Sides  of  the Hudsonrtothe dis- 
tanoe  of  20  i^Hes.  The  height  of  die  principal  has 
been  estimated  at  1666  feet.  According  to  the  the- 
:Oiydf  Doctor  Mitchell,  this  thick  and  solid  barrier 
seemain  ancient  days  to  have  impeded  Uie  course 
of  the  water,  and  to  have  raised  alake  high  jenough 
to^over  all  the  country  1  to  Qui^rHiU  ami  the  La- 
conickMoui^ains  xw  the- east,  and  to  Shawangunk 
and  the  Cat^ll  mountains  on  the  west ;  extending 
tatlie  Little  FaUs  of  the  Mobaw^,  and  to  Badley 
FaMs  en  the  Hudson— -but  by  some  convulsion  of 
nature  the  mountain  chain  has  been  broken,  andthe 
rushing  waters  found  their  way  to  tiie  now  ,New- 
Vork  Bay.     At  the  entrance  of  the  Highlands,  on 


■aaBBBBi 


mm 


u 


WEST  POINT. 


U 


r 

'.'I 


i 


the  Bouth,  is  the  scite  of  an  old  fort  on  Verplank'S 
Point,  opposite  to  which  stood  the  fort  of  Stoney 
F  int,  which  was  taken  from  Gen.  Wayne  in  1778, 
and  retaken  by  him  the  same  year.  Further  north, 
10  miles,  is  the  scite  of  Fort  Montgomery,  which, 
after  a  gallant  defence  by  Gen.  George  Chnton,  sur- 
rendered to  the  British  array  in  October,  1777. 


>H.- 


■".-■i  Anthony's  Nose  is  a  mountain  1228  feet  high, 
and  is  opposite  the  mouth  of  Montgomery  creek, 
overlooking  Forts  Montgomery  and  Clinton.  Bloody 
Pond,  so  called  from  its  being  the  place  in  which  the 
bodies  of  the  slain  were  thrown  after  the  defences 
of  these  Forts,  is  in  the  rear  of  Fort  Clinton,  ^^kv 

West  Point,  one  of  the  most  important  posts 
during  the  revolutionary  war,  is  situated  on  the  west 
side  of  lhe  Hudson,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Hi^- 
lands  on  the  north.  It  formed  one  of  the  most  mi- 
portant  fastnesses  of  the  American  army  during  the 
S  years  contest  with  the  British  nation ;  and  the  im- 
portance attached  to  it,  in  a  military  point  of  view, 
was  evinced  by  the  repeated  but  unsuccessful  efforts 
of  Uie  enemy  to  obtain  it.  It  was  here  that  Arnold 
conceived  the  horrid  purpose  of  bartering  his  coun- 
tiy  for  gold.  This  conspiracy,  however,  which  aim- 
ed a  death  blow  at  liberty  in  the  western  hemisf^ere, 
resulted  only  in  the  universal  contempt  and  igno- 
miny of  Arnold,  and  in  the  lamented  death  of  the 
unfortunate  Andre.  There  are  here  at  present  a 
nwnber  of  dwelling-houses,  and  a  militaiy  academy, 
built  on  the  plain  which  forms  the  bank  of  the  river, 
188  feet  in  height,  to  which  a  road  ascends  <m  the 
north  side  of  the  Point.  In  the  back  groimd,  and 
elevated  on  a  mass  of  rocks  598  feet  in  height,  is  the 
»cite  of  Fort  Putnam.  Silence  and  decay  now  mark 
the  spot  of  this  once  formidable  fortress.  Its  mould- 
ering ruins,  however,  convey  a  pretty  correct  idea  of 
the  impregnable  barrier  its  ramparts  once  presented 
\o  the  enemies  of  freedom. 


4 


4 


MAJOR  ANDRE. 


&» 


IChc  Military  Acai>emy  here  established  by 
^Dngress;  was  first  organized  under  the  direction  of 
the  late  G^n.  Williams,  in  1802.  Of  the  number  of 
applicants  for  admission  to  this  institution,  a  prefer- 
cnce  is  usually  given,  first,  to  the  sons  of  officers  of 
the  revolution ;  said  secondly,  to  the  sons  of  deceased 
officers  of  the  late  war.  None  are  admitted  under 
the  age  of  14  years,  nor  above  the  age  of  22.  The 
number  of  cadets  is  limited  to  250,  aach  of  whom 
costs  tiie  gov^nment  $336  annually ;  and  the  whole 
establishm^t  is  maintained  at  an  annual  expense  of 
$115,000.  In  addition  to  the  various  sciences  which 
are  taught  here,  the  -cadets  are  instructed  in  all  the 
practical  minutis  of  tactics;  comprehending  the 
lowest  duties  of  the  private  soldier,  as  well  as  the 
highest  duties  of  the  Gl&cev.  They  are  also  required 
to  encamp  for  6  or  8  weeks  in  a  year ;  daring  which 
time  they  are  rastracted  in  the  manner  of  pitching 
and  strikm^  tents — in  the  various  infantry  evolu- 
tions— and  m  all  the  details  of  the  camp.    »>   v:  ^ 

'"  ''  '  ^ ^'  Major  Johw  Andre.  -^'»i^^i'-^ 

The  fate  of  this  gallant  young  officer  will  ever  be 
associated  with  the  scenes  at  West  Point.  It  was 
here  the  infamous  Arnold  conceived  his  traitorous 
purposes  against  the  liberties  of  his  country,  which 
brought  upon  him  the  contempt  and  execration  of 
the  world,  and  cost  the  unfortunate  Andre  his  life. 

Benedict  Arnold  was  a  native  of  the  state  of  Con* 
necticut,  and  from  the  first  commencement  of  hos- 
tilities he  had  distinguished  himself  as  a  brave  and 
intrepid  soldier,  and  an  enterpising  and  skilfid  com- 
mander. He  had  succeeded  in  the  bold  and  diffi- 
cult attempt  to  invade  the  Canadas  fit>m  the  state  of 
Maine,  where  tlie  sufferings  of  himself  and  soldtert 
had  excited  the  sensibility  of  the  nation  towards 
him.  At  Quebec,  on  Lake  Champlain,  and  at  Sar- 
atoga, he  had  acted  a  distinguished  part ;  and  at  the 
time  of  his  appointment  to  the  command  of  West 


I 


56 


M^IOR  ANDRK. 


:j  t 


^oint,  which  was  in  November,  1779,  he  bore  an 
honorable  testimonial  of  his  attachment  to  his  coun^ 
try,  in  the  wounds  which  he  had  r^centiy  received 
M  tihe  surrender  of  Burgoyne. 

The  residence  of  Gen.  Arnold  was  at  the  house 
and  hxm  of  Col.  Beverly  Robmson,  who  had  reltn- 
quiihed  them  and  joined  the  royal  army  at  New- 
York.  This  residence  Was  situated  opposite  to  West 
Point,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson — a  dredry  sit- 
nation — entironed  by  mountains,  and  by  no  mieans 
calctdated  to  soothe  the  rugged  dieformities  oi  chir* 
acter  by  a  frequent  prospect  of  the  ddicate  and 
be^utiful  scenery  of  nature.  It  was  here  that  Gen; 
Amc?d  made  the  first  proposals  to  surrender  West 
Point,  and  the  forces  under  his  command,  to  the 
British  ariny.  The  agents,  on  the  part  of  the  Brit- 
ish, were  Col.  Beverly  Robinson  and  Mayor  Johii 
Andre,  who  held  frequent  communications  with  the 
American  General,  from  onboard  th6  Vulture  slo<^ 
of  war,  then  lying  at  Haverstraw  Bay,  about  10 
miles  below  Stoney  and  Verplank's  Points. 

Major  Andre,  at  that  time  about  29  years  of  age, 
had,  from  the  natural  amiablenei^s  of  his  character, 
and  his  superior  accomplishments  as  a  citizen  and  a 
soldier,  acquired  the  unreserved  confideiice  of  his 
officers,  and  was  emphatically  considered  the  favorite 
of  the  British  arinjr.  He  had  been  fwiiliar  with  the 
classic  lore  of  antiquity,  and  had  cultivs(ted  a  taste 
for  the  fine  arts,  of  musiq,  painting  and  pqetry,  in 
each  of  wbich  he  had  made  considerable  profrciency. 
In  early  life  he  had  formed  ian  attachment  with  a  la- 
dy whom  he  addresses  by  the  nam6  o(  Delia,  and 
to  whbin  he  had  devoted  all  Uie  leisure  anorded  from 
fhe  intervals  of  a  mercantile  profession,  until  the 
newsofher  inarria^e  with  a  more  successful  i'lval, 
^rovehim,  disapppmted  and  unfortunate,  to  the  bus- 
tlmg;  piii^uitB  ofibe  camp.  His  bio^aj^er  remarks, 
*<  There  wais  something  singularly  interesting  in  the 
character  aiid  fortunes  of  Andre.    To  an  excellent 


MAJOR  ANDRE. 


57 


ho  bore  an 
to  his  coun" 
tly  received 

t  the  house 
10  had  retin- 
ly  at  New- 
)8itetoWc8t 
-a  dreary  sit- 
by  no  ibieaDS 
Iticscrf  char- 
ddicate  and 
ere  that  Gen. 
render  West 
rand,  to  the 
t  of  the  Brit- 
l  Maflor  John 
tions  with  the 
Vulture  sloop 
lay,  about  10 
oints. 

years  of  age, 
his  character, 
a  citizen  and  a 
ifidehce  ofhis 
red  the  favorite 
miliar  with  the 
Itivated  a  taste 
and  ppetiy,  in 
ble  proficiency, 
nent  with  a  la- 
b  of  Delia,  Mid 
re  OTorded  from 
ision,  until  tbe 
iuccessful  rival, 
latOjtothebus- 
rrajfliher  remarks, 
rterestinK  In  the 
^0  an  excellent 


it 


understanding,  well  improved  by  education  and  trav- 
el, he  united  a  peculiar  eleeance  of  mind  and  man- 
nen^,  apd  the  advantages  of  a  pleasing  person.  His 
knowledge  appeared  without  ostentation.  His  sen- 
timents were  elevated,  and  inspired  esteem,  ap  they 
had  a  softness  thatt  c<Hiciliated  affection.  His  elocu- 
tion was  handsome — ^his  address  easy,  polite  and  in- 
sinuating. 

f<  By  l)is  merit  he  had  acquired  the  unlimitefl 
confidence  of  his  general,  and  was  making  rapid  piot- 

fress  ip  military  rank  and  reputation.  But  in  the 
eight  of  his  career,  flushed  with  new  hopes  firo^ 
the  execution  of  a  project  the  most  beneficial  to  his 
party  \h9lt  could  be  devised,  he  i^  at  once  precipitat- 
ed u'om  the  summit  of  prosperity,  and  sees  all  the 
cspec^tions  of  his  ambition  blasted,  and  himself  n\- 
ined." 

A  night  in  the  month  of  September,  1780,  was 
chosen  for  the  fatal  interview  between  Arnold  and 
Andre.  Tbe  different  emotions  which  must  have 
agisted  the  bosom?  of  these  unfortunate  men,  can 
h^  better  imagined  thai)  described.  Andre  lopked 
forward,  with  pleasing  anticipsitions,  to  the  honors,, 
^e  glory,  |Ad  the  emolument,  which  would  attend 
the  success  of  the  enterprise.  He  saw,  in  prospect, 
the  termination  of  an  expensive  war,  through  his  in- 
strumentality— the  interests  of  his  sovereign  promot- 
ed— and  himself  raised,  m  Uie  estimation  of  his 
cov^itrymen,  to  the  pinnacle  of  renown.  Not  so 
with  Arnold,  loe  sordid  love  of  gold  had  eclipsed 
the  ennobling  virtues  of  his  nature — bis  country  was 
the  destined  victim  of  his  cold  blooded  purposes — 
her  liberties  were  to  be  the  price  of  his  treason—- and 
he  could  calculate  on  no  better  reward  for  his  turpi- 
tude, than  the  obloquy  and  contemptof  his  country- 
men. 

Under  tlie  preteAce  of  a  correspondence  with  the 
British  general,  on  the  subject  of  a  treaty  of  peace , 
Arnold  had  succeeded  in  enlisting  in  his  service  an 
intelligent  and  respectable  citizen,  of  the  naino  of 


p2 


98 


MAJOR  ANDRE. 


irt: 

!'  ' 

1:       ! 
I 

I      i 


I 


*■  I    ! 


ii 


1  ! 


Smith.  Under  his  direction  a  boat  was  despatched 
to  the  Vultufe  sloop  of  war,  then  lying  across  the 
Bay  of  Haverstraw,  about  12  miles  distant^  to  con- 
vey the  British  agent  to  the  place  appointed  by  Ar- 
nold for  their  meeting.  On  examining  the  papers, 
it  was  found  that  a  pa^s  had  been  sent  for  Col.  Bev- 
erly Robinson,  and  also  a  blank  pass  for  whomso- 
ever should  be  selected  for  the  important  trust.  In 
the  latter  pass,  was  inserted  the  name  of  John  An- 
derson, under  which  name  Andre  consented  to  be 
conveyed  to  the  shore  from  whence  he  was  destined 
nsver  to  return.     ■  '^''  ^'"*""  '  J  ' '— «'-  *vv,^,^.v^  .*- 

The  place  appointed  for  the  interview,  was  at  the 
footofa  mountain  called  Long  Clove,  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Hudson.  Hither  Gen.  Arnold  had^repair- 
ed,  and  on  die  arrival  of  Andre,  was  found  secreted 
in  a  thick  grove  of  firs,  the  scene  of  their  subsequent 
conference.  After  considerable  conversation ,  which 
,  lasted  till  the  dawn  of  day,  it  was  found  impractica- 
ble for  Andre  to  return,  without  being  discovered 
from  the  neighboring  forts  of  Stoney  and  Verplanck's 
Points.  He  was,  therefore,  conveyed  to  the  house 
of  Smith,  the  person  who  had  brought  him  to  the 
shore,  and  who  afterwards  accompanied*  him  on  his 
way  to  N^w-York.  At  this  house  he  procured  a 
coat  in  exchange  for  his  mih'tary  dress,  which  he 
had  worn  on  shore,  and  on  the  evening  of  the  day 
after  his  arrival,  set  out  fn  company  with  Smith,  and 
under  a  pass  from  Gen.  Arnold,  for  White  Plains. 
The  first  night  of  their  journey  was  spent  at  a  Mr. 
McKoy*s,  about  8  miles  from  the  place  of  their  de- 
parture. The  next  day  they  rode,  without  any  in- 
terruption, as  far  as  Pine's  Bridge,  across  the  Croton 
river,  which  empties  into  the  Hudson  on  its  west 
side,  at  the  head  of  Tappan  Bay.  Here,  having  re-> 
ceived  the  necessary  instructions  as  to  the  road  he 
was  to  take,  Andre  the  next  morning  took  leave  of 
his  guide,  and  pursued  his  journey.  He  had  not 
proceeded  more  than  6  miles,  when  be  was  arrested 
by  three  miJitia  men,  by  the  names  of  John  P^iil- 


MAJOK  ANli*Kt. 


59 


t  was  despatched 
lying  across  the 
1  distant,  to  con- 
appointed  by  Al- 
ining the  papers, 
entfor  Col.  Bev- 
lass  for  whomso- 
portant  trust.  In 
ame  of  John  An- 
consented  to  be 
;e  he  was  destined 

jrview,  was  at  the 
ove,  on  the  west 
.  Arnold  had^repair- 
?as  f6und  secreted 
of  their  subsequent 
onvcrsation,  which 
I  found  impractica- 
t  being  discovered 
eyandVerplanck's 
/eyed  to  the  house 
rougbt  him  to  the 
panied'him  on  his 
)use  he  procured  a 
y  dress,  which  he 
vening  of  the  day 
tiy  with  Smith,  and 
for  White  Plains. 
ras  spent  at  a  Mr. 
place  of  their  de- 
e,  without  any  in- 
e,  across  the  Croton 
[udson  on  its  west 
.     Here,  having  re^ 
I  as  to  the  road  he 
ning  took  leave  of 
mey.    He  had  not 
hen  be  was  arrested 
mes  of  .Tohn  l^nl. 


Ui(i\g,  l>ayid  Williams  and  Isa^c  Van  Wert^  who, 
wuth  pUl^rsH  were  on  a  spputing jwrty,  liietween  the 
G^t-pqa^  pf  the  t?^o  9rinie^.    Tl^ese  men  stcgu^d 
JVf  a]pr  Andre  in  a  nanow  ps^rt  of  the  ro^d  9t  n  pfajce 
lii^Tany-Towo,  t>y  aiiddenly  seizing  his  hnweby 
ih0  bridle.    Ippt^^  pf  mmsdld^tfely  producing  tbp 
pase  which  \k9^  bee^  furnished  bipi  py  Gen,  Arnold, 
Andre  iflqwrod,  ^)^(^te  (be;.;  jplopged  to  ?  Tiiey  anr 
^j^er^,  »*Tob]elpw"    -Not  an*;;  acting anj^y  decep- 
iipn,  be  jtj^rIwI.  "  So  do  I  ;'*  and  declaring lum^lf 
to  DO  a  9r:iti^  pfficer,  he  entreated  that  be  lui^tnot 
be  detained ,  bpi^g  on  pressiqg  business.    This  dec- 
iar9t)ipp  was  follpwpd  by  further  ipquiries,  which  es:- 
ciied  still  mpre  ^i^ipicio;^,  ^d  ^t  length  induced  a 
resolution  on  thei^  psirt  to  de^iii  him.    Finding 
himself  thus  surpcisp^,  and  a  pj^tsoner,  he  o^ade  usp 
of  every  pprsua^on  to  r^ain  his  liberty,  and  o0ered 
;fi  Y^ry  vtuuable  gpl^  wf^h  for  bis  rele^.     But  it 
w4s  all  to  no  effect.    They  asked  for  his  papers, 
which  bewg  refund  by  Andre,  they  cptmneaced 
seeching  him*  9p4  memorandwrni,  in  Aagipid'a  hand- 
Wfitmgs  relating  tp  the  forpes  ai:^  4e^ces  of  West 
Point,  were  found  conceded  in  Jvs  boots. 

Kespfttches  were  ioimedi^tely  forwarded  to  Gen. 
Waisbington,  together  with  a  letter  from  l|4ftjor  An- 
4rp  to  Gen.  Arnold,  ^pprisin^  him  of  ^  a^egt  and 
Retention.    |p  coo^equencp  of  ^ome  fni^take  of  ^le 
|](i?^nger,  information  of  the  circumstsnces  reached 
A^old  somp  time  betbre  W^hipgton  was  apprisi^d 
at  all  of  tlmm.    Upon  the  receipt  of  the  letter,  Ar- 
nold spized  the  ni^s&en^er*s  horse,  and  instantly  pro- 
ceeded down  ^  jjrecipjce  almost  perpendicular,  to 
the  riypr,  wj^fire  boats  were  always  ready  to  pass 
to  and  from  t^est  Point,  and  junapipg  into  one  of 
them,  be  directed  the  hands  to  row  liim  down  the 
r>ver  to  the  Vulture  sloop  of  war.    In  the  moan  time 
information  had  bpen  recpived  by  Wellington,  and 
scarce  had  Arnold  passed  Stojpey  ai^d  Vnrpiytyva 
t>piats  when  Col.  Hamilton  a?riv,edat  tho  latter plpcf^ 
with  pr(|9r»  to  stop  him. 

i>3 


60 


MAJOR  ANDRE. 


11 


, 


Andre  was  srrested  on  the  23d  of  September ;  and 
a  board  of  General  Officers  were  immediately  sum* 
raoned,  by  order  of  Gen.  Washington,  for  his  trial. 
The  circmnst^bces  of  the  case  were  tiie  sul^ect  of 
much  excitement  in  both  the  American  and  British 
armies,  and  created  much  sympathy  in  favor  of  An- 
dre. After  an  iiiouiry  of  a  number  of  days,  the  court 
determined,  that  Major  John  Andre,  Adjutant  Gen- 
eral of  the  British  army,  ought  to  be  considered  as  a 
spy  from  the  enemy ;  and  that,  agreeably  to  the  law 
and  usage-of  nations,  he  ought  to  suffer  death. 

This  sentence  of  the  board  of  General  Officers  was 
protested  against,  on  the  ground  that  Andre  had  been 
admitted  into  the  American  camp  under  the  protec- 
tion of  a  flag,  and  at  the  immediate  instance  of  Ar- 
nold, the  commandieg  officer  of  the  district,  whose 
safe  passport  and  return  he  had  a  right  to  demand. 
But  the  senteuce  was  consented  to  be  waived  only 
on  condition  of  delivering  Arnold  into  the  custody  of 
the  American  army ;  which  being  refused  by  the 
British  general,  Andre  was  executed  on  the  2d  of 
October,  1780,  at  Tappan  or  Orangetown,  where  his 
remains  were  aflterwands  deposited. 

Thus  in  the  short  space  of  nine  days,  between  his 
arrest  and  execution,  were  the  flattering  prospects  of 
the  hnve  but  unfortunrte  Andre  forever  blasted. 
Precipitated  from  the  '<ummit  of  anticipated  happi- 
ness, he  became,  in  the  bloom  of  life,  the  victim  of 
cruel  disappointment  and  of  a  piemature  grave — pos- 
sessed of  the  rarest  virtues  and  accomplishments, 
and  esteemed  and  lamented  by  all  who  knew  him. 

A  respect  to  the  memory  of  Andre  induced  the 
British  government,  a  short  time  since,  at  their  oWn 
expense,  to  convey  his  remains  to  England,  where 
they  were  deposited  in  the  family  vault  of  the  Prince 
Regent,  the  nowreigpiing  monarch,  George  IV,  The 
place  of  his  interment  on  the  Hudson  was  marked 
by  a  solitary  cypress.  On  opening  the  remains,  it 
was  discovered  that  the  roots  of  the  cypress  had  en- 
twined their  branches  around  the  scull  of  the  de« 


er;  and 
ly  sum- 
is  trial. 
iWect  of 
British 
of  An- 
tie  court 
nt  Gen- 
ired  as  a 
the  law 
th. 

cers  was 
ladbeen 
1  protec- 
e  of  Ar- 
ty whose 
jemaud. 
ved  only 
ustody  of 
i  by  the 
the  2d  of 
yhere  his 

ween  his 
)spects  of 
blasted, 
ed  happi- 
victim  of 
ive — pos- 
ishments, 
aew  him. 
tuced  the 
their  own 
kd,  where 
he  Prince 
J IV,  The 
ls  marked 
smains,  it 
ss  had  cn- 
)f  the  de« 


POLLOPELL  ISLAND— jXEW BURGH,    t-l 

ceased.    The  tree,  it  is  said,  now  serves  to  embel- 
lish the  private  garden  of  George  IV. 

The  four  surviving  children  of  Oen.  Arnold,  hjkve 
become  pensioners  of  Great  Britain,  and  receive  pjji- 
nuities  of  J&IOO  sterling  each.  '  V  7-* ' 

PoiiiiOp^LL  Island,  is  situated  at  the  northern 
entrance  of  the  Highlands,  5  miles  above  West  Point. 
It  consists  of  a  mass  of  rock,  and  rises  near  the  cen- 
tre of  the  river,  between  Bi-eakneck  Hill  on  the  fast, 
and  Butter  Hill  on  the  west.  The  ^titude  of  tho 
l^ter  is  1529  feet — the  former  is  llS7feet  in  height, 
and  contains  the  rock  called  the  Upper  ^thony*» 
Nose.  ^  .  , 

New-Windsoti.  Passing  the  Highlands,  the 
prospect  changes  into  a  very  agreeable  contrast.  The 
bay  pf  Newburgb,  with  the  village  of  the  same 
name^  aipd  New-Windsor,  and  on  the  opposite  shore 
the  vills^e  of  Fishkill,  with  its  ou^^erous  adjacent 
manufactories  and  country  seats,  together  with  a 
view  of  the  Hudson  for  many  miles  above,  form  a 
prospect  which  cannot  fail  to  impart  much  interest. 
The  village  of  New-Windsor  stands  on  the  margin 
of  the  river,  7  miles  from  West  Point,  It  is  calcula- 
ted for  a  very  |]|lea8ant  piace  of  residence,  but  in  bu- 
siness it  must  yield  to  the  rival  village  of 

JJewbuhgh.  This  is  an  incorporated  village, 
situated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Hudson,  9  miles  nortli  from  West  Point,  and 
83  south  from  Albany.  It  contains  about  550  hous- 
es, and  a  population  of  3100  inhabitants.  From  its 
situation  it  commands  an  extensive  intercourse  and 
trade  with  the  country  on  the  west,  and,  by  means 
of  the  Hudson  river,  with  New-Vork.  This  place 
was  for  sometime  the  head-quarters uf  the  American 
army  during  the  rcvo^.utionary  war.  On  the  oppo- 
site side  of  Uifc  river  from  Newbur^h  is  Beacon  Hill, 
one  of  the  highest  summits  of  the  Fishkill  mountains, 

d4 


62     MILTON— HYDE  PAKK  LANDING. 

where  parties  of  pleasure  frequently  resort,  in  th(^ 
summer  season,  to  witness  an  extent  of  prospect 
including  a  part  of  the  territories  of  live  diflerent 
states.  This  hill  is  147.  feet  in  height.  Half  a  mile 
south  is  the  New  Beacon,  or  Grand  Sachem,  1685 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Hudson.  They  are  call- 
ed Beacon  Hills  from  the  circumstance  that  beacons 
were  erected  on  their  summits  during  the  revolution- 
ary war.  The  continuation  of  this  chain  of  moun- 
tains is  lost  in  the  Appalachian  Range,  on  the  north- 
cast,  and  extends  south  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach. 
Diminished  in  distance,  is  seen  West  Point,  envi- 
roned by  mountains,  apparently  reposing  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  Hudson,  and  bathing  their  rocky  summits 
in  the  clouds. 


fcj^-» 


-    -..w^- 


l^i--^ 


Milton,  is  a  small  hamlet,  situated  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Hudson  river,  in  the  town  of  Marlbo- 
rough, 11  miles  from  Newburgh.  This  place  is  call- 
ed the  half-way  place  between  New-York  and  Al- 
bany, being  72  1-2  miles  distant  from  each.  Two 
and  a  half  miles  south  of  Milton,  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Hudson,  is  the  mansion  house  of  the  late  Gov- 
ernor Clinton. 

PouGHKEEPsiE,  15  miles  north ^om  Newburgh , 
is  situated  one  mile  east  from  the  Hudson,  on  the 
post  road  from  Albany  to  New- York,  and  was 
incorporated  in  1801 .  The  village  is  about  the  same 
size  of  Newburgh,  handsomely  located,  and  a  place 
of  considerable  trade.  It  is  laid  out  in  the  form  of  a 
cross,  the  two  piincipal  streets  crossing  each  other  at 
right  angles.  A  road  leads  down  a  long  steep  hill 
from  Poughkeepsie,  to  tbe  landing  on  the  Hudson 
river.  This  landing  is  3  miles  above  Milton.  About 
7  niHes  farther  north  is 


Hyde  Park  Landing,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Hudson  river,  near  which  are  a  number  of  country 
seats.    The  first  is  the  man.sion  of  Doctor  Bard — ono 


CATSKILL— PINE  ORCHARD. 


6'J 


luile  farther  is  the  seat  of  A.  S.  Pell,  Esq tarn 

thrnceS  miles  up  the  river,  stands  the  residence  of 
Gen.  M.  Lewis,  where  is  a  landing  place,  leading  to 
Staatsberg,  one  mile  distant,  in  the  town  of  Hyde 
Park.  Two  miles  farther  north  is  the  residence  of 
R.  Tillotson,  Esq.  From  thence  to  Rhinebeck 
Landing  is  8  miles-^thence  to  Redhook  Lower 
Landing,  where  are  the  mansions  of  J.  R.  Living- 
ston and  Mrs.  Montgomery,  is  7  miles — thence  to 
Redhook  Upper  Landing,  8  miles — thence  2  miles 
to  the  seat  of  the  late  Chancellor  Livingston — thence 
7  miles  to  the  manor  house  of  the  late  Lord  Living- 
ston-^thence  one  mile  to  Oakhill,  the  residence  of 
the  late  J.  Livingston,  now  possessed  by  Harmon 
Livingston,  Esq. — thence  one  mile  to    ,:    .'„,7:-^- 

Catskill.  This  village  takes  its  name  from  a 
large  creek  which  flows  through  it,  and  empties  into 
the  Hudson  at  that  place.  It  is  situated  on  Uie  west 
bank  of  the  river,  35  miles  from  Albany,  and  con- 
tains about  250  dwellings,  and  2000  inhabitants.  On 
Catskill  creek  are  already  a  number  of  mills  and  man- 
ufactories, and  the  general  appearance  of  the  villaefo 
is  highly  flattering,  as  it  respects  its  future  growth 
and  prosperity.  This  village  is  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood  of  the  Katahergs  or  Catskill  moun- 
tains, which  are  seen  for  many  miles  along  the  Hud- 
son, and  here  assume  a  truly  majestic  and  sublime 
appearance.  The  highest  elevation  of  this  range  of 
mountains  is  in  the  county  of  Greene,  from  8  to  12 
miles  distant  from  the  river,  including  the  Round 
Top,  3804  feet,  and  High  Peak,  3718  feet  in  height. 
The  village  of  Catskill,  which  has  hi^erto  been  vis- 
ited, principally  by  men  of  business,  has  recently  be- 
come the  resort  of  people  of  fasbica  and  pleasure, 
who  design  a  tour  to  the 

Pine  Orchard,  a  place  which,  for  four  or  five 
years  past,  has  attracted  the  attention  of  all  classes 
of  men,  and  still  continues-to  draw  to  it,  numbers  of 

d5 


1 


64 


PINE  ORCHARD. 


those  who  are  fond  df  novelty,  and  especially  ot  the 
sttbUmo  ind  roHiantic  scenery  in  which  it  abouods. 
Re^lar  stegte  leave  Catakill  for  tlie  Pine  Orchard 
twice  a  day.     The  fore  is  the  moderate  pried  of  tnc 
dollar.     The  whole  distnnce  in  12  miles,  computed 
as  follows :  From  the  village  to  Lawrence's  tavern, 
7-m3e8 — from  thence  to  the  foot  of  the  iD0untain»  2 
miles — from  thence  to  Pine  Orchard,  3  miles.    This 
distance  is  passed,  in  going,  in  about  4  hours>--'in re- 
turning, in  about  two  hours.     The  country  through 
which  the  road  passes  has  nothing  interesting  in  its 
appearance,  until  it  reaches  the  mountain,  being 
generally  uneven  and  barren,  and  diversified  with 
but  one  or  two  comparatively  small  spots  of  cultiva- 
tion, upon  which  the  eye  can  rest  with  satisfactiob. 
A  short  time  is  usually  taken  up  at  Lawrence's,  for 
the  purpose  of  refreshment,  before  encountering  the 
tugged  ascent  of  the  mountains.    This  part  t^the 
ro»j  is  generally  good,  but  circuitous,  and  often  paye- 
es oh  the  bfink  of  some  deep  ravine,  or  at  the  foot 
of  sotne  frowning  precipice,  ihs(»Hng  at  tiknes,  an 
unweicMne  degree  of  terror.    The  rock  upOn  which 
.<itand8  the  hotel  of  Mr.  Charles  H.  Webb,  forms  a 
circular  platform,  is  of  an  uneven  surface^  and  in- 
eludes  about  six  acres.  It  is  elevated  above  the  level 
^the  Hudson  about  3000  feet.    The  Hotel  19  140 
feet  te  length,  24  fbet  in  widths  and  4  stories  hjg^, 
vtA  has  pibzzas  in  front,  the  whole  lengthy  and  a 
Win|^  exti^hding  in  the  rear  for  lodging  rooms.    The 
buiklikig  is  owned  by  the  **  Catskill  mountain  Asm- 
ciation,''  an  incorporated  company,  wit^  a  capital  of 
$10,000.    It  is  wiell  furnished^  and  possesses  every 
conVenienbe  and  accbromodiation  requisite  to  the 
comfort  and  good  cheer  of  its  niuno-ous  guests.   The 
prospect  from  Pine  Orchaitl  embraces  a  greater  ex- 
tent and  raorediversity  of  scenery,  than  is  to  bfc  found 
in  any  other  part  of  the  state,  or  perhaps  in  the  Uni- 
ted Stated.    The  vast  varwty  of  fields,  farms,  villa- 
ges, towAs  and  cided,  between  the  green  tnountains 
of  Termont^  csi  the  north,  the  highlands  on  the 


1 


CliV  OF  HU1);30N. 


<j,v 


south,  and  the  Taghkanick  mountains  on  the  cast, 
together  with  the  Hudson  river,  studded  with  islands 
and  vessels,  some  of  which,  may  be  seen  at  even  the 
distance  of  60  miles,  is  apparent  in  a  clear  atmos- 
phere, to  the  naked  eye ;  and  when  the  scene  is 
gradually  unfolded,  at  the  opening  of  the  day,  it  as- 
sumes rather  the  appeaiance  of  enchantment  than  a 
reality.  It  is  not  uncommon,  at  this  place,  to  wit- 
i7')ss  storms  of  snow  and  rain  in  their  seasons,  mid- 
way  the  mountain,  while  all  is  clear  and  serene  on 
its  summit.  About  two  miles  from  the  Hotel,  are 
the  Kaaterskiix  Falls,  which  take  their  name 
from  the  stream  on  which  they  arc  situated  This 
stream  takes  its  rise  from  two  small  lakes,  half  a  mile 
in  the  rear  of  the  Hotel ;  and  after  a  wcstetly  course 
of  a  mile  and  a  half,  the  waters  fall  perpendicularly 
175  feet,  and  after  pausing  a'  moment  on  a  projection 
of  the  rock,  plunge  again  down  a  precipice  of  85  feet 
more,  making  the  whole  descent  of  the  falls  260  feet. 
The  road  to  the  falls  is  extremely  rough ;  but  this 
ejection  will  hardly  deter  the  traveller  from  a  visit  to 
a  spot  so  novel  and  romantic. 

Athens,  five  miles  above  Catskill,  is  an  incorpo- 
rated village,  and  contains  lOCO  inhabitants.  Its 
situation,  on  a  gentle  slope  of  land,  rising  gradually 
from  the  river,  gives  it  a  very  favorable  appearance. 
The  vicinity  of  Athens  to  Hudson,  immediately  op- 
posite, seems  to  forbid  that  importance  in  point  of 
trade,  its  location  might  otherwise  warrant.  Athens 
furnishes  a  number  of  beautiful  scites  on  the  bank  of 
the  river  ;  some  of  which  are  already  occupied  by 
the  elegant  mansions  of  private  gentlemen. 

The  City  of  Hudson  stands  on  the  east  side  of 
the  river,  30  miles  south  from  Albany.  The  plain 
on  whiph  Hudson  is  situated  rises  abruptly  from  the 
river,  by  banks  from  50  to  60  feet  in  height ;  and 
terminates  on  the  east,  at  the  foot  of  high  lands, 
which  overlook  the  city  at  an  elevation. of  some  hun- 


66 


ALBANY 


A     ■     1 


K    I     % 


1 

j 

' 

i 

1 
\ 

f 

i     ) 

J 

1 

! 

1 

! 

■ 

J 

dred  feet,  and  furnish  a  prospect  of  the  Hudson  river 
and  scenery  for  many  miles  in  extent.  The  city 
contains  a  population  of  5500  inhabitants,  end  ist^ay- 
ly  increasing  in  wealth,  population  apd  commerce. 
Claverack  creek  un  the  cast,  and  Kinderhook  creek 
on  the  north,  aflbrd  every  facility  for  mills  and  man- 
ufactories, in  which  Hudson  abounds ;  and  which 
luive  entitled  it  to  the  third  rank,  in  manufactures, 
in  the  st^te.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Hudson, 
appear.a  number  of  country  seats  with  the  farmhous- 
es and  cultivation  in  the  neighborhood  of  Athens 
and  Catskill,  bounded  by  the  lofty  Katsbergs,  rising 
in  Uie  hack  ground  and  mingling  their  nig^  sum- 
mits with  the  clouds. 

GoxsACKis  LANDING,  wliero  OTC  scveral  houpes 
and  stores,  is  eight  miles  north  of  Hudson.  iProm 
thQDce  to  Kinderhook  landing  is  2  miles.  'Here  are 
about  25  dwelling  and  a  post  office.  The  village  of 
Kinderhook  is  situated  5  miles  east.  Thre«.  miles 
further  north,  is  the  village  of  New  Baltimore  ^  thence 
to  Coeymans,  2  miles— thence  to  Schodac  village,  3 
miles— -thence  ^o  Castleton  landing,  2  miles — thenco 
to  Albany,  8  miles. 

jMLBANY^<a  iij*,!  :»dT   .  7>n'-} 

Is  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Nevi-York,  md  in 
point  of  wealth,  population,  «trade  and  vesour- 
ces,  is  the  second  city  in  the  state,  and  the  gixth  or 
seventh  in  die  Union,  it  is  situated  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Hudson  river,  and  near  the  head  of  tide 
water.  It  was  settled  in  1612  ;  and  next  to  James* 
town  in  Virginia,  is  the  oldest  settlement  in  the  U. 
S.  Its  charter  was  granted  in  the  year  1686,  and 
eqfcbraoed  an  area  of  7160  acres.  A  great  proportion 
of  its  soil  js  sandy  and  unproductive,  and  snder  no 
■system  of  useful  cultivation. 

Though  the  first  appearance  of  this  city  is  not  pre- 
possessing to  a  stronger,  still  the  taste  which  tas 


ALBANV. 


«7 


on  river 
Phe  city 
U  'tsx\&y- 
nmercc. 
ok  creek 
nd  man- 
id  which 
faetures, 
Hudson, 
trmhous- 
f  Athens 
^,  vmnff 
l^suni- 


al  houses 
a.  From 
Here  are 
ivills^oi 
iree.nctiles 
e:tiience 
village,  3 
J— tjience 

->  h '  :v  ■;'. 


r 


id  TegQur' 
le  siicih  or 

the  west 
>ad  of  tide 
;  to  James- 
;  in  the  U. 

1686,  and 

prop(Mrtion 

lender  no 

^isnotpre- 
Trhicli  -has 


been  displaved  in  the  constractiou  ot  its  public  and 
private  buildings — tne  constant  din  of  commercial  bu- 
siness which  assails  ^he  ear  of  the  traveller — the  ter- 
mination of  the  Erie  Canal  at  diis  place,  and  many 
other  attendant  circumstances,  render  Albany  an  im- 
poKant  and  interesting  spot. 

Hie  town  is  dividcKi  into  five  wards,  and  contains 
many  superb  and  elegant  buildings.  The  principal 
streets  are  Market,  Pearl,  and  State  street.  The  two 
former  run  parallel  with  the  river,  and  the  latter  is  a 
spacious  one,  extending  from  the  Capitol  to  the  Hud- 
son, nearly  east  and  west.  Besides  these,  there  are 
many  other  streets,  less  considerable'  in  extent,  but 
populous,  and  crowded  with  shops  and  stores.  *^  '  * 

The  Capitox.,  which  contains  the  Legislative 
Halls,  the  Common  Council  Chamber  of  the  Corpo- 
ration,  the  Supreme  Court  room  of  the  state,  the 
Coun^  Clerk's  ofike,  the  State  Library,  and  other 
apartments  for  public  business,  stamis  at  the  head  of 
State  street,  on  an  Novation  of  18(>  feet  4>oye  the 
level  of  die  river.  It  is  a  substantial  stone^  edifice, 
erected  at  die  expense  of  $120,000  ;  of  wludi  sum, 
$34,000  was  paid  by  the  corporation  of  the  city* — 
It  is  115  feet  in  length,  90  in  breadth,  and  is  50 
high,  consisting  of  two  stories,  and  a  basement  of 
10  fiset.  The  east  front  is  adorned  with  a  portico,  of 
the  Ionic  order,  having  4  magnificent  columns,  3 
feet  8  inches  in  diameter,  and  l»  feet  in  height. 

The  Public  Square,  on  the  S.  W.  <tf  which 
stands  the  Capitol,  is  arranged  in  the  style  of  a  park, 
and  has  several  delightful  walks  and  avenues. 

North  (^  the  Capitol,  stands  the  Academy,  the 
most  elegantly  constructed  and  executed  building  in 
the  cit^.  It  oost  about  $92,000,  exclusive  of  the  lot 
on  which  it  is  erected,  and  some  donations.  It  is 
built  of  free  stone,  3  stories  in  height,  and  90  feet  in 


m   ^ 


I 

1  »i 


I  ■ 


1! 


Ob 


ALBANV. 


front.    It  is  one  of  tbe  moat  i^uriifhitis  ihstituliQU^ 
in  the  state  ;  hw  $  teachecs  •ndaboii^l40  atudimtii' 

/The  Stats  Halx.,  ibr  (be  offices  «f  th0  SeeietHTy 
of  State,  Comptroller,  Treasurer,  Surveyor-GenereU 
Attorney-General,  and  Clerk  of  the  Stqlreiiie  Qoivt, 
ifijuluated  on  the  south  side  of  St«tle-$tc«e[t«  ti^vtly 
eitpiu-difM4)t  from  the  Capitot^nd  the  AHuwy,  Vmm- 
eif*  and  Mechanics?  Banks  ;  both  oif  wfciioh  sUnni  4t 
the  fooi  of  St4te*s^eet,  and  are  ele^tnt  n'bite  nAarhJ^ 
edifices.    There  are  in  thi?  cUy  4  haii|ES  in  ali»  and 
12  bouses  for  public  worship^    Also,  a  lai^ebri^ 
huili^ing  for  the  i-ancaster  School,  a  Theatre  in  Si9Mth 
Pearl  street,  a  Circus  in  Norlb  Pearl  street,  and  an 
Arsenal  in  North  Market  street.     The  Museum  is  in 
8ouih  >f  arkctt  9treet,  and  is  one  9!  ihe  belt  in  the 
X^nited  States.  ^.  ,  ., ^.  .■;„,, .,  cv^ ., ^ „^.i 

■  ■».■.■' 
The  prtn<'ipal  Pusuc  Hotels  ai;e,  (he  Afl^nsion 
Hooses  in  Korth  Market  street,  the  Aftany  liouse 
nndfitotie  Street  House  in  State  8ti]eQk,Cruil«»4fft'«> 
near  tibe  CApito),  and  the  £agle  Tatem  J9  S>omI1i 
Matket street;  ifrhichiire  fumisbed and  Hept  in  su- 
perior style,  reflecting  equal  credit  upon  tfie  city  9nd 
the  proprie^rs. 

I>win^  the  sessions  of  the  Noiv-Yoark  lefftslatiire, 
Albany  is  crowded  with  sitRangois  ;  and  coiitos 
muehQf*  the  legal  ts^nt  arid^leamingof  t^  »t«|e. 

The  city  is  suppUed  with  water  frotn  ft  distance  ef 
3  miles.     It  is  eligibly  situated  for  trade  ;  being  the 
^'0at  thorough  fare  Ibr  the  northern  and  westerA  sec- 
tions <^  the  state.  ,,,,f. 

The  AiiBANY  Basin,  where  the  waters  of  theca- 
nal  unite  with  the  Hudson,  consists  of  ^  part  of  the 
rivQr  included  between  the  ^ore  and  an  artiticipi  pier 
erefl?ted  99  feet  in  width  and  i,300  feet  in  len^^. 
V'be  pi9r.  cpntiuns  about  Sapres,  and  ip  connected 
witbtbf  qilQ^  by  dr^w  bridges.  ItiA  a  grand  and 
stupendous  work,  on  which  spacious  and  extensive 


STAGES  TO  MONTREAI.. 


m 


stores  have  been  erected,  and  where  an  immense 
quantity  of  lumber  and  other  articles  of  trade  are  de- 
posited. Its  original  cost  was  $130,000,  and  the 
different  lots  were  sold  at  public  auction,  at  a  con- 
siderable advance.  The  basin  covers  a  surface  of  32 
acres. 

In  the  south  part  of  Albany,  in  boring  for  fresh 
water  a  short  time  since,  and  after  penetrating  500 
feet,  a  spring  of  medicinal  water  was  discovered, 
possessing  mamr  medical  properties,  and  which 
promises  to  be  of  much  advantage  to  the  city. 

The  population  of  this  place  in  1825,  amounted  to 
15,974,  ---v- ---•■     ;; 

•  '  '■,">«,,,';,,-■... t»  k.*-^''        CTAPPC  '•■'>ji'h'\-''kiii'ilifii'^- 

Perhaps  there  is  no  place  in  the  union  from  which 
stages  leave  in  so  many  directions,  and  are  so  well 
arranged  as  at  Albany.  The  best  of  horses  and  car- 
riages and  careful  drivers  are  generally  employed  ; 
and  every  attention  is  paid  to  the  comfort  and  con- 
venience of  travellers.  In  addition  to  the  following- 
list  of  regular  stages,  extra,  coaches  and  carriage's 
can  be  obtained  at  almost  any  hour  for  the  Springs, 
Utica  or  Boston. 

The  Albany  and  Montreal  Mail  and  Post  Coachy 

leaves 


Albany,  Mondays,  Wed- 
nesdays and  Fridays  at  3 
A.  M.  and  arrives  in 
Poultney  at  6  P,  M. ; 
leaves  Poultney  next 
morning  at  3  and  arrives 
in  Burlington  at  6  P.  M. ; 
leaves  Burlington  Mon- 
day, Wednesdays  and 
Fridays,  at  8  A.  M.  and 
arrives  in  Montreal  same 
evenings  at  7  o'clock. 


Montreal,  on  Tuesdays, 
Thursdays  and  Saturdays 
at  3  A  M.  an4  arrives  in 
Burlington  saihe  ev«- 
nings  at  7  ;  leaves  Bur- 
lington, Mondays,  Wed- 
nesdays and  Fridays  at  3 
A.  M.,  and  arrives  in 
Poultney  same  evenings 
at  Q  ;  leaves  Poultney 
next  morning  at  3  and  ar- 
rives in  Albany  same  eve- 
ning: at  6  o'clock. 


'i 


«       'I?  I 


-,  STAGES  10  WHITKUAl^^-        ^ 

engaged  in  aiu«»  j  .  i^     -f 

1^  Wiiies— fere  ^4.  V  .     ,„„ 


miles— tare  ;;pf  <   -,  ^,.| 

•^nCy  =S?^^'»"  »%"""'"'     ■"■ 

..-f^fta^leavc  AlDany  »*J"J„™i„g8,  and 
Line-      /  *»  TV»iirsdaY  and  ^^^^^w  the  packet 


WESTERN  STAGES. 


,ogh  Troy, 

51.  iVtbans, 
8taiice  220 
ivm^'9  stage 
Ibany. 

Mail  Stagey 
and  Friday, 
le  third  day, 
jre    Cbester, 

.turday  wp^i" 
jr's,  ^o.  o^*>» 

vesE.  Young's 

\lbany,Mon- 

'M.and  meets 

iehaU-aistance 

,ia  My  ^^V 

morning  and  ar- 

and  Packet  Boat 
Troy  on  Monday, 

oVe  the  Packet 
it  2  P.M.  on  the 
litchaW  ^t  evef  ttf  • 
fforFovt^dYfard 

,  steam  bqats.    On 
Edward,  the  passen- 

Lansing^^fS^l?/?? 

"•stages.     ,    .-  . 


Albany  and  Schenectady  daily  Stage,  leaves 
Albany  suid  Schenectady  every  morning  and  after- 
nooh.  Seats  takfen  in  Albany,  at  Thorp  &  Sprague's 
stag^  (office,  corn^  of  State  and  N.  Market-streets. 
Fare,  62  1-2  cents. 


v- 


Albtmyy  Utieat  Jlubum,  Geneva,  Canandcdgua^ 
£at«ma  and  BwffaU,  Rochester  and  Lewtsion  Jbil- 
igenee  Mail  Coaehy  le£iV6s  the  stage  office,  comer  of 
!?.  Market  and  State-8t^eets,AU>any,everyday  at3P. 
M.  stops  first  bight  at  Atnsterdam,  (30  miles,)  second 
at  Utica,  (66  miles,)  third  at  Auburn,  (73  miles^) 
fourth  at  Avon,  (64  mtle^,)  and  Rochester.  {JS6 
miles^)  fifth  at  Buffalo,  (65  railes^)  and  Le^iston. 
(80  miles,)— leaves  Lewiston  at  3,  and  Bu£^ak>  at  8 
A.  M.  st<^s  fiiist  nfght  at  Rochester  and  Avon,  se- 
cond at  Auburn,  third  at  Utica,  and  fourth  in  Albany. 
Fare  beetween  Utica  and  Buffalo  $6. 

.  Jilbatty  and  Buff&ia  Pilot  Mail  Coach,  leaves 
llKwp  h  Spragu6'd  mail  coach  (^ce,  comer  of  North 
Market  and  State-streets,  Albany,  every  evening 
at  11  o'clock,  passes  through  Schenectady,  Utica, 
Syracuse,  Auburn,  Geneva,  Canandaigua  (a  bruich 
thence  to  Rochester)  to  Buffalo  in  three  days— leaves 
E^6  tavern,  Buflltlo,  every  evening  at  8  o'clock, 
arrives  at  Geneva  first  day ^ at  Utica  second,  and  in 
Albany  the  third,  frequently  in  time  to  take  an  af- 
ternoon boat  f«^r  New- York— distance  ifrom  fiufl^alo 
to  Can^daigua  90  milesj  Canandaigua  to  Utica  112 
BMles)  Utica  to  Albany  96  teiles ;  Buflf^lo  to  Albany 
^S%  miles—fare  froinU^ica  to  Canandaigua  |^,50, 
Canandaigua  to  Buf&lo  $2,50. 

Albany,  Cherry- VbUleyy  dpopersiaum  and  Rock- 
eeUt  Mail  Coach,  lefiye^  Thorp  &  Sprague's  mail 
ccHtich  office',  comer  of  N.  Market  and  State-stifiets, 
Albaay,  every,  day  for  Chen^-Valley,  Cooperstpwn, 
Bridgewater,  Madison,  Cazenovia,  Manhus,  Syra- 
cuse, Weeds-Basin,  Montezuma,  Lyons,  Palmyra 


72 


srAGES  TO  THE  SPRINGS. 


oud  Pittsford  to  Rochester — through  m  three  days^ 
crosses  the  canal  thirteen  times  and  returns  in  the 
same  order.  A  coach  leaves  Utica  every  morning, 
Sunday  excepted,  for  Denmark  and  Sackets  Harbor, 
and  from  Denmark  to  Ogdensbuigh,  Tuesday,  Thurs-' 
day  and  Saturday.  ir^7  tc-  ?.  . 

'  Albany  i  Troy  and  Boston  Union  Center  Line  of 
Post  Coaches,  leaves  Albany,  Monday,  Wednesday 
and  Friday  at  7  A.  M.  and  Tiroy,  at  3,  and  an-ives 
in  Boston  to  dine,  the  third  day^eaves  Brigham's, 
42,  Hanover-street,  Boston,  Tuesday,  Thursday  and 
Saturdayat6  A.  M.  and  arrives  in  Albany  to  dine 
the  third  day — distance  from  Boston  to  Albany  160 
miles,  fare  $6 — seats  engaged  in  Boston  at  Bri^am's, 
42,  Hanover-street ;  In  Troy  at  Babcock's  city  hotel ; 
in  Albany  at  W.  Kingman's,  No.  44  1-2,  State- 
street.  "'     ;  '""-  ^;  ^■'^' 

From  Albany  to  Boston,  via  Springfield,  the  U. 
S.  mail  stage  leaves  Albany  and  Boston  on  Toesday, 
Thursday  and  Saturday,  at  2  A.  M.,  going  tlvough 
in  twodays. 

JFVom  Albany  io  Boston,  via  JVbrthampton,  the 
mail  stage  leaves  Albany  and  Boston  on  Monday, 
Wednesday  and  Friiay,  at  2  A.  M. ;  reaches  North- 
ampton the  first  day,  and  Boston  and  Albany  the 
next  day  at  evening. 


.^^:.'^'!:~,^.(U> 


Albany  and  Saratoga  5/^65.— Besides  the 
mail  stage,  there  arc  three  lines  in  the  summer 
months,  which  leave  Albany  for  Saratoga  Sfnfings, 
twice  a  day,  on  the  arrival  of  the  morning  and  noon 
boats  from  New- York.  The  morning  lines  leave  at 
S,  and  the  afternoon  at  1  o'clock,  passing  through 
Troy,  Lansingburghj  Waterford,  and  Ballston-Spa, 
to  Saratoga— distance  36  miles.  Staee  offices  for 
these  lines  are  in  North  and  South  Market  streets. 


CITY  OF  TBOV. 


fr 


n 


days^ 
in  the 
ming, 
arbor « 
rh\irs- 


aesday 

MTIVCS 

;ham*s, 
lay  and 
to  dine 
my  160 
gham'Sf 
V  hotel ; 
,  State- 

[,  the  U. 
rcesday, 
;  through 


itorti  the 
Monday, 
2S  North- 
bany  the 

sides  the 
»  sununer 
Springs, 
and  noon 
8  leave  at 
e  through 
Iston-Spa, 
offices  for 
ict  streets. 


I'he  mail  stage  also  leaves  daily  in  ^p  motf^ifkZtixa- 
medi^ly  after  the  arrival  of  Uie  Wpniing  |}9at  pqog; 
ing  ihe  fiQut|iem  umU  andreiQclies  Si|i:a^^  $pnji;»s, 
by  the  way  of  Ballston  Spa,  betwe^;)  ^  and  $  ?> -M!. 
Fare  from  Albany  to  Saratoga,  from  $1  50  to  0fi|. 

The  first  object  which  usually  attracts  the  ajtteu' 
tioa  of  the  tourist  on  departing  fkom  Albany,  i^ihe 
mansion  of  Gen.  Stxphjex  Yajv  J^^sssxJ^cii, 
the  Piitroon  of  that  city,  which  stand?  ^t  itsnor^^u^ 
extremity,  and  which  is  one  of  .the.mos^  '^leg^nt  Vif 
nations  in  the  lUnited  States.  Thei.ii|unifi?<?pce  and 
liberality  of  its  opulent  an|d  distinguished  PF^pi^ifi^cff 
are  proverbial.  There  are  few  cbarital»1.9  .Of  ,$cie^- 
tific  institutions  in  the  state  of  whi^  jie  i^  not  a 
benefactor;  and  he  has  [Mpbably cpntribi|tecl ^prp 
than  any  othpr  citizen  tovrards  the  .foster|qg  of  jigri- 
cultural  and  literary  improvements. 

^ive  miles  farther,  (passing  most  of  thp  djsltance 
along  the  line  of  the  grand  canal,)  is  the  U..  S.  ^n- 
sENAD,  consisting  of  handsome  brick  and  9tpp^ 
buildings,  beautifully  located  on  the  Wj^toni^aiik  qf 
the  Hudson,  affording  a  fine  view  of  the 

City  or  Troy,  which  is  half  amile  IMigrup 
the  river,  on  its.  opposite  bank.  The  river,  .ivM^h  lis 
there  one  fourth  of  a  mile  wide,  is  crossed  in  honse- 
boats.  Troy  is  bounded  on  the  eastl>y  a  r^nee  of 
hilis  rising  abruptly  firom  the  alluvial  plsan  on  vrnldi 
the  city  is  situatecl,  extending  to  the  Hudson  river. 
In  point  of  location  and  Deautiful .  natural  scenery, 
Troy  is  exceeded  by  few,  if  any,  of  the  towns^and 
Triages  on  thoiHudson.  The  streets,  ruqniQg  nar^ 
and  south,  converge  together  at  the  north  end  of^tbe 
city,  and  ore  cros^  at  right  angles  by  those  ryn- 
ning  east  and  west.  Thb  bulldogs  are  principally 
built  of  brick,  and  are  shadied  by  ro]iys  of  treos  ofi 
each  side  of  street-:  which  are  preserved  remarkably 
clean,  by  additions  of  slate  bnd  gravel,  inst^d  of 
pHvemetits.    The  population  of  Troy  is  about  10,000. 


'.I 


f    n 


Y^    £xted  at  the  expew*  •' **  ™  S»J  »K<»P<>- 

fording  a  WOOF        »  Rensselaer 

School,  whKh  w«  «^»      v„„  KensMtoot.    »  i« 

iL^ted,  and  aapV  '^  *T  "„"  place,  of  puWie 
«^vmW«  '=<»*"'",'J?.  Its  l»piilatio»  does  not 
.  *     l'-  »nd  on  academy-    }"  P^ri  ,,^  vUlaee>  * 

.Hudson ri»e^» ***  *®      ^  --  '<  w  «» ' ^  i^. 

^#    -01:  >  ^i^  ,niage  has  beeu  ««^«J^ 


I 


li!     I 


11         I 


■  n 


COHOES.  ij/r. 


U 


sidereJ  tlie  capital  of  Saratoga  county.  It  is  situat- 
ed at  the  junction  of  the  Mohawk  with  the  Hiidaon» 
nnd  derives  considerabld  importance  from  the  naviga- 
tion of  small  vessels,  which,  by  means  of  tho  lock 
and  dam  below,  at  most  seasons  of  the  year  arrive 
and  depart  to  and  from  its  docks.  The  village  con- 
tains a  population  of  1500  inhabitants.  It  already 
enjoys  many  advantages  for  trade,  and  its  im^rtance 
is  much  increased  by  the  northern  canal,  wmch  com- 
municates with  the  Hudson  river  at  this  place.— 
About  a  mile  from  Watertbid,  in  a  south  westerly  di- 
rection, is  Ae  celebrated 

CoHOES,  a  fril  of  water  in  the  Mohawk  river, 
about  40  feet  in  perpendicular  height,  and  including 
the  descMit  stbove,  about  70  feet.  A  fine  view  of 
the  falb  and  the  romantic  scenery  around,  is  furnish- 
ed from  the  bridge  which  has  been  erected  across 
Che  river,  about  half  a  milo  distant.  The  lofly  bar- 
rier of  rocks  which  confine  the  course  of  the  Mmiawk 
— the  distant  roar  of  the  cataract — the  dashing  of  the 
waters  as  they  descend  in  rapids  beneath  you — and 
the  striking  contrast  of  the  tor*-ent,  with  the  solitude 
of  tlive  scenery  above,  contribute  to  render  the  whole 
an  unusual  scene  of  sublimity  and  grandeur.  An 
old  tradition  states,  that  a  chief  of  the  Mohawks  at- 
tempting to  cross  in  his  canoe,  embarked  too  near 
the  current  of  the  falls  to  escape  their  descent.  Find- 
ing himself  unable  to  resist  tUe  influence  of  the  tide, 
wliich  hurried  him  fast  to  the  summit,  with  true  In« 
diau  heroism,  he  turned  his  canoe  into  the  stream, 
assumed  his  staticm  at  the  helm»  and  with  a  paddle 
in  one  hand  and  his  bottle  in  the  other,  was  precip- 
itated over  the  brink. 

About  a  mile  south  of  the  Cohoes  is  the  junction 
of  the  northern  and  western  canals.  Within  the 
space  of  three  quarters  of  a  mile  of  this  place,  thevfc 
Ave  17  locks — the  whole  forming  an  interesting  spec- 
tacle worthy  the  attention  of  tourists. 


S2 


n 


9i 


MECHANIC  TILLE. 


itiii 


I  ('-I 


\ 


■I         \ 


Travellers  who  arede^ii-ous  of  visiting  the  Cohoes 
nriti)  the  junction,  cih  do  so  ih  going  to  or  returning 
from  the  Sfiriiigs — passing  through  Troy  and  Lan- 
6iQi;biir^h  on  bnt  route,  and  by  Uie  Cohoes  on  the 

VAiv  S«  B  .  :i^^i  tsiiAih)  is  situated  in  the  vi- 
<:uUt^,di[  '  Aiei"'^  .!,  sliid  is  fdtined  by  the  sprouts  of 
the  Mbhdwi  rivek  oining  tvith  Hudson*B  river,  9 
niife^  Hdrth  of  AlMuby.,  This  ^p^)!  i8  noted  for  be- 
Sttg  the  heUA  quarters  of  the  Antorioidci  arniy ,  in  1777  ; 
from  whence  they  marched^  in  September,  of  the 
samp  year,  to  the  decisive  victory  over  Burgoyne, 
aiBifemitt'  Height.  There  are  few  places  more 
ihtitili^j  i^  sources  of  ikite^est  and  d^li^t  to  the 
istr^i^,.  ifkin  Saratoga.  Hebe,  at  one  ^oint, 
ti'ftd^OQS  bnn  to  ^e  pUreuit  df  health,  pitotnising  him 
^iull  ilfiM<ifr^^9ure,  cbhsistent  withh«rtreav^n< 
}v\)iilh.i  Wtlt^e,  Ma^s,  at  anodli<etr,  invites  him  to 
tM  mtd  yel^ere  milit^  coui^j^e  and  enterprise  re- 
ceive ^t  f^  hainld  th^  p^Iitt  of  Victory.  Whilst  the 
j^l»  Si^ocMe^  Mtfi  (he  Mdc/peAtdeAce  of  our 
c't^ii*^  sh^H  impart  sin  interest,  bnd  so  kng  as 
l^ieUth  4iaid  aii^S6i£ieht  ibhan  redtifrin  the  piufeuit  of 
^nmanfty.  S^toga  ShlW  c^tinue  to  be  the  resort  of 
'M  inV^tid,  tlie  faldhfoiiafde,  the  patriot  bnd  the 


^ftscftiALNTC  ViixE,  brds  it  fs  mbie  c^ommonly 
'  |tkl!ed  the  Borbu^,  fs  sj(u«rted  8  hilles  froth  Water- 

'fiiri.    li.  cbiilaicts  nbotit  twenty  dtveliiiigs,  a  post-of- 

'fiiieyahd  licotM  factory  sihd  mills.  The  road  from 
'  Watcirfbrd  tothisplkcefebti  the  ftiai^fe  of  the  river, 

of  which  ^  view  may  be  hs^d  at  ilny  poniit  of  tiie  dis- 
'  ^ifticfe.  A^t6f  IbaviiifftHe  'Bbroiigh  the  foad  is  circuit- 
\  iiuis  ^nd  tineven ;  sina  fHe  couhtiy  ]f)resents  but  little 

lappeartijcie  bf  i^ultivatibn,  the  prospect  being  gisnei^l- 
■  1y  liinited  by 'the  bumigrbus  pines  fbr  which  thi?  rr* 

gion  is  distinguished. 


'ft 


BALLSTON  SPA. 


n 


Malta  Ville,  7  miles  from  the  Borough,  is'a 
little  cluster  of  buildings,  including  some  mills,  a 
store,  a  tavern,  a  post-office  and  a  church.  It  baa 
not  the  appearance  uf  a  thriving  place*  and  is  sar- 
castically called  Slab  City.  Nearly  two  miles  far- 
ther, are  the  fourcorners*  known  by  the  njune  of 

DuPTNiNG- STREET.  Here  are  two  public  hous- 
es, a  store  and  number  of  dwelling?.  It  is  called 
Dunniug-street  from  a  family  of  the  same  name  who 
first  came  to  settle  there,  and  who  still  reside  in  the 
tiei^iborhood.  The  iarma  in  this  section  are  some 
of  tne  best  in  the  county,  and  are  under  very  good 
improvement.  Tlie  country  is  remarkably  level, 
and  from  that  circumstance  probablv,  horse  coursing 
has  become  very  common  here,  and  is  held  at  least 
twice  annually.  Ballston  Spa  is  situated  four  miles 
from  Dunnmg  Street,  in  a  north  westerly  direction ; 
Saratoga  Springs  8  miles  in  a  northerly  directioni>  ^;: 

The  distances  from  Albany  to  Ballston  Spa  are  as 
follows : 


Troy, 

Lansingburgh, 
^  Waterford, 
J:  BorougK, 

Mies, 
6 
3 
1 
8 

Malta  ViUe, 
Dunning  street, 
Balloon  Spa, 

t 
4 

BALLSTON  SPA. 

This  pleasant  village  lies  hat  the  town  of  MHton 
in  the  county  of  Sturatoga  ;  and  is  situated  in  %  low 
valle)',  through  the  centre  of  whi^h  flows  a  branch 
of  the  Eayaderosseras,  with  whose  waters  it  mii^es 
at  the  east  end  <^  the  village.  Hie  natural  boundia- 
riea  of  BaHston  Spa  are  well  defined  by  steep  and 
lofty  liills  of  sand  on  the  north  and  west,  and  by  a 
ridge  of  land,  which  gradually  slopes  inward,  vnd 
encircles  ihe  village  on  the  south  and  east.  Hie 
broad  and  ample  Kalyaderosseras,  Whose HStre^fP^ites 

F.3 


n" 


78 


BALLSTON  Sl».\. 


I!l        1 


motion  to  a  ucighboring  mill,  flows  n  the  north  ea^l 
boundary  of  the  village,  and  furnishes  a  favorite  re- 
sort for  the  sportsman,  on  the  bosom  of  its  waters, 
or  for  the  loiterer  along  its  verdant  banks.  The  vil- 
lage was  incorporated  in  1807,  and  is  under  the  di- 
rection (^  three  trustees,  who  are  chosen  annually. 
It  contains  120  houses,  and  about  750  inhabitants. 
Besides  the  court  house  for  the  county,  and  the 
clerk's  office,  which  are  located  here,  there  is  an 
Episcopal  and  a  Baptist  Church,  an  Acadenw,  and  a 
Female  Seminary ;  likewise  a  Printing  Office  and 
a  Book  Store,  with  which  a  Reading  Room  is  con- 
nected for  the  accommodation  of  visitants.  '""^ 

The  Female  Seminary  is  under  the  superinten- 
dance  of  Mr.  Booth,  a  gentleman  who  is  eminently 
qualified  for  the  undertaking,  having  been  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  the  principal  instructor  in  the  female 
academy  at  Albany.  The  scite  of  the  institution  is 
on  &  very  pleasant  and  healthy  eminence,  command- 
ing a  view  of  the  whole  village,  and  the  surrounding 
country  for  some  distance.  The  building  itself  is 
spacious  and  airy,  and  occupies,  with  the  out  grounds 
and  improvements,  upwards  of  an  acre  of  land.  This 
institution,  though  of  recent  establishment,  has, 
from  the  well  known  experience  and  celebrity  of  its 
proprietor,  commanded  a  full  share  of  patronage — 
Among  the  various  branches  taught,  are  natural  and 
moral  philosophy,  beileslettres,  chemistry,  geome- 
try and  history;  and  when  required,  competent 
teachers  instruct  in  the  several  branches  of  musick, 
drawing  and  dancing.  The  terms  of  tuition  and 
board  are  quite  reasonable  ;  and  die  general  man- 
agement of  the  institution  is  spoken  of  in  the  high- 
est terms  of  commendation. 

BallstOQ  Spa  principally  derives  its  celebrity  from 
the  mineral  springs  which  flow  here  and  at  Saratoga 
in  equid  abundance.  The  spring  first  discovered  in 
the  vicinity,  stands  on  the  fiat,  nearly  opposite  the 


U  ALLS  ION  fciPA. 


boarding  establishment  of  Mr.  Aldridgo.  It  formejly 
flowed  out  of  a  common  barrel,  sunk  arpund  it,  with- 
out any  other  protection  from  the  invasion  of  cattle, 
who  often  slaked  their  thirst  iu  its  lountain.  Af- 
terwards the  liberijity  of  the  citizens  was  displayed 
in  a  marble  curb  and  flagging,  and  a  handsome  iron 
oiling!'  The  curb  and  nagging  were  finally  r^mov- 
f4»  leaving  the  ntiling,  which  still  serves  the  purpos- 
es of  ornament  and  protection.  The  spring  flows 
now,  probably » from  the  place  where  it  orighially  is- 
sued, some  feet  below  the  surrounding  surface, 
which  has  been  elevated  by  additions  ofearth,  for 
the  purpose  of  improving  the  road  iBH/vhich  it  stands. 
Near  this  spring,  in  boring  the  last  season,  an  ex- 
cellent mineral  fountain  was  discovered  at  a  consid- 
erable deptl)  beneath  the  surface.  Its  q^uditles  are 
said  to  be  superior  to  those  of  the  spnng  {(Iready 
mentioned,  and,  by  many,  its  waters  are  preferred 
to  any  other  in  the  village,  i-^     ,.^.;;^  .*;  v .  ?»'au. 

The  U.  States  Sphit^g  is  situated  at  the  east 
end  of  the  village,  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Loomis.  Near 
this  fountain,  a  large  and  commodious  bathing  }iouse 
has  been  erected ;  to  which,  not  only  the  waters  of 
of  this,  but  of  a  number  of  other  adjacent  springs, 
are  tributary,  for  the  purpose  of  bathing.  Between 
the  springs  already  mentioned,  there  was  discovered 
in  the  summer  of  1817,  a  mineral  spring,  called  the 
Washington  fountain.  Tliis  latter  spring  rose  on  the 
margin  of  the  creek  in  front  of  the  factory  building  ; 
it  flowed  through  a  curb  28  feet  in  length,  sunk  to 
the  depth  of  23  feet,  and  was  liberated  at  the  top  in 
the  form  of  a  beautiful  jet  d*ea^^.  This  spring  dis- 
appeared in  1821.  Numerous  attempts  have  smce 
been  made  to  recover  it,  but  they  have  proved  fruit- 
less. 

The  principal  ingredients  of  these  waters  consist 
of  muriate  of  soda,  carbonate  of  soda,  carbonate  of 
lime,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  and  carbonate  of  iron  ; 

F.  4 


i 


80 


BALLSTON  SPA. 


r    i 


\  ' 


all  of  which,  in  a  greater  or  less  decree,  euter  info 
the  composition  of  the  waters,  both  here  and  at  Sar- 
atoga. 

The  principal  boarding  houses  are  the  Sans  Soucij 
Aldridge's,  me  Village  Hotel  and  Corey's. 

The  Sans  Souci,  with  its  yards  and  out  houses, 
occupies  an  area  of  some  acres  in  the  east  part  of  the 
villi^e.  The  plan  of  the  building,  with  the  expen- 
sive improvements  around  it,  do  much  credit  to  the 
taste  and  liberality  of  its  proprietor.  The  establish- 
xnent  was  formerly  the  property  of  Mr.  Low,  of  New- 
York  ;  from  whom  it  has  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Loomis,  its  present  owner,  and  under  whose 
management  the  most  entire  satisfaction  is  given  to 
its  annual  visitants.  The  edifice  is  constructed  of 
wood,  three  stories  high,  160  feet  in  length,  with 
two  wings  extending  back  153  feet,  and  is  calculat- 
ed for  the  accommodation  of  130  boarders.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  beautiful  yard,  ornamented  with  a  vari- 
ety of  trees  and  shrubbery,  which,  with  its  extensive 
piazzas  and  spacious  halls,  render  it  a  delightful  re- 
treat during  the  oppressive  heat  of  summer. 

Aldridoe's  Boarding  House,  with  which  is  con' 
nected  an  extensive  garden,  at  the  west  end  of  the 
village,  and  Corey's,  at  the  south  end,  are  not  infe- 
rior in  point  of  acccommodatlon,  and  receive  their 
fall  share  of  patronage  Their  more  retired  location, 
and  the  profusion  of  rural  scenery  around  them,  as 
well  as  the  deserved  reputation  of  the  establish- 
ments, will  always  determine  the  choice  of  a  large 
portion  of  visitants  during  their  transient  residence 
at  the  springs.  .,r.       ..'      t  .^^,5 

The  Village  Hotel,  is  in  a  convenient  situation 
a  few  rods  west  of  the  Sans  Souci.  It  is  now  kept 
by  the  proprietor,  Mr.  Clark,  and  is  a  very  agreeable 
and  pleasant  boaiding  place  for  strangers  during  tho 
jBumraer  months.  v  ^  vi  >  tc-.. 


JJALLSTON  Si'A. 


St 


enter  info 
and  at  Sar- 

Sans  Souci, 

8. 

out  houses, 
part  of  the 
the  expen- 
redit  to  the 
establish- 
w,  of  Nevr- 
he  hands  of 
ider  whose 
i8  given  to 
astructcd  of 
sngth,  with 
is  calculat- 
s.  Itissur- 
ivith  a  vari- 
s  extensive 
iliglitful  rc- 
er. 

lich  is  con- 
end  of  the 
re  not  infe- 
:cive  their 
d  location, 
d  them,  as 

establish- 
»  of  a  large 

residence 

t  situation 
now  kept 
agreeable 
luring  the 


Mrs.  M'Masjteu's,  is  a  private  boarding  house, 
.situated  adjacent  to  tho  spring,  on  Uie  flat,  in  the 
westpartof  the  village.  Tiiosc  who  are  fond  of  a 
retired  situation,  will  be  much  gt-atified  at  this  place, 
and  withal  will  find  a  hospitable  hostess,  and  very 
excellent  accomtoodations,  at  a  inou*irate  price.  Be- 
sides these,  there  are  other  houses  of  accommoda- 
tion ;  the  principal  of  which  is  the 

Mansion  House,  kept  by  Mr.  Kidd.  This  house 
is  situated  in  a  central  part  of  the  village,  is  well 
kept,  and  every  attention  is  paid  which  can  contrib- 
ute to  the  comfort  and  convenience  of  its  guesti. 

The  price  of  board  per  week,  at  the  several  hous- 
es, is  from  ^^3  to  ^"8. 

Mails  arrive  and  depart  to  and  from  Baltston  Spa, 
every  day  in  the  week,  Sundays  excepted.  Besides 
a  post  omce  at  the  village,  there  is  one  in  Oie  town 
of  Ballston,  about  three  miles  distant,  to  which  let- 
ters arc  frequently  missent,  owing  to  the  ncgiect  of 
correspondents  in  making  the  proper  direction. 

The  reading  room  and  library  may  be  resorted  to 
at  all  times,  and  for  a  very  moderate  compensation. 
Papers  are  there  furnished  from  all  parts  of  the  un- 
ion. The  library,  which  includes  some  periodical 
pifolications,  is  small ;  but  valuable  selections  may 
be  made,  eitfier  for  instruction  or  amusement. 

Six  miles  from  Ballston  Spa,  in  a  southerly  direc- 
tion, is  Ballston  Lake,  or,  as  it  is  scHnetimes  called, 
the  Long  Lake.  The  only  accommodations,  on  an 
excursion  to  the  lake,  are  furnished  at  the  farm 
house,  recently  owned  by  a  Mr.  M'Donald,  oa  its 
western  ma'^gin.  This  gentleman  was  a  native  ot 
Ireland,  and  on  his  first  arrival  in  America,  settled 
with  his  brother,  in  1763,  on  this  spot,  where  he 
continued  to  re^'ide  until  his  decease,  in  1S23.  It  was 
■at  this  house  Sir  William  Johnson  passed  some  tisie 
on  his  first  journey  to  Saratov  Springs,  as  eacW  as 
the  year  1767.  The  lake  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  wa- 
ter, 5  miles  long  and  1  broad.    The  scenery  aroimd 

e5 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


I. 


i       ' 


!    i 


\i 


1 


I  li 


I 


affords  a  pleasing  landscape  of  cultiration  and  wood 
lands,  no  less  inviting  to  the  sportsman,  than  the  soft 
bosom  of  the  lake  and  its  finny  inhabitants  to  the 
aiDaleiu'S  of  the  rod. 

—  ■  ,   SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  ;   ' 

Is  situated  north  easterly  from  Ballston  Spa  7 
miles,  and  24  miles  from  *he  village  of  Waterford. 
The  village  is  located  on  an  elevated  spot  of  ground, 
surrounded  by  a  productive  plain  country,  and  en- 
joys, if  not  the  advantage  of  prospect,  at  least 
the  advantage  of  a  salubrious  air  and  climate,  con- 
tributing much  to  the  health  and  benefit  of  its 
numerous  visitants.  The  springs,  so  justly  celebra- 
ic}  ibr  their  medicinal  virtues,  are  situated  on  the 
margin  of  a  vale,  bordering  the  village  on  the  east, 
and  are  a  continuation  of  a  chain  of  springs  discovering 
themselves  about  12  miles  to  the  south,  in  tlie  town 
of  Ballston,  and  extending  easterly,  in  the  form  of  a 
crescent,  to  tlie  Quaker  village.  In  the  immediate 
vicinity  are  10  or  12  springs,  the  principal  of  which 
are  the  Congress,  the  Hamilton,  the  High  Rock, 
tlie  Columbian,  Uie  Flat  Rock,  and  the  President. 
About  a  mile  east,  at  the  former  residence  of  Mr. 
Taylor,  are  found  a  cluster  of  mineral  springs  which 
go  by  the  name  of  the  Ten  Springs,  liiese  springs, 
as  well  as  those  at  Ballston  Spa,  partake  of  the 
same  properties,  and  are  only  distinguished  from 
each<other  by  a  difference  in  the  quantity  of  their 
ingredients,   ^  |jikv*;v  »   -«'    •   -• 

THE  CONGRESS  SPRING 

Is  situated  at  the  south  end  of  the  village,  and  is 
owned  by  Doct.  John  Clarke ;  to  whose  liberality 
the  public  we  much  indebted  for  the  recent  improve- 
ments that  have  been  made  in  the  grounds  adjoining 
the  fountain,  and  the  purity  in  which  its  waters  are 
pregerv€?d.    X^is  spring  was  first  discovered  about 


I 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


a's 


30  years  since,  issuing  from  a  crevice  in  the  rock,  a 
few  feet  from  its  present  location.  Here  it  flowed 
for  a  number  of  years,  until  an  attempt  to  improve 
the  surface  around  it,  produced  an  accidental  obatnic- 
tioQ  of  its  waters,  which  afterwards  made  their  ap- 
pearance at  the  place  where  they  now  flow.  It  is 
enclosed  by  a  tube  sunk  intone  earth  to  the  distance 
of  12  or  14  feet,  which  secures  it  from  the  water  of 
the  stream,  in  ^e  centre  of  which  it  is  situated.  Be- 
sides a  handsome  enclosure  and  platform  for  prom- 
enading, the  proprietor  has  thrown  an  awning  over 
the  spring  for  the  convenience  of  visitants.    -  S  f^  '"'1 

To  this  spot,  perhaps  more  than  any  other  on  the 
globe,  are  seen  repairing  in  the  sununer  mornings, 
before  breakfast,  persons  of  almost  every  grade  and 
condition,  from  the  highest  in  power  and  standing 
to  the  most  abject.  The  beautiful  and  the  deform- 
ed— the  rich  and  the  poor — the  devotee  of  pleasure 
and  the  invalid — all  congregate  uere  for  puiposes  as 
various  as  are  their  situations  in  life  To  one  fond 
of  the  study  of  human  nature,  and  of  witnessing  the 
diversity  of  character  which  exists,  this  place  affords 
an  ample  field  for  observation.  So  well,  indeed,  ha3 
it  been  improved  by  the  little  urchins  who  dip  wa- 
ter at  the  fountain  for  the  donations  which  they  dai- 
ly receive,  that  a  rich  exterior  is  sure  to  procure  for 
its  possessor  their  services  ;  while  individuals  less 
richly  attired,  and  whose  physiognomy  indicate  a 
less  liberal  disposition,  are  often  compelled  to  wait 
till  it  is  more  convenient  to  attend  to  their  wants. 

Most  persons  soon  become  very  fond  of  the  water ; 
but  the  effect  on  those  who  taste  it  for  the  first  time 
is  frequently  unpleasant.  To  such,  the  other  foun- 
tains are  generally  more  palatable,  having  a  less  sa« 
line  taste  tlian  the  Congress. 

The  High  Rock  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of 
the  valley,  skirting  the  east  side  of  the  village,  about 
half  a  mile  north  of  the  Congress.  The  rock  enclos- 
ing this  spring,  is  in  the  shape  of  a  cone,  9  feet  ia 


SI 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


I  mi 


J      fe 


^  1 


I 


i    i. 


1  '1 


diameter  at  its  base,  and  &  fieet  ia  hjBight  It  seems 
to  Itave  been  formed  by  a  coDcretaoo  of  partiele.«< 
throwD  up  by  the  water,  which  formerly  Hawed  wet 
its  rammit  through  an  aperture  of  about  12  inches 
djameter,  recrulariy  diverging  from  the  top  of  the  cone 
to  its  base.  This  ^ing  was  visited  in  the  year  1797, 
by  Sh  Wm.  Johnson,  but  was  known  ioag  belEvce 
by  ^  Indians,  who  were  first  led  to  it,  either  by  ac- 
e^ent  or  by  the  frequent  haumta  of  beasts,  attracted 
Either  by  ^  satine  properties  of  the  water.  A  build- 
ing was  erected  near  the  spot  previous  to  tbe  revolt- 
tionaiy  war ;  afterwards  abandoned,  and  again  re- 
sumed ;  since  which,  tbe  usefiilness  of  tbe  water 
has,  fipom  time  to  time,  occasioned  frequent  settie- 
ments  within  its  vicinity. 

The  watM  now  rises  widiin  2  feet  of  the  summit, 
and  a  common  notion  prevails  that  it  has  found  a  pas- 
sage through  a  fissure  of  the  rock  occasioned  by  tbe 
£a^  of  a  tree ;  since  which  eventit  has  ceased  to  ilow 
over  its  brink.  This  opinion,  however,  may  be 
doubted.  It  is  probable  the  decay  of  the  rock,  which 
commenced  its  formation  on  the  natural  surfiMre  of 
the  earth,  may  have  yielded  to  the  constant  motion 
of  the  water,  and  at  length  opened  a  passage  be- 
tween its  decayed  base  and  the  loose  earth  on  which 
it  was  formed.  This  idea  is  rendered  probable  from 
the  external  appeirance  of  the  rock  at  its  eastern 
base,  which  has  already  been  penetrated  by  the  im- 
plements of  curiosity,  a  number  of  inches. 

Between  the  High  Rock  in  the  upper  village,  and 
the  Washington,  in  the  south  part  of  the  lower  vil- 
lage, are  situated  most  of  the  other  mineral  springs  in 
which  this  place  abounds.  At  three  oi'  the  principal 
.^xings,  the  Hamilton,  Monroe  and  Washington, 
large  and  convenient  bathing  houses  have  been  erect- 
ed, which  are  the  constant  resort  for  pleasure  as  well 
as  health,  during  the  warm  months  (^'summer. 

An  analysis  of  tho  mineral  waters  has  been  pub- 
fished  by  Dr.  John  H.  8teel,  resident  at  Sitratoga 


i 


i 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


85 


It  seems 
}f  peurtiel«.<ai 
iowQci  wer 
it  la  inebes 
9f  the  cone 
»y«»rl7«7, 
oag  bel9i!e 
ithir  by  ac- 
>  attracted 
tr.  Abtiild- 
the  revQhi- 
t  agiiin  re- 
tbe  water 
icnt  settte- 

hesnnunit, 
}und  a  pas- 
led  by  the 
«ed  to  flow 
r,  may  be 
ock,  which 
i\  surfece  of 
ant  motion 
assage  be- 
hon  which 
ibablie  from 
it»  eastern 
by  the  im- 

illage,  and 
^ower  vil- 
I  pprin^^  in 
ue  principal 
asJsington, 
jeen  ereet- 
ure  as  well 
tmer. 

been  pub- 
I;  Sifratoga 


ISpriugs,  a  gentleman  of  high  standing  in  the  attain- 
ments of  science,  and  fully  competent  to  the  under- 
taking. His  analysis,  besides  a  description  of  the 
properties  of  the  waters,  contains  ample  directions  as 
to  their  application,  and  should  be  perused  by  all 
who  would  avoid  the  evils  so  frequently  resulting 
from  an  excessive  and  untimely  use  of  them.  The 
following  is  a  description  of  the  properties  and  uses 
of  these  waters  as  published  by  Dr.  Steel,  in  bis  re* 
port  on  the  geological  structure  of  the  county,  made 
by  him  in  the  year  1S21 : 

"  The  mineral  waters  of  this  county  have  become 
deservedly  celebrated  throughout  the  United  States, 
and  their  superior  efficacy,  in  a  medicinal  point  of 
view,  is  known  and  acknowledged  even  in  Europe. 
They  may  with  propriety  be  divided  into  three  class- 
es— Sulphurous,  Acidulous  Saline,  and  Acidulous 
Chalybeate.  J 

"  SuLPHunoTis  WATERS,  Of  thosc  Containing 
Sulphuretted  Hydrogen  Gas^  are  found  m  a  num- 
ber of  places  in  the  vicinity  of  the  argillaceous  slate 
formation,  and  they  very  probably  owe  their  origin, 
as  before  hinted,  to  the  decomposition  of  the  sidpnur- 
et  of  iron,  which  occurs  in  this  rock. 

*'  By  far  the  most  interesting  and  important  spring 
belonging  to  this  class,  is  situated  on  the  east  border 
of  Saratoga  Lake,  about  a  mile  south  of  snake  hill, 
at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  ravine,  which  opens  to  the 
lake  and  discloses  a  fine  view  of  this  beautiful  sheet 
of  water.  The  well  is  situated  but  a  few  rods  from 
the  beach.  The  water  rises  up  through  a  bed  of  ar- 
gillaceous marl,  and  diffuses  its  sulphurous  odour  in 
the  atmosphere  to  some  distance  around.  It  is  very 
limpid  when  first  dipped,  but  on  standing  some  time, 
deposits  a  small  quantity  of  argillaceous  earth ;  which 
when  thrown  on  ignited  coals,  exhibits  evidences  of 
sulphur.  This  sediment  is  likewise  deposited  around 
the  spring,  and  along  the  course  of  its  curient. 

"The  constituent  properties  of  this  water  are 
purely  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  and  a  small  quantity 


tc3 


m 


•  ••/Of..  y    <        .». 


■J*-^ 


'^ 


90,  SAKATOGA  SPKliVGS. 

of  alumiue,  which  is  diffusqd  in  it,  but  not  in  sulli- 
cient  quantity  to  render  it  turbid. 

*' Baths  might  easily  be  constnicted  here,  and  the 
water  conducted  directly  int'-  them  from  the  foun- 
tain, which  produces  a  sufficient  quantity  for  a  con- 
stant supply.  Balliing  in  waters  of  this  description 
hae  long  been  celebrated  for  its  etficary  in  the  cure 
of  a  great  vai'iety  of  eruptive  disease^:  and  it  is  high- 
ly probable  that  this  spring  will  ultimately  becoitift 
ah  important  appendage  to  the  distinguished  i^'aters 
of  Saratoga  and  Ballston,  from  which  it  is  but  a  few 
miles  distant,  and  the  ride  includes  all  the  vaiiety 
of  scenery  presented  by  the  lake  and  its  environs. 

•*  Sulphuretted  hydrogen  likewise  occurs  in  Ovo 
M'aters  of  a  weak  acidulous  saline  spring,  in  t/?«  tofvu 
01  Milton,  two  miles  west  from  Saratog?  Springs, 
and  is  fointly  disceruable  ih  the  water  of  one  of  tlifc 
wells  at  Ballston  Spa. 

'*Tbe  AciDrixJua  saline  and  chalybeate 
WATJPRsi.are  found  in  those  of  Saratoga  Sprrags  and 
Ballston  Spa.    They  are  situated  along  the  southern 
termination  of  the  secondaiy  formation,  and  i  a  the 
iinosediate  vicinity  of  ''*^'t  transition.     There  are  a 
great  number  of  thr        ;    igs  scattered  along  the 
distance  of  j^veral  iiisl!!5^  .*nd  are  very  jwopably  tiie 
product  of  the  same' great /aftorator?/;  the  properties 
of  thfi  diflferent  articles  which  they  hokl  in  solution 
biding  the  same,  differing  oiUy  as  to  quantity. 
'■'  "Those  which  have  become  the  most  distinguish- 
ed at  Sarat(^?t  Springs,  are  the  Congress,  Columbi- 
an, Haaulton,  Flat  Rock,  High  Bock,  and  President; 
and  those  at  Ballston  Spa  are  the  Old  Spring,  Wash- 
ington and  Low's.     Of  these  th«  Congress  unques- 
tionably rank»  first  as  an  acidulous  saline.     One  gal- 
lon»  or  281  cubic  inches  of  tliis  water,  contains* 
agreeably  to  an  analysis  which  I  made  several  years 
^o,  and  which  subsequent  experiments  fully  con- 
firm, 676  grains  of  solid  substance,  in  a  perfect  state 
of  solutio  i.    Of  this  something  more  than  2*3  is  mu- 


^^ 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


87 


not  in  sufii- 

Bre,  and  tfie 
)m  the  foun- 
ty  for  a  con- 
description 
in  the  cure 
id  it  is  high- 
tely  become 
ished  waters 
is  but  a  few 
I  the  vaiiety 
environs, 
ccurs  in  (ho 
,in  t/fJBtoftii 
og-i;  Springs, 
f  one  of  the 

lALYBEATE 

Springs  and 
the  southern 
31,  and  in  the 
There  are  a 
fd  along  the 
propablj  the 
le  properties 
d  in  solution 
itity. 

distinguish- 
w,  Columbi- 
d  President; 
Ting,  Wash- 
ress  unques- 
i.  One  gal- 
r,  contains, 
leveral  years 
8  fully  con- 
perfect  state 
n  2'3  is  mu- 


i 


riate  of  soda  or  commoa  salt — more  than  1-4  carbo- 
nate of  lime,  and  the  remainder  consists  of  carbonate 
of  soda,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  and  carbonate  of  iron. 
But  what  more  particularly  distinguishes  and  charac- 
terizes the  water  of  this  spring,  is  the  fact  that  it  con« 
taiad,  the  moment  it  is  dipped,  nearly  1-2  more 
than  its  bulk  of  carbonic  acid  gas,  a  quantity  hitherto 
uaprecedented  in  any  natural  waters,  except  those 
of  this  county. 

**  The  CoL.u 'iBiAsr  is  an  acidulous  chalybeate  ; 
it  contains  354  grains  of  solid  contents  to  the  gallon, 
nearly  2-3  of  which  is  muriate  of  soda,  about  1-3  car- 
bonate of  lime,  7  1-2  grains  of  carbonate  of  iron,  and 
a  small  proportion  of  the  carbonate  of  soda  and  mag* 
nesia.  It  contains  something  mo>-e  than  its  bulk  of 
carbonic  acid  gas. 

"  The  Flat  Rock  is  likewise  an  acidulous  cha- 
lybeate. It  contains  the  same  quantity  of  iron  as 
the  Columbian,  but  a  less  proportion  of  the  saline 
ingredients,  whil0  it  contains  rather  more  of  the  gas* 
eousjMoperty.  .,u        .,.  ' 

"  'Hie  Hamilton,*  High  Roc!k  and  Presi- 
DEBfT,  are  saline,  their  solid  contents  being  compos- 
ed of  muriate  of  soda,  in  the  pi'oportion  of  from  1-2 
to  2-3,  and  oarboiiate  of  lime  in  the  prop(»tion  of 
about  1-3.  They  likewise  contain  iron,  carbonate 
of  soda,  and  magnesia,  in  considerable  quantities, 
and  mire  than  their  bulk  of  gas. 

*'  At  Ballston  Spa,  the  mineral  waters  «[Il  be- 
long to  the  acidulous  chalybeate  class.  The  Old 
Spring  contains  253  grains  of  solid  contents  to  a 


*  Since  the  publication  of  Doct  Steel's  Geologic- 
al Report,  the  Hamilton  spring  has  been  sunk  by  its 
proprietor,  Doct.  Clarke,  several  feet  deeper  than 
formerly ;  the  result  of  which  is,  that  a  far  superior 
quality  of  water  is  produced,  falling  little,  if  any, 
short  of  the  far-famed  Congress. 


I 


II 
pi; 


88 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


■V'-^ 


':  ;'  '   1 


gallon ;  something  more  tlian  1-2  of  which  is  muri- 
ate  of  soda,  a  little  less  than  1-3  carbonate  of  lime, 
and  the  remainder  is  carbonate  of  magnesia,  soda, 
and  7  1-2  grains  of  iron.  It  likewise  contains  more 
than  its  bmk  of  gas. 

"The  Washington*  contains  235  grains  of  sol- 
id contents  to  the  gallon,  more  tharx  1-2  of  which  is 
muriate  of  soda,  nearly  1-4  carboneteof  ?ime,  and 
the  same  quantity  of  iron  as  the  Old  Spring,  and 
about  1-13  of  magnesia  and  soda,  '^liere  is  another 
well  called  the  Low  Tube,  close  to  the  Washing- 
ton, and  apparently  issuing  from  the  same  aperture 
in  the  earth,  which  contains  13  or  14  grains  more  in 
its  solid  contents ;  this  excess  is  in  the  quantity  of 
the  muriate  of  soda.  The  waters  of  both  these 
fountains  are  super-saturated  with  the  aerial  acid, 
while  the  super-abundant  gas  is  constantly  escaping 
in  immense  quantities. 

"  Low's  Spring  f  coniains  the  same  articles  as 
the  foregoing,  but  somewhat  less  in  quantity 

"  There  are  two  or  three  other  wells 
to  this  class  of  waters,  about  ten  miles  easterly  from 
the  Congress^  in  the  town  of  Saratoga :  they  are 
callet!  the  Quaker  Springs:  they  contain  lime, 
magucssia  and  iron,  held  in  solution  by  the  carbonic 
acid,  and  a  large  proportion  of  common  salt  and  so- 
da ;  but  their  mineral  impregnation  is  not  sufficient 
to  "iilitle  them  to  much  attention.        "  "  ;. 

"  SxTLPHATE  OP  Lime,  [gypsumy}  occurs  in  a 
spilngonthe  farm  of  Earl  Stimson,  Esq.  in  the 
tO'<  u  'vf  Galway,  and  the  same  substance  is  found  in 
many  of  the  common  wells  along  the  whole  extent 
of  th-^  ih  \estone  formation.  ficK,...^  ^   , -  j 

*  The  'ein  of  this  spring  was  unfortunately  chang- 
ed three  of  four  years  since,  and  the  spring,  in  ef- 
fei  ,  lost.  A  new  spring,  in  another  part  of  the 
village^  called  the  Washington,  has  since  been  diS' 
covered ;  but  it  has  not  yet  been  analyzed. 

N)v  r.i\ lei  t'i3  United    States. 


that  belong 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


89 


i  IS  mxin- 
of  lime, 
ia,  3oda, 
ins  more 

IS  of  sol* 
which  is 
me,  and 
ng,  and 
I  auother 
Vashing- 
apertiire 
more  in 
intity  of 
ih  these 
ial  acid, 
escaping 

rticles  as 

It  belong 
erly  from 
they  are 
lin  lime, 
carbonic 
It  and  so- 
sufficient 

icurs  in  a 

[.  in  the 

found  in 

le  extent 

sly  chang- 
ig,in  et- 
irtof  the 
)een  diS' 


'W 


'^  The  temperature  of  the  water  in  all  tliese  wells 
ia  about  the  same,  ranging  from  48  to  52  degrees  on 
FarenheiVa  scale ;  and  they  suffer  no  sensible  ^al- 
teration from  any  variation  in  the  temperature  of  the 
atmosphere;  neither  do  the  variations  of  the  sea- 
sons appear  to  have  much  effect  on  the  quantity  of 
water  produced.  .... 

*' The  waters  are  remarkably  limpid,  and  when 
first  dipped  sparkle  with  all  the  life  of  good  cham- 
pagne. The  saline  waters  bear  bottling  very  well, 
particularly  the  Congress,  immense  quantities  of 
which  are  put  up  in  this  w^y,  and  transported  to  va- 
rious parts  of  the  world  ;  not,  however,  without  a 
considerable  loss  of  its  gaseous  property,  which  ren- 
ders its  taste  much  more  insipid  than  when  drank 
at  the  well.  The  chalybeate  water  is  likewise  put 
up  in  bottles  for  transportation,  but  a  very  trifling 
loss  of  its  gas  produces  an  immediate  precipitation  of 
its  iron  ;  and  hence  this  water,  when  it  has  been  bot- 
tled for  some  time,  frequently  becomes  turbid,  and 
fmally  loses  every  trace  of  iron ;  this  sid)Staiace  fix- 
ing itself  to  the  walls  of  the  bottle. 

*'The  most  prominent  and  percetible  effects  of 
these  waters,  when  taken  into  the  stomach,  are  Ca- 
thartiek,  Diuretick,  and  Tonick.  They  are  much 
used  in  a  great  variety  of  complaints  ;  but  the  dis- 
eases in  which  they  are  most  efficacious  are. 

Jaundice  and  bilUous  affections  generally, 
.  Dyspepsia,  '  't 

'  Habitual  costi  eness,  f  ■  -i 

'  Hypochondrical  complaints,       '•■>•> 
'  Dep-^ved  appetite, 

Calculous  and  nephritic  compIaintS;, 

Phagedenic  or  ill*conditioned  ulcers, 
":  Cutaneous  eruptions,  '^ 

[^Chronick  rheumatism, 
'  ^  Some  species  or  states  of  gout, 
.;.  Some  species  of  dropsy,  T   ■ 


"Scrofula, 
Paralysis. 


»!" 


,*;^,.li;//. 

U^  *iv,  aiii 

'ij 

"^^^'i   i^ 

>  v» 

'  .•      .'4*   '«  •> 

•■^'> 

..M:(r 

•J 

,'•     i-i-    tlff*^ 

''■' 

;■-   ':■''•  .a) 

Tt\ 

i*. 

•    •    f  »1 < 

■*« 

u 


i; 


I 


>ii 


f      ' 

: 
•     1 


I 


m 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


?/« 


Scorbutic  aiTections  and  eld  scorbutic  ulcers, 

AmeaonlieB, 

Dysmenonhea  and  chlorosis. 

**  In  phthisis,  and  indeed  in  all  other  pulmonary 
afTections  arising  from  {Hi mary  diseases  of  the  lungs, 
the  waters  are  manifestly  injurious,  and  evidently 
tend  to  increase  the  violence  of  the  disease. 

"  Much  interest  has  been  incited  on  the  subject 
of  the  source  of  these  singular  waters,  but  no  re- 
seanlhes  have  as  yet  unfolded  the  my&tfiy.  The 
large  proportion  of  coinmon  sajt  found  a^on§  their 
c«nstituent  properties  ^Bay  be  accounted  for  without 
mueh  difficulty.  All  the  i^aU  springs  of  £  urope,  as  well 
as  those  of  America,  being  foMnd  in  geQlu^i^ical  situ- 
ations, exactly  corre^qptonding  to  these ;  but  the  pro- 
duction of  the  unexampled  qusintity  of  carbonic  acid 
gas,  the  medium  through  which, the  pther  <u-ticl^ 
nre4ie8d  in  adulioa,  is  yet,  and  ^obably  will  remain 
a  subject  of  mere  e^iecuiation'  The  low  and  ceg^ar 
temperature  «f  the  water  seeips  to  forbid  ,the  idea 
that  it  is  the  eflfectof  subjterrfinean  .heat;,asp3ny 
have  supposed,  md  i3a»  total  absence  of  any  ;(ni|ieral 
acid,  excepting  themunatic,  which  is  combine^  with 
soda,  does  Away  itbe  possibility  of  its  being  the  ejBJect 
6f  any  combination  of  that  kind.  Its  pi^uotji^)!^  is 
therdfove  tauly unaccountable. "*  ,  :' 

*>n  entire  new  work,  ©pibracipg  an  ant^Iysis  of 
the  springs,  is  preparing  by  Doct.  Steel,  and  will 
be  published  the  present  season.  Strangers  should 
be  apprized  that  several  works  relative  to  these  wa- 
ters have  appeared,  which  are  very  incorrect  and 
not  deserving  of  (iredit.  That  heretofore  published 
by  Doct.  S.  has  received  the  sanction  of  the  most 
scientific  men  in  this  country  ^^  in  Europe  ;  and 
from  his  known  reputation,  and  the  opportiinity  he 
has  had,  from  a  residence  of  20  years  at  the  Springs, 
of  becoming  acquainted  with  their  qualities  and  us- 
es, we  have  every  reason  to  believe,  that  the  work 
he  is  now  preparing,  will  be  far  superior  to  any  pub- 
licatiou  of  the  kind  that  has  ever  appeared. 


I 

i 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


91 


ers. 


ulmonary 
he  lungs, 
evidently 

k 

fm 

G  subject 
lit  no  re- 
«y.  The 
iQQ^  their 
IT  without 
pe^asweU 
ipicalsitu- 
t  the  pKo- 
bonic  acid 
jr  ATiticl^ 
rill  remain 
adcQg^ar 
1  the  idea 
t,as^pany 
)y  jpiperal 
>UQe4with 
r  the  effect 
)duotippis 


in^Iysis  of 

and  ^ili 

;ers  should 

these  wa- 

orrect  and 

pi)1^4ied 

the  most 

rope ;  and 

)ftwi^  he 

le  Sp^riogS) 

es  and  us- 

the  work 

0  any  pub- 


The  boarding  establishments  of  the  first  wlass  at 
Saratoga  Springs  are  tlie  Congress  Hall,  and  Union 
Hall,  at  the  south  end  of  the  village,  the  Pavilion  at 
the  north,  and  the  United  States  Hotel  in  a  central 
situation  between  them.  Besides  these,  there  are 
a  number  of  other  boarding  houses  on  a  less  exten« 
give  scale,  the  most  noted  of  which  are,  Montgcme- 
ry  Hall,  in  the  south  part,  and  the  Columbian  Hotel, 
in  the  north  part  of  the  village ;  Doctor  Porter's , 
about  half  way  between  the  Congress  and  Flat  Rock 
springs — M'DoimelVs,  a  few  rods  west  of  the  Con- 
gress, and  Putnam's^  lVilKams\  Sadler^s,  'Fay- 
lor'Sy  Waterbury''s  and  Bailey*Sy  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  village. 

The  Congress  Hal.l,  kept  by  Messrs.  Westcotts 
&  Drake,  is  situated  within  a  few  rods  of  the  Con- 
gress spring,  to  which  a  handsome  walk,  shaded  with 
trees,  has  been  constructed  for  the  convenience  of 
guests.  The  space  in  front  of  the  building  is  occu- 
ed  by  three  apartments,  each  of  which  is  enclosed 
by  a  railing,  terminating  at  the  front  entrances  of  the 
piazza,  and  each  used  as  a  flower  garden.  The  edi- 
fice is  200  feet  in  length,  2  1-2  stories  high,  with 
two  wings  extending  back,  one  60,  and  the  other 
about  100  feet.  The  billiard  rooms  belongrag  to  the 
establishment,  are  contained  in  a  building  adjoining 
the  north  wing.  In  front  of  the  Hall  is  a  spacious 
piazza,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  building, 
20  feet  in  width,  with  a  canopy  from  the  roof,  sup- 
ported by  17  massy  columns,  each  of  which  is  grace- 
fully entwined  with  woodbine.  There  is  also  a  back 
piazza,  which  opens  upon  a  beautiful  garden  annex- 
ed to  the  establishment,  and  a  small  grove  of  pines, 
aflTording  both  fragrance  and  shade  to  their  loitering 
guests.  The  Congress  Hall  can  accommodate  near- 
ly 200  visitants. 

The  United  States  Hotel,  with  its  gardens/ 
?md  onf  buildiuGCSj  occupies  a  space  in  the  centre  n 


i 


'A     r. 


T 

f^          r 

■       5 

'   i* 

r 

r 

'    ! 

if 

!•             ! 

.  t: 

• 

, 

1 

f 


I 


i^lli  'ii 


<   '  !l 


[ 

1  ;ii  i 


92 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


the  village  of  about  five  acres.  The  main  building 
is  composed  of  brick,  125  feet  long  aud  34  feet  wide. 
It  is  four  stories  high,  and  has  a  wing  extending  west 
60  feet,  and  three  stories  high.  The  billiard  room  is 
in  a  building  erected  for  the  purpose  in  the  pleasure 
grounds  adjoining.  A  building,  34  by  60,  appropri- 
ated to  drawing  and  lodging  rooms,  has  ako  been 
added  on  the  south,  and  is  connected  with  the  main 
edifice,  by  broad  piazzas,  in  front  and  rear,  extend* 
ing  the  whole  length  of  both  buildings.  The  ground 
in  the  rear  and  south  of  the  Hotel,  is  handsomely 
laid  out  into  walks,  terminatiiig  on  the  west  in  a  gar- 
den belonging  to  the  establishment,  and  the  whole  is 
tastefully  ornamented  with  trees  and  slirubbery.  The 
front  of  the  edifice  is  enclosed  by  a  delicate  circular 
railing  into  three  apartments,  each  containing  a 
choice  variety  of  flowers  and  shrubs,  and  shaded  by 
a  row  of  forest  trees  extending  the  whole  length  of 
the  building.  The  Hotel  is  situated  equally  distant 
between  the  Congress  and  Flat  Rock  springs,  and 
commands  a  view  of  the  whole  village,  and  from  its 
fourth  story,  a  distinct  view  is  had  of  the  surround- 
ing country  fot  a  number  of  miles.  This  establish* 
ment  can  accommodate  nearly  200  visitants,  and  is 
one  of  the  large.<!t  and  most  splendid  edifices  in  the 
United  Statei .  It  is  kept  by  Mr.  John  Ford,  one 
of  the  propiiCtors,  under  whose  superintendance 
it  has  acquired  a  reputation,  which  has  hitherto  and 
must  hereafter  ensure  it  an  ample  share  of  patronage. 

The  Pavilion  is  situated  in  a  pleasant  part  of 
the  village,  immediately  in  front  of  the  Flat  Rock 
spring.  The  building  is  constructed  of  wood,  133 
feet  m  length,  with  a  wing  extending  back,  frdm 
the  centre  of  the  main  building,  80  feet.  It  is  2 1-2 
stories  high,  with  the  addition  of  an  attick  stmy, 
which,  with  the  handsome  portico  hi  front,  sustain- 
ed by  delicate  colonades,  renders  it,  in  beauty  and 
proportion,  one  of  the  fi  ^est  models  of  architecture 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


9a 


1  building 
feet  wide, 
idingwest 
ird  room  is 
e  pleasure 
,  apprqiri- 
;  also  been 
I  the  maia 
r,  extend- 
hegnrand 
indsomely 
st  in  a  gar' 
le  whole  is 
bery.  The 
tte  circular 
itaining  a 
shaded  by 
I  length  of 
illy  distant 
rings,  and 
|id  from  its 
surround- 
establish- 
lits,  and  is 
ices  in  the 
Ford,  one 
ntendance 
(herto  and 
patronage. 

nt  part  of 
Flat  Rock 
(rood,  133 
)ack,  frdm 
It  is  2 1-2 
ttick  8tory> 
kt,  sustain- 
)eauty  and 
xhitecture 


this  country  can  produce.  The  large  rooms  of  the 
Pavilion  are  less  spacious  thun  those  of  the  United 
State  Hotel  or  Congress  Hall,  but  are  so  constructed 
that  by  means  of  folding  doors  the  whole  of  the  low- 
er apartments  may  be  thrown  into  one—  an  advan- 
tage which  gives  much  additional  interest  to  the 
promenade  and  cotillion  parties,  which  frequently 
assemble  on  this  extensive  area.  A  large  garden  is 
ccninected  with  the  establishment,  and  also  a  billiard 
room.  The  Pavilion  is  calculated  for  the  accommo- 
datioa  of  about  180  visitants,  though  it  frequently 
contains  a  much  greater  number.  It  is  kept  by  Mr. 
J.C.Dillon. 

The  Union  Haix  is  one  of  the  earliest  and  most 
respectable  establishments  in  the  vicinity,  and  is  sit- 
uated directly  opposite  to  the  Congress  Hall.  It  has, 
within  a  few  years,  been  much  improved  in  its  ap- 
pearance, and  enlarged  by  considerable  additions  to 
the  main  building.  It  now  presents  an  elegant  and 
extensive  front,  120  feet  in  length,  S  stories  high, 
with  two  wings  extending  west  60  feet.  It  is  orna- 
mented iiA  front  by  10  cc^umns  which  rise  to  nearly 
the  height  of  the  building,  and  support  the  roof  of  a 
spacious  piazza.  A  garden  in  the  rear  of  the  build- 
ing, together  with  a  beautiful  flower  garden  on  the 
north  opening  to  the  main  street,  are  among  the  va- 
rieties which  contribute  to  the  pleasantness  of  the 
establishment.  It  is  now  kept  by  Mr.  W.  Putnam, 
a  son  of  tlic  original  proprietor,  and  ranks  in  point  of 
elegance  and  respectability  with  the  most  favored 
establishments  in  the  vicinity. 

The  Columbian  Hotkl  stands  within  a  few 
rods  of  the  Pavilion.  This  building  has  undergone 
considerable  repairs  since  it  came  into  the  hands  of 
its  present  occupant.  Annexed  to  the  establishment 
is  a  handsome  garden,  lying  on  three  sides  of  the 
building,  which  adds  much  to  the  beauty  and  advan- 

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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


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Hi  i^  IIIIIM 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WiST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


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SARATOGA  SPraNGS. 


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tage  it  enjoys  in  point  of  natural  location.  The  well 
known  reputation  of  this  establishment,  as  well  as 
its  pleasant  situation  in  the  vicinity  of  one  of  the 
principal  fountains,  will  always  ensure  it  a  full  share 
of  patronage. 

The  price  of  board  per  week,  at  the  respective 
houses,  is  from  ^  to  $ 


There  is  in  the  village  a  printing  ofike  and  book- 
store,  with  which  is  connected  a  reading  room,  a 
mineralogical  room  and  a  library,  under  the  superin- 
tendance  of  the  same  proprietor.  These  rooms  are 
contained  in  the  same  building  with  the  library  and 
book-store,  but  have  their  separate  apartments.  That 
appropriated  for  the  reading  room,  is  lai^e  and  airy. 
It  is  ornamented  with  a  variety  of  maps  and  charts, 
and  is  furnished  by  the  daily  mails  with  about  100 
papers,  from  different  parts  of  the  Dnited  States  and 
from  the  Canadas,  besides  several  periodical  publica- 
tions. The  mineralogical  apartnrient  is  on  the  se- 
cond story,  to  which  stairs  lead  from  the  reading 
room.  This  apartment  contains  specimens  of  all  tlie 
minerals  discovered  in  this  vicinity,  together  with  a 
variety  from  different  parts  of  the  union,  and  from 
Europe.  They  are  very  handsomely  arranged  in 
glass  cases,  have  been  much  augmented  of  late  by 
Dr.  J.  H.  Steel,  of  this  place,  to  whom  the  proprie- 
tor is  principally  indebted  for  their  collection  and  ar- 
rangement. An  apartment  adjoining  the  reading 
room,  contains  a  library  of  about  2000  volumes,  which 
are  well  selected,  and  receive  constant  additions 
from  the  moHt  fashionable  productions  of  the  day. 

These  rooms  afford  a  pleasant  retreat  from  the 
noise  and  bustle  of  the  boarding  establishments,  and 
are  much  frequented  by  ladies  and  gentlemen  of  taste 
and  fashion.  The  terms  are  reasonable,  and  are 
scarcely  an  equivalent  considering  the  extent  and 
usefulness  of  the  institution. 

The  mail  arrives  at,  and  departs  from  Saratoga 
Springs,  during  ^he  months  of  June,  July,  August 


SARATOGA  SPKINCify. 


aft 


uud  September,  evei^  evening — ^reaching  the  Spring! 
in  24  hours  from  New-Yonc,  and  New-Yon  from  ^ 
the  Springs  in  tibout  84  hours.  During  the  remain* 
d^r  of  tne  year,  the  mail  arrives  and  departs 
three  times  a  week.  Strangers  should  be  af^rized 
that  a  post-office  is  established  in  tfie  town  of  Sara- 
toga, about  12  miles  distant,  to  wtuch  letters  intend- 
ed for  the  Springs  are  often  missent,  in  consequence 
of  their  mis-direction. 

At  both  the  villages  of  Ballston   and  Saratoga 
Springs,  there  are  always  sufficient  objects  of  amuse- 
ment to  render  the  transient  residence  of  their  sum- 
mer quests  pleasant  and  agreeable.    Those  whose 
taste  IS  not  gratified  at  the  billiard  roorot,  which  are 
annexed  to  most  of  the  boarding  establiahiiKeots,  or 
card  parties,  can  always  enjoy  a  pleasing  recreation 
at  the  reading  Fooins,  or  in  a  short  excursicm  m  tlie 
neighborhood,  where  sufficient  beauty  and  novel^ef 
scenery  are  always  presented  to  render  it  IHghly  in- 
teresting.   The  amusements  of  the  day  are  nsually 
crowned  with  a  ball  or  promenade.    The  respective 
apartments  appropriated  for  these  occasions,  are  cal- 
culated to  accommodate  from  150  to 200 guests;  but 
they  often  contain  a  much  greater  number. 

The  ^cious  areas  of  the  cotillion  rooms  are  be- 
tween 80  and  90  feet  in  length,  and  when  enliven- 
ed by  the  associated  beauty  aiid  gaiety  resorting  to 
the  springs,  present  a  scence  of  novelty  and  fascma- 
tion  sddom  equalled. 

About  two  miles  east  from  Saratoga  Springs  is  a 
small  fish  pond,  situated  on  a  farm  of  a  Mr.  Badiyte. 
Thither  parties  often  resort,  as  well  to  enjoy  the 
amusement  of  fishing  as  to  partake  of  a  repast  on 
trout,  which  ace  here  caught  in  great  abundance.— 
The  proprietor,  however,  reserves  to  himself  the  ex- 
clusive privilege  of  serving  them  up,  and  will  not 
suffer  any  of  tiiem  to  be  taken  away.  Still  Airther 
east,  about  three  miles  from  the  Sprmgs,  is  situated 


SARATOGA  LAKE. 


Saratoga  Lake  .  This  lake  is  9  miles  long  and 
3  broad.  A  resort  is  constantly  kept  up  at  Greene's 
and  at  Riley's,  on  the  western  margin  of  the  lake, 
the  former  about  3  1-2,  and  the  latter  about  6  miles 
distant  from  Saratoga  Springs,  and  the  same  distance 
from  Ballston  Spa.  The  visitants  of  both  villages 
frequently  resort  thither,  to  enjoy  the  advantages  of 
air  and  prospect'during  the  months  of  July  and  Au- 
gust. Sail  boats  are  here  fitted  up  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  parties  oi  pleasure,  and  implements  for  fish- 
ing are  always  in  readiness  for  those  who  take  pleas- 
ure in  this  fashionable  diversion.  The  western 
shores  of  this  lake  are  accessible  but  in  a  few  peaces, 
in  consequence  of  the  adjacent  marshes  which  with- 
in a  few  years  past  have  been  overflowed  by  a  rise  of 
its  waters  to  the  height  of  8  or  10  feet,  and  which 
the  old  settlers  alon^  its  borders  attribute,  without 
gaining  much  credibility,  to  some  unaccountable  in- 
fluence of  the  total  eclipse  in  1806.  Whatever  may 
be  ti^e  cause  of  so  great  a  rise  of  flie  lake,  it  can  hard- 
ly be  accounted  for  from  the  progressive  improve- 
ments of  husbandry,  which  within  that  period  have 
been  by  no  means  rapid  or  extensive.  On  the  east 
side  of  the  lake  the  land  is  more  elevated,  and  pre- 
sents a  fine  prospect  of  farms  under  good  improve- 
ment, and  which  are  said  to  be  the  best  farms  in  this 
region.  Besides  a  variety  of  excellent  fish,  an  abun- 
dance of  wild  game  is  caught  in  the  lake  and  marsh- 
es and  along  its  borders.  This  lake  is  supplied  with 
water  from  the  Kayaderosseras  creek,  which,  taking 
its  rise  about  20  miles  in  a  northwest  direction,  and 
receiving  in  its  course  a  number  of  tributary  streams, 
flows  into  the  lake  on  the  west  side.  Fish  creek 
ibrms  its  outlet,  through  which  the  waters  of  the  lake 
are  communicated  to  the  Hudson  river  about  6  miles 
distant,  in  an  easterly  direction.  This  creek  empties 
into  the  Hudson  river  at 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


Q7 


9  miles  long  and 
up  at  Greene's 
rgin  of  the  lake, 
sr  about  6  miles 
le  same  distance 
f  both  villages 
e  advantages  of 
)f  July  and  Au- 
>rtheaccommo- 
lements  for  fish- 
who  take  pleas- 
The  western 
in  a  few  p'aces, 
les  which  with- 
wed  by  a  rbe  of 
set,  and  which 
ribute,  without 
laccountable  in- 
Whatever  may 
Eike,  it  can  hard- 
ssive  improve- 
lat  period  have 
On  the  east 
ated,  and  pre- 
good  iroprove- 
»st  farms  m  this 
t  fish,  an  abun- 
ake  and  marsh- 
I  supplied  witfi 
which,  taking 
direction,  and 
butary  streams, 
e.    Fish  creek 
iters  of  the  lake 
r  about  6  miles 
;  creek  empties 


ScBUYLBB-VuxB,  a  Small  village  situated  in  the 
townofSaiataga,  containing  about  40  dweUiiigs,a 
postoffioe,  a  mctmy,  and  a  variety  of  roachineiy  and 
mills  erected  on  Fiah  Creek  by  Philip  Scliuyier»  Esq. 
Thisiipot  is  noted  aethe  residence  of  tbe  late  Omr 
etal  Schuyler,  but  stiU  mone  ae  the  spot  where  Gen- 
ecal  Burgoyne  sunendered  to  the  American  army,  in 
October,  1777-  The  place  of  the  surrender  is  mark- 
ad  by  the  ruias  of  a  small  intrendiment  called  Fort 
Harbt.  Sevarai  bones  and  the  scidlofa  jpeison 
ware  recently  dug  up  in  the  vicinity  of  tiue  fort,  in 
making  tiie  excav^ion  for  the  northern  canal.  The 
battle  ground,  <m  which  was  decided  the  fate  of  the 
British  army,  lies  about  8  miles  farther  down  the  riv- 
er, at  a  place  called  :"f 

BsMus'  Heights.  This  jdace,  without  much 
iu  its  location  and  surrounding  sconery  to  attract  at- 
tention, will  be  always  interesting  from  its  associa- 
tion with  events  which  greatly  contributed  io  the  es- 
tablishment of  American  Independence. 

The  two  actiims  which  preceded  the  surrender  of 
the  Britiflii  army,  were  fou^t,  the  one  on  the  19th 
SeptemhbT,  1777,  and  the  other  on  the  7th  October 
following.  The  naovements  and  position  of  the  two 
armies  jprevious  to  the  19th,  are  thus  described  by 
General  Wilkinson : 

<«  General  Buigoyne  crossed  the  Hudson  rivet  the 
13th  and  14th  m  September,  and  advanced  with 
great  circumspection  on  the  15th  from  Saratoga  to 
Davocote,  where  he  halted  to  repair  bridges  in  his 
front.  The  16th  was  employed  on  this  labour,  and 
in  reconnoitering':  on  the  17th  he  advanced  a  mile 
or  two,  resumed  his  march  on  the  18th,  and  Gene- 
ral Amokl  was  detached  by  General  Gates,  with 
1600  men  to  harrass  him ;  but  after  a  light  skirmish, 
he  returned  without  loss  or  effecting  anyTthing  more 
than  picking  up^a  few  stragglers  :  and  the  ^enemy 
moved  forward  and  encamped  in  two  lines,  about 

f4 


98 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


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two  miles  from  General  Gates ;  bis  left  on  the  river, 
and  his  right  extending  at  right  angles  to  it,  across 
the  low  grounds  about  six  hundred  yards,  to  a  range 
of  steep  and  lofty  heights  occupied  by  his  elite,  hav- 
ing a  creek  or  gulley  in  his  front,  made  by  a  rivulet 
which  issued  fr'^m  a  great  ravine,  formed  by  the  hills 
which  ran  id  a  direction  nearly  parallel  to  the  river, 
tmtil  within  half  a  mile  of  the  American  camp. 

**  General  Gates'  right  occupied  the  brow  of  the 
hill  near  the  river,  with  which  it  was  connected  by  a 
deep  intrenchment ;  his  camp  in  the  form  of  a  seg- 
ment of  a  great  circle,  the  convex  towards  the  ene^ 
my,  extended  rather  obliqtiely  to  his  rear,  about  three 
fourths.of  a  mile  to  a  knoll  occupied  by  his  left ;  his 
front  was  covered  from  the  right  to  the  left  of  the 
centre,  by  a  sharp  ravine  running  parallel  with  his 
line  and  closely  wooded  :  from  thence  to  the  knoll 
at  his  extreme  left,  the  ground  was  level  and  had 
been  partially  cleared,  some  of  the  trees  being  felled 
and  others  girdled,  beyond  which,  in  front  of  his 
left  flank,  and  extending  to  the  enemy's  right,  there 
were  several  small  fields  in  a  very  imperfect  cultiva- 
tion, the  surface  broken  and  obstructed  with  stumps 
and  fallen  timber,  and  the  whole  bounded  on  the 
west  by  a  steep  eminence.  The  extremities  of  this 
camp  were  defended  by  strong  batteries,  and  the  in- 
terval was  strengthened  by  a  breast  work  without  in- 
trenchments,  constructed  of  the  bodies  of  felled  trees, 
logs  and  rails,  with  an  additional  battery  at  an  open- 
ing left  of  the  centre.  The  right  was  almost  imprac- 
ticable ;  the  left  difficult  of  approach.  I  describe 
the  defences  of  this  position  as  they  appeared  about 
the  4th  of  October. 

"The  intermediate  space  between  the  adverse 
armies,  on  the  low  grounds  of  the  river,  was  open 
and  in  cultivation  ;  the  high  land  was  clothed  in  its 
native  woods,  with  the  exception  of  three  or  four 
small,  newly  opened  and  deserted  farms,  separated 
by  intervals  of  wood  land,  and  bordering  on  the 


BEiMlS'  HEIGHTS. 


9i» 


llanks  of  the  two  armies,  most  remote  from  the  riv- 
er ;  the  principal  of  these  was  an  oblong  field,  be- 
longing to  a  person  of  the  name  of  Freeman  ;  there 
was  also  exclusive  of  the  ravines  fronting  the  respec- 
tive camps,  a  third  ravine  about  mid-way  between 
them,  running  at  right  angles  to  the  river.  The  in- 
tervening forest  rendered  it  utterly  impracticable  to 
obtain  a  front  \iew  of  the  Aaierican  position,  or  any 
part  of  the  British  except  its  left,  near  the  river." 

On  the  morning  of  the  19th,  Colonel  Colbuni, 
who  had  been  detached  the  day  previous  to  observe 
the  movements  of  the  enemy,  reported  that  the  Brit- 
ish army  was  in  motion  and  ascending  the  heights  in 
a  direction  towards  the  American  left.  On  receiv- 
ing this  intelligence,  Col.  Morgan,  with  bis  rifle 
corps,  was  detached  by  Gen.  Gates,  with  orders  to 
retard  the  march  of  the  enemy,  and  to  cripple  them 
as  much  as  possible.  The  engagement  of  Morgan's 
corps  was  announced  by  the  report  of  small  arms 
about  12  o'clock.  At  about  8  in  the  afternoon  (he 
action  became  general,  and  continued  to  rage  till 
night  closed  upon  the  scene  of  combat.  The  num- 
ber of  troops  engaged  on  the  part  of  the  Americans 
was  8000.  That  of  the  British  amounted  to  3500. 
General  Wilkinson  remarks  that, 

*«  This  battle  was  perfectly  accidental :  neither  of 
the  generals  meditatated  an  attack  at  the  time,  and 
but  for  Lieutenant  Colonel  Colburn's  report,  it  would 
not  have  taken  place ;  Burgoyne's  movement  being 
merely  to  take  ground  on  the  heights  in  front  of  the 
great  ravine,  to  give  his  several  corps  their  proper 
places  in  line,  to  embrace  our  front  and  cover  bis 
transport,  stores,  provisions  and  baggage,  in  the  rear 
of  his  left ;  and  on  our  side  the  defences  of  our  camp 
being  not  half  completed,  and  reinforcements  daily 
arriving,  it  was  not  General  Gates'  policy  to  court  an 
action.  The  misconception  of  the  adverse  chiefs  put 
them  on  the  defensive,  and  confined  them  to  the 
ground  they  casually  occupied  at  the  beginning  of 

f5 


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('.'' 


i«i) 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTi<. 


n 


I'll    I 


•'   'r 


r>  !• 


the  action  and  prevented  a  single  manoeuvre,  during 
one  of  the  lonsest,  warmest,  and  most  obstinate  bat- 
tles fought  in  America.  General  Gates  believed  that 
his  antagonist  intended  to  attack  him,  and  circum- 
stances appeared  to  justify  the  like  cocclusion  on  the 
part  of  Burgoyne ;  and  as  the  thickness  and  depth 
of  the  intervening  wood  concealed  the  position  and 
movements  of  either  army  from  its  adversary,  sound 
caution  obliged  the  respective  commanders  to  guanl 
every  assailable  point ;  thus  the  flower  of  the  British 
army,  the  grenadiers  and  light  infantry,  one  thousand 
five  hundred  strong,  were  posted  on  an  eminence  to 
cover  its  right,  and  stood  by  their  arms,  inactive  spec- 
tators of  the  ctmflict,  until  near  sunset ;  while  Gene- 
ral Gates  was  obliged  to  keep  his  right  wing  on  po'^ 
U' movent  the  enemy  from  forcing  that  flank,  byti 
f  il'in  bordering  on  the  river.  Had  either  of  the  geii- 
■r:Jdla  been  properly  apprised  of  the  dispositions  of  his 
antagMiist,  a  serious  blow  might  have  been  struck 
on  our  left  or  the  enemy's  right ;  but  although  noth- 
ing is  more  Common,  it  is  as  illiberal  as  it  is  unjust, 
to  determine  the  merits  of  military  operations  by 
events  exclusively.  It  was  not  without  experience 
that  tiie  Romans  erected  temples  to  Fortune.  La- 
ter times  might  afford  motives  for  edifices,  in  which 
genius  or  wisdom  would  have  no  votaries. 

**  The  theatre  of  action  was  such,  that  althoue^h 
fhe  combatants  changed  ground  a  dozen  times  in  ^ 
coarse  of  the  day,  the  contest  terminated  on  the  spot 
where  it  began.  This  may  be  explained  in  a  few 
W(n^.  Tlw  British  line  was  formed  on  an  emin- 
ence in  a  thin  pine  wood,  having  before  it  Freeman's 
tann,  an  oblong  field  stretching  from  the  centre  to- 
wards its  right,  the  ground  in  front  sloping  gently 
down  to  the  verge  of  this  field,  which  was  bordering 
on  the  opposite  side  by  a  close  wood  ;  the  sanguin- 
ary scene  lay  in  the  cleared  ground,  between  the 
eminence  occupied  by  the  enemy  and  the  wood  just 
described ;  the  fyce  of  our  mairitsmeD  from  this  wood 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


101 


tras  too  deadly  to  be  withstood  by  the  enemy  in 
line,  and  when  they  gave  way  and  broke,  our  men 
rushing  from  their  covert,  pursued  them  to  the  em- 
inence, where,  having  their  flanks  protected,  they 
rallied,  and  charging  in  turn,  drove  us  back  into  the 
wood,  from  whence  a  dreadful  fire  would  again  force 
them  to  fall  back ;  and  in  this  manner  did  the  battle 
fluctuate,  like  waves  of  a  stormy  sea,  with  alternate 
advantage,  for  four  hours,  without  one  moment's  in- 
termission The  British  artillery  fell  into  our  pos- 
session at  every  charge,  but  we  could  neither  turn 
the  pieces  upon  the  enemy,  nor  bring  them  ofl*;  the 
wood  prevented  the  last,  and  the  want  of  a  match 
the  first,  as  the  lint  stock  was  invariably  carried  off, 
and  the  rapidity  of  the  transitions  did  not  allow  us 
time  to  provide  one.  The  slaughter  of  this  brigade 
of  artillerists  was  remarkable,  the  captain  and  36  men 
being  killed  or  wounded,  out  of  48.  It  was  truly  a 
gallant  conflict,  in  v,  hich  death  by  familiarity  lost  his 
terrors,  and  certainly  a  drawn  battle,  as  night  alone 
■terminated  it ;  the  British  army  keeping  its  ground 
-inrearof  the  field  of  action,  and  our  corps,  when 
they  could  no  longer  distinguish  objects,  retiring  to 
their  own  camp.'* 

The  interval  between  the  19th  of  September  and 
the  7th  of  October  was  employed  by  both  armies  in 
fortifying  their  respective  camps.  Gen.  Burgojme 
had  contemplated  an  attack  on  the  20th  and  21st 
September,  which,  had  it  been  made,  would  proba- 
bly have  resulted  much  to  his  advantage,  as  flie 
American  camp  was  then  in  an  unfortified  state,  and 
the  troops  wholly  unprepared  for  a  vigorous  resist- 
ance. For  some  cause,  however,  the  attack  was  de- 
layed. This  gave  time  to  Gen.  Gates  to  complete 
the  unfinished  works,  and  to  strengthen  his  army  by 
reinforcements  of  militiamen,  who  were  daily  flock- 
ing to  his  camp.  Satisfied  that  a  delay  would  ope- 
rate to  the  advantage  of  the  American  army,  by  in- 
creasing their  strength  and  numbers,  whilst  at  (he 


102 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


I 


'i  k 


«ame  time  it  mutt  prove  disadvantageous  to  the  eoe- 
my.  General  Gates,  it  seems,  determined  to  wait 
iJum  movements  within  his  own  enirenchmeots.— 
Heve  he  remained  until  the  7Ui  October,  when  the 
last  decisive  action  was  fought,  which  decided  the 
fate  of  the  army  under  Gen.  Buifpo^e  and  ultimate- 
ly tesulted  in  the  triumph  of  Amencan  liberty.  The 
commencement,  pwwreas  and  tennination  of  thie 
hriUiaat  engagement  is  thus  described  by  Gen.  Wil- 


<'  On  the  afternoon  of  October  7th,  the  advanced 
guard  of  the  centre  beat  to  arms ;  tilie  alarm  was  tth 
peated  throi^hout  the  line,  and  the  troops  repaired 
to^their  alarm  posts.  I  was  at  heed  quarters  when 
this  happened,  and,  with  the  approbation  of  the  Gen- 
eral, mounted  my  horae  to  inquire  the  cause ;  but  on 
readnac  the  guard  where  (he  beat  commenced,  I 
couM  obtain  no  other  satisfaction,  but  that  some  per- 
son had  reported  the  enemy  to  be  advancing  against 
our  left.  I  proceeded  over  open  ground,  and  MCt>nd- 
ing  a  gentle  acclivity  in  front  of  the  guard,  I  petceiv- 
ed  about  half  a  mile  from  the  line  of  our  encamp- 
ment, several  columns  of  the  enemy,  GO  or  70  rode 
from  me,  entering  a  wheat  field  which  had  not  been 
cut,  and  was  separated  from  me  by  a  small  rivulet ; 
and  without  my  glass  I  could  distinctly  mark  their 
every  movement.  After  entering  the  field  they  dis- 
played, formed  the  line,  and  set  down  in  double 
raaiEB  with  their  arms  between  their  legs.  Fcmigers 
then  proceeded  to  cut  the  wheat  or  standing  straw, 
and  I  soon  after  observed  several  officers,  mounted 
on  the  top  of  a  cabin,  from  whence  with  their  glasses 
they  were  endeavwing  to  reconnoitre  our  left,  which 
was  concealed  from  their  view  by  intervening  woods. 

« Having  satisfied  myself,  after  fifteen  minutes 
attentive  observation,  tHat  no  attack  was  meditated, 
I  returned  and  reported  to  the  General,  who  aoked 
me  what  appeared  to  be  the  intentions  of  the  enemy. 
V  They  are  foraging,  and  endeavoring  to  reconnoitre 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


103 


double 


vonrleft;  and  I  think,  sir,  they  offer  you  battle." 
«*  What  is  the  nature  of  the  ground,  and  what  your 
opinion  ?"  "  Their  front  is  open,  and  their  flanks 
rest  on  the  woods,  under  cover  of  which  they  may 
be  attacked  ;  their  right  is  skirted  by  a  lofty  height. 
I  would  indulge  them."  "  Well,  then,  order  on 
Morgan  to  begin  the  game."  I  waited  on  the  Cfr> 
lonel,  whose  corps  was  formed  in  front  of  our  cen- 
tre, and  delivered  the  order ;  he  knew  the  ground, 
and  inquired  the  position  of  the  enemy ;  they  were 
formed  across  a  newly  cultivated  field,  their  grena- 
diers with  several  field  pieces  on  the  left,  bordering 
on  a  wood  and  a  small  ravine  formed  by  the  rivulet 
before  alluded  to  ;  their  light  infantry  on  the  right, 
covered  by  a  worm  fence  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  be- 
fore mentioned,  tiiickly  covered  with  wood  ;  their 
centre  composed  of  British  and  German  battalions. 
Col.  Morgan,  with  his  usual  sagacity,  proposed  to 
make  a  circuit  with  his  corps  by  our  left,  and  under 
cover  of  ^e  wood  to  gain  the  height  on  the  right  of 
the  enemy,  and  from  thence  commence  bis  attack, 
so  soon  as  our  fire  should  be  opened  against  their  left; 
the  plan  was  the  best  which  could  be  devised,  and 
no  doubt  contributed  essentially  to  the  prompt  and 
decisive  victory  we  gained. 

<*  This  proposition  was  approved  by  the  General, 
and  it  was  concerted  that  time  should  be  allowed 
the  Colonel  to  make  the  proposed  circuit;  and  gain 
his  station  on  the  enemy's  right  before  the  a^ck 
should  be  maule  on  their  left ;  Poor's  brigade  was  or* 
dered  for  tiiis  service,  and  the  attack  was  commenc- 
ed in  due  season  on  (he  fls  nk  and  front  of  the  Brit- 
ish grenadiers,  by  the  New -Hampshire  and  New- 
York  troops.  True  to  his  purpose,  M(»gan  at  this 
critical  moment  poured  down  like  a  torrent  irom  the 
hill,  and  attacked  the  right  of  the  enemy  in  front  and 
flank.  Dearborn,  at  the  moment  when  the  enemy^ 
light  infantry  were  attempting  to  change  front,  press- 
ed forward  with  ardor,  and  delivered  a  close  &e ; 


.« 


iU4 


J'\ 


lil 


■ 


llii 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


11  !l 


then  leaped  tho  fience,  shouted,  charged,  and  gal- 
lantly forced  them  to  retire  in  disorder ,  yet,  hei4ed 
by  iSat  intrepid  soldier  the  Earl  of  Balcarras,  tfiey 
were  immediately  rallied,  and  re-formed  behind  a 
fence  in  rear  of  their  (irat  position ;  but  being  now 
attacked  with  great  audacity,  in  front  and  flMik,by 
smNirior  nun^ers,  reaistance  became  vain,  and  the 
whole  line,  commanded  by  Burgoyne  in  person, 

Sye  way,  and  made  a  precipitate  and  disorderly  tc> 
lat  to  his  cainp,  leaving  two  twelve  and  six  six- 
poundAB  on  the  neld,  witli  the  loss  of  more  than  400 
offieea  and  men,  killed,  wounded  and  captured,  and 
aiteiopf  them  the  flower  of  his  officers,  viz.  Brigadier 
C)l|eneral  Fra2er,  Mt^or  Ackland,  commanding  tho 
Strenadiers :  Sir  Francis  Clark,  his  iirot  aidde-camp  •: 
Mfjor  Wiluams,  commanding  ofiicer  ef  tlie  artillery ; 
Ouitain  Hooney,   deputy  qnartepmaster-general ; 
ana  many  others.    After  deliveiing  the  order  to  Gen- 
eral Poor,  and  directing  him  to  the  point  of  attack, 
I  WW  pereinptorily  commanded  to  repair  to  the  rear, 
and  oMfir,  |up  Ten  Broeck's  regiment  of  New-York 
inillfiia,  wOO  strong.    I  performed  this  service  and 
rc{gained  the  fieki  m  battle  at  the  moment  the  ene- 
v^  bad  turned  iheir  backs — 52  minutes  after  the  first 
shot  was  fired,    the  ground  which  had  been  nccvh 
pied  b^  the  Britirik  grenadiers,  presented  a  scene  of 
coo^pkcated  faorror  and  exultation.    In  the  square 
M^Bce  of  twelve  or  fifteen  yards  lay  eighteen  giena^ 
oiiekB  in  tlie  agonies  of  death,  and  three  cheers  prpn- 
ped  up  acainst  stumps  of  trees,  twoof  themmortaliy 
woiincL^d,  bleeding,  and  almost  q)eechle8s.    What 
.aispectacleforone  whose  bosom  flowed  with  phi- 
laiwppy;  and  how  vehement  the  impulse  which 
excites  men  of  sensibility  to  sedc  such  scenes  of  bar- 
^ism  !  I  found  the  courageous  Col.  Cilley  a-strad* 
(4le  on  a  brass  twelve  pounder,  and  exultmg  in  the 
cs^^uro;  whilst  a  surgeon,  a  man  of  ^great  worth, 
jm^.  was  dressing  one  of  the  ofiiceEB,  raising  his 
PHi'^amea^  hands  in  the  phrensy  of  patriotism^ 


lil 


I ' 


UKMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


105 


nd  gal- 
headed 
a,  they 
ehinda 
ig  now 
s«k,by 
ftndtbe 
person  t 
lerly  re- 
six  MX- 
Iian400 
ed,aD(l 
rigadier 
log  tho 
i-camp  •: 
rtiUery ; 
[eneral ; 
to  Gen- 
attack, 
[be  rear, 
jw-York 
^ice  and 
tie  ene- 
the  first 

Bcene  of 

square 
agieoa- 
srsprpp- 
mortally 

What 
rith  pbi- 

wnich 

jgofbar- 

a-atrad- 

kg  in  the 

wortk, 
siog  his 
triotretiH 


rxclaiiQod,  <'  Wilkinson,  1  have  dipped  my  hands  in 
British  blood."  Ho  received  a  sharp  rebuke  for  his 
brutality ;  and  with  the  troops  1  pursued  the  hard 
pressed  Hying  enemy,  passing  over  killed  and  wound- 
ed, until  1  heard  one  exclaim,  **  Protect  me  sir, 
against  this  boy."  Turning  my  eyes,  it  was  my 
fortune  to  arrest  the  purpose  of  a  lad  thirteen  or  four- 
teen years  old,  in  the  act  of  taking  aim  at  a  wound- 
ed officer,  who  lay  in  the  angle  of  a  worm  fence.— 
Inquiring  his  rank,  he  answered,  **  I  had  the  honor 
to  command  the  grenadiers."  Of  course,  I  knew 
iiim  to  be  Major  Ackland,  who  had  been  brought 
from  the  field  to  this  place,  on  the  back  of  a  Captain 
Shrimpton,  of  his  own  corps,  under  a  heavy  fire,  and 
was  here  deposited,  to  save  the  lives  of  both.  I  dis- 
mounted, took  him  by  the  hand,  and  expressed  my 
hopes  that  he  was  not  badly  wounded.  •*  Not  bad- 
ly," replied  this  gallant  officer  and  accomplished 
gentleman,  **  but  very  inconveniently.  I  am  shot 
through  both  legs .  Will  you,  sir,  have  the  goodness 
to  have  me  conveyed  to  your  camp  ?"  I  directed  my 
servant  to  alight,  and  weUfted  Ackland  into  his  seat, 
and  ordered  him  to  be  conducted  to  head  quarters. — 
I  then  proceeded  to  the  scene  of  renewed  action, 
which  embraced  Burgoyne's  right  flank  defence,  and 
extending  to  his  left,  crossed  a  h6llow  covered  with 
wood,  about  40  rods,  to  the  intrenchment  of  the  light 
infantry.  The  roar  a(  the  cannon  and  small  arms,  at 
this  juncture,  was  sublime,  between  the  enemy,  be- 
hind their  works,  and  our  troops  entirely  exposed,  or 
partially  Hhcitered  by  trees,  stumps  or  hollows,  at 
various  distances,  not  exceeding  120  yards.  This 
right  flank  defence  of  the  enemy,  occupied  by  the 
German  corps  of  Breyman,  consisted  of  a  breast 
work  of  mils  piled  horizontally  between  perpendic- 
ular pickets,  driven  into  the  earth,  enpotence  to  tho 
rest  of  his  line,  and  extended  about  250  yards  across 
an  open  field,  and  was  covered  on  the  right  by  a  bat- 
tery of  two  guns.    The  interval  from  the  left  to  the 


'.^    1 


.1  I 


\    '  ! 


!   t    .1  > 


iOH 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


British  L'^ht  infantry,  was  committed  to  u^c  'ielfiuctt 
of  the  provi:;icialist8,  who  occupied  a  couplet  of  log 
c4ibics.  The  Germans  were  eDcamped  immediate- 
ly behind  the  rail  breast  work,  and  the  ground  in 
front  of  it  declined,  in  a  very  gentle  slope,  for  about 
I20<  yards,  when  it  sunk  abruptly.  Our  troops  had 
formed  a  line  under  this  declivity,  and  covered  breast 
high,  were  warmly  engaged  with  tiie  Germsns.-^ 
From  thi»  position,  about  sunset,  I  perceived  Briga* 
dier  General  Learned  advancing  towards  the  enemy 
with  his  brigade,  in  open  column,  I  think  witii  Col. 
M.  Jackson's  reg^ent  in  front,  as  I  saw  Lieutcsiant 
Colonel  Brooks,  who  commanded  it,  near  the  Gen- 
eral when  I  rode  up  to  him.  On  saluting  tiiis  brave 
okl  soldier,  he  inquired,  *<  Where.can  I  put  in  with 
most  advantage  ?"  I  had  particularly  examined  the 
ground  between  the  left  of  the  Germans  and  dieli^t 
infantry,  occupied  by  the  provincialists,  from  whence 
I  had  d>served  a  slack  fire.  I  dierefore  recommend- 
ed to  General  Learned  to  incline  to  his  rig^t,  an  at- 
tack at  that  point.  He  did  so,  with  great  gallantry ; 
the  provincialists  abandoned  their  position  and  iled. 
The  German  flank  was,  by  this  means,  left  uncover- 
ed. They  were  assaulted  vigorously,  overturned  in 
five  minutes,  and  retreated  in  disorder,  leaving  their 
gallant  commander,  Lieut.  Colonel  Bteyman,  dead 
on  the  field.  By  dislodging  this  corps,  the  whole 
British  encampment  was  laid  open  to  tis ;  but  the 
extreme  darkness  of  the  night,  the  fatigue  of  the 
men,  and  the  disorder  incident  to  undiciplined 
troops,  after  so  desultory  an  action,  put  it  out  of  our 
power  to  improve  the  advantage ;  and,  in  the  course 
of  the  night.  General  Burgoyue  broke  up  his  camp, 
and  retired  to  hh  original  position,  which  he  had  for- 
tified, behind  tl^e  great  ravine." 

On  the  morning  of  the  8th,  the  American  army 
marched  into  the  British  camp,  which  had  been  de- 
serted the  evening  previous.  The  enemy  continu- 
ed to  retreat  till  they  had  reached  the  height  beyond 


'%  • 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


1U7 


pli)  of  log 
imediate- 
rrcund  ia 

for  about 
oops  had 
redbreast 
irma&s.-" 
ed  Biiga* 
he  enemy 
with  Col. 
ieutenant 

the  Gen- 
this  brave 
ut  in  with 
nunedthe 
idthetig^t 
m  whence 
commend- 
gbt,  an  at- 
I  gallantry ; 

and  fled, 
't  uncover- 
fftnmedin 
iving  their 
nan,  dead 

le  whole 
but  the 

le  of  the 
Etdiciphned 
J  out  of  our 
(the  course 

his  camp, 

10  had  for- 

lean  army 
been  de- 
continu- 

[ht  beyond 


the  Fish  Creek,  where  they  encamped  on  the  lOth. 
Finding  his  retreat  cut  off  by  a  party  of  troops,  who 
had  taken  a  position  in  his  rear,  and  his  advance  im- 
peded by  superior  numbers,  General  Burgoyne  ac- 
cepted thej^rms  of  capitulation,  proposed  by  Gene- 
ral Gates,  and  surrendered  his  whole  army  to  the 
Atoerken  forces,  on  the  17th  October,  1777.  Hie 
surrender  took  place,  as  has  been  already  remarked, 
at  Fort  Hardy,  where  the  British  stacked  their  arms, 
and  were  permitted  to  march  out  with  the  honors  df 
war.  This  fortunate  event  was  followed  by  a  euc- 
cession  of  brilliant  achievements,  and  finally  led  to 
the  surrender  of  Lord  Comwallis,  which  terminated 
the  fltn^gle  of  the  revolution,  after  a  period  of  near- 
ly 8  years  jfiom  its  commencement. 

The  spot  on  which  the  surrender  took  place,  was 
in  a  va!e  nearly  east,  and  in  a  plain  view  of  Bar- 
ker's stage  house  on  the  turnpike  in  Schuyler-Ville, 
and  still  exhibits  the  remains  of  an  intrenchment 
called  Fort  Hardy.  About  40  rods  in  a  wuth^east 
direction,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Fish  Creek, is  the  scite 
of  Fort  Schuvler.  The  arms  of  the  British  were 
stacked  in  the  vale  in  front  of  Fort  Hardy,  and  firom 
thence  they  were  marched  to  the  high  grounds  a  lit- 
tle west  of  the  village,  and  admitted  to  parol  as  pris- 
oners of  war. 

At  the  southern  extremety  of  the  vale  is  a  basin  for 
the  northern  canal,  which  passes  throngh  this  place. 

About  half  a  m'le  south  of  the  basin  stands  the 
house  of  Philip  Schuyler,  Esq.  located  on  the  spot 
w^ere  once  stood  the  mansion  of  his  grandfether, 
theintrepid  Greneral  Schuyler,  which,  witii  other 
buildings,  wss  burnt  by  the  British  army,  on  their 
rebieat  from  the  battle  of  the  7th. 

In  pas^g  down  the  turnpike,  the  diffbtent  posi- 
tions of  the  once  contending  armies  are  pohited  out 
to  the  traveller,  and  many  remains  of  forts  andin- 
trenchments  are  still  visible.  About  seven  mil^ 
below  Schuyler- Vilie,  is  a  i^all  house,  formcrty  call- 


SI   t 


108 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


,»»  ' 


^11 


•  ) 


'iii  I 


'  i\  . 

,    f   i 


!! 


I 


!lWj 


*l  .1 


, 


il 


ed,  "  Sword's  house,"  now  occupied  as  a  tavern. 
This  house,  at  the  time  of  the  battle,  stood  about  100 
rods  from  the  river,  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  and  was  the 
British  head  quarters  and  hospital.  It  was  afterwards 
removed  to  its  present  location.  General  Frazer,  af- 
ter being  wounded  in  the  battle  of  the  7th,  was 
broueht  to  this  house,  and  here  expired  on  the  8th 
October,  1777.  The  room  in  which  he  lay  is  now 
converted  into  a  bar-room,  and  though  fifty  years 
have  elapsed,  the  floor  on  which  he  rested  is  still  eX' 
-tant.  His  remains  were  deposited,  at  his  own  re- 
quest, on  the  top  of  the  hill  near  where  this  house 
originally  stood,  and  about  80  rods  south-west  of  its 
present  position.  The  redoubt  thereon,  which  is  of  an 
oblong  form,  from  100  to  150  feet  in  diameter,  is  still 
perfectly  visible ;  and  the  spot  of  Gen.  Frazer's  in- 

-terment  is  near  the  centre.  The  British  government, 
a  few  years  since,  employed  an  agent  to  erect  a  mon- 

i  ument  to  his  memory ;  but  proving  faithless,  he  ap- 
propriated the  money  with  which  he  was  entrusted 
to  his  own  use,  and  returned  without  effecting  the 
object  of  his  mission,  pretending  his  inability  to  dis- 

.cover  the  spot  in  question.     It  therefore  continues 

-undistinguished  by  a  monument,  or  even  a  stone,  to 
mark  the  place,  where  repose  the  remains  of  this 
g^lant  warrior. 

A  nurative  respecting  General  Frazer's  death  is 
given  by  the  Baroness  De  Reidsell,  who,  with  her 
two  children,  occupied  the  house  in  which  the  Gen- 
eral expired.    The  following  is  an  extract  : 

.  "  But  severe  trials  awaited  us,  and  on  the  7th 
October  our  misfortunes  began ;  I  was  at  breakfast 
with  my  husband,  and  heard  that  something  was  in- 
tended. On  the  same  day  1  expected  Generals  Bur- 
goyne,  Philips  and  Fr'^zer  to  dine  with  us.     I  saw 

:  a  great  movemen:  among  the  troops  ;  my  husband 

■told  rae,  it  was  merely  a  reconnoissance,  which  gave 
me  no  concern,  as  it  often  happened.  1  walked  out 
of  the  house  and  met  several  Indians  in  their  txtji- 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


109 


a  tavern. 
3  about  100 
Qd  was  the 
afterwards 
Frazer,  af- 
3  7th,  was 
on  the  8th 
lay  is  DOW 
fifty  years 
1  is  still  ex« 
is  owa  re- 
this  house 
■west  of  its 
lich  is  of  an 
eter,  is  still 
Frazer's  in- 
avemment, 
rect  a  mon- 
less,  he  ap- 
is entrusted 
fecting  the 
)iUty  to  dis- 
!  continues 
L  a  stone,  to 
laiQt  Qf  ttiis 

r's  death  is 
0,  with  her 
ch  the  Gen- 
:t  : 

on  the  7th 
at  breakfast 
ing  wasin- 
;nerals  Bur- 

us.  I  saw 
ny  husband 
which  gave 

walked  out 
in  their  ^^iir 


dresses,  with  guns  in  their  hands.    When  I  asked 
them  where  they  were  going,  they  cried  out.  War ! 
War !  (meaning  that  they  were  going  to  battle. ) 
This  filled  me  with  apprehension,  and  I  had  scarcely 
got  home,  before  I  heard  reports  of  cannon  and  nms- 
ketry,  which  grew  louder  by  degrees,  till  at  last  the 
noiie  became  excessive.    About  4  o'clock  in  the  af- 
teiiioon  instead  of  the  guests  whom  I  expected ^  Gen. 
Fra2er  was  brought  in  on  a  litter,  mortally  wound- 
ed.   The  table  which  was  already  set,  was  instant- 
ly removed,  and  a  bed  placed  in  its  stead  for  the 
wounded  General.    I  sat  trembling  in  the  comer ; 
the  noise  grew  louder  and  the  alarm  increased ;  the 
thought  tirat  my  husband  might  perhaps  be  brought 
in,  wounded  in  the  same  way,  was  teirible  to  me, 
and  distressed  me  exceedingly.    General  Frazer  said 
to  the  surgeon^  **  tell  me  if  my  wound  is  mortaly  do 
notJkUtet  me.**    The  ball  had  passed  through  his 
body^  and  unhappily  for  the  General,  he  had  eaten 
a  very  hearty  breakfast,  by  which  the  stomach  was 
distended,  and  the  ball,  as  the  sui^eon  said^  had 
passed  through  it    I  heard  him  often  exclaim  with 
a  sigh,  "  Oh  patai.  ambition  !  Poor  Gsneral 
BuROOYNE  !  Oh  my  poor  wife  !"    He  was  ask- 
ed if  he  had  any  request  to  make,  to  which  he  repli- 
ed, that  "  IF  General  Burgoyne  would  per- 
mit   IT,  HE    SHOULD  LIKE    TO    BE  BURIED  AT  6 
o'clock   in  the    EVENING,    ON    THE    TOP   OF  A 
MOUNTAIN,  IN  A  REDOUBT     WHICH   HAD    BEEN 

BUILT  THERE. "  I  did  Dot  know  which  way  to  turn, 
all  the  other  rooms  were  full  of  sick.  Towards  eve- 
ning I  saw  my  husband  coming,  when  I  fo^ot  tdl 
my  sorrows  and  thanked  God  that  he  was  spa^  to 
me.  He  ate  in  great  haste  with  me  and  his  aid-<le- 
camp,  behind  the  house.  We  had  been  told  that 
we  had  the  advantage  of  the  enemy,  but  the  sorrow- 
ful faces  I  beheld  told  a  different  tale,  and  before  my 
husband  went  away  he  took  me  one  side,  and  said 
every  thing  was  going  very  bad,  that  I  must  I^eep^* 


m 


'     '•■iiT 


no 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


i 


1 


myself  m  reddiness  to  leave  the  place,  but  not  to 
mention  it  to  any  one.  I  made  the  pretence  that  I 
wonld  move  the  next  morning  into  my  nevr  hOuse» 
and  had  every  thing  packed  up  ready. 

*<  Lady  H.  Addand  had  a  tent  not  far  from  our 
house.  In  this  she  sliept,  and  the  rest  of  the  day  she 
was  ih  the  camp.  Ail  of  a  sudden,  a  man  came  to 
tell  hei*  that  her  husband  was  mortally  wounded  and 
taken  prisoner.  On  bearing  this,  she  became  very 
n^iserable.  We  comforted  her  by  telling  hef  that 
the  wound  was  only  slight,  and  at  the  same  time 
advised  her  to  go  over  to  her  husband,  to  do  which 
she  wduld  certainly  obtain  permission,  and  tiicn  she 
could  attend  him  herself.  She  was  a  charmnij||f  wo- 
man, ''nd  veiv  fond  of  him.  I  spent  much  of  the 
night  in  comforting  her,  and  then  went  again  to  my 
chiklr^n,  whom  Iliad  put  to  bed.  I  could  not  go 
to  slee|>,  as  I  had  Gen.  Frazer,  and  all  the  other 
wounded  gentlemen,  in  my  room,  and!  was  sadly 
afraid  my  children  i^ould  aWake,  and  by  their  cry- 
ing dfsturb  the  dying  man  ih  bis  list  momeutei  who 
often  addressed  me,  and  aipologited  **for  the  trou- 
ble he  gave  me.**  About  three  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing I  was  told  he  could  not  hohl  oat  much  Hfager. 
I  had  deiiiired  to  be  informed  of  the  near  ikpfntKiich  of 
this  sad  crisis ;  and  I  Aen  wrapped  up  n^  children 
in  their  clothes,  and  went  with  them  into  the  room 
below.  About  8  o'clock  in  the  morning  he  v^.ied. — 
After  h&  was  laid  out,  and  his  corpse  wrapped  in  a 
sheet,  we  catie  again  ihto  the  room,  and  had  this 
sorrowful  sight  before  us  tbit  whole  day  ;  and  to  atM 
to  the  mebncholy  scene^  almost  evel-v  moment  seme 
officer  (^my  acquaintance  was  brought  in  wounded. 
The  cannoAade  commenced  agmn  ;  a  retreat  was 
spokeh  of,  but  Aoltthe  smallest  motion  made  towards 
it.  About  4  o'clock  in  the  aftemo<m,  I  saw  the 
house  Which  had  just  been  btih  fdr  me  in  flamies, 
and  the  enemy  was  not  far  off.  We  knefw  that 
Gen.  Burgoyne  would  not  refuse  tl\e  last  requcstcf 


BEMUS'  HEIGHTS. 


Ill 


Gen.  Frazer,  though  l>y  his  acceding  to  it»  an  uune- 
cessaiy  delay  was  occasioned,  by  which  tho  iacon- 
venieace  of  the  army  was  much  incieased.  At  6 
o'clock  the  corpse  was  brought  out,  and  we  saw  all 
the  Generals  attend  it  to  the  mountain.  The  chap- 
lain, Mr.  Brudenell,  performed  the  funeral  service, 
rendered  unusually  solemn  and  awful  from  its  being 
Accompanied  by  constant  peals  from  the  enemy's  &r* 
tillery.  Many  cannon  balls  flew  close  by  me,  but 
I  had  n^  eyes  directed  towards  the  ipountain,  where 
my  hudband  was  standing,  amidst  tho  iire  of  the  en- 
emy, and  of  course  1  could  not  tlunk  of  my  oivndan- 
ger.  Gen.  Gates  afterwards  said,  that  if  be  4iad 
known  it  had  been  a  funeral,  he  would  not  have  per- 
mitted it  to  be  £red  on. " 

About  half  a  mile  south  of  Smith's  house,  near 
the  river,  is  the  residence  of  Major  Ezra  Buxll, 
who  was  in  the  army  of  Gen.  Gates,  and  who  has 
smce  continued  to  reside  on  this  intereisting  spot. — 
Though  advanced  to  the  age  of  84  years,  his  memo- 
ry  is  sUli  good,  and  he  yearly  accompanies  stt^ngers 
in  their  excursions  over  the  battle  ground,  pointin^^; 
out  to  them  the  ditferent  scites  on  which  the  most 
important  events  transpired. 

About  a  mile  and  a  half  west  of  the  hill  on  which 
Gen.  Frazer  is  buried,  is  the  celebrated  ^VFri&eman's 
farm,"  and  the  ground  on  which  the  principal  actions 
were  fought.  A  short  distance  west  of  the  farm  is  a 
road  running  north  nnd  south,  within  a  few  feet  of 
wliich,  in  a  meadow,  about  ten  rods  south  of  a  black- 
smith shop,  is  the  spot  where  Gen.  Frazer  fell.  A 
large  bass-wood  treemark^  the  place  for  a  time  ; — 
but  having  been  cut  down,  several  sprouts  which 
have  sprung  up  from  the  parent  stock,  now  desig- 
nate the  place.  A  few  rods  directly  south  of  this,  on 
a  slight  eminence,  is  shown  the  spot  where  Col. 
Cilley  sat  a-straddle  of  a  brass  twelve  pounder,  ex- 
ulting in  its  capture  ;  and  about  half  a  mile  still 


'<iff»f>iff,>*  '-.  .iff-'ti,/)!. 


G'J 


jl 


1 


\v 


m 


FORT  EDWARD. 


farther  south,  are  shown  the  former  head-quarters  ul 
Gen.  Gates. 

Fort  Edward  is  12  miles  north  of  Schuyler- 
Ville.  It  is  not  on  the  usual  route  of  travellers  from 
the  Springs  to  Lake  Geoi^e  ;  but  being  a  short  dis- 
tance only  from  Sandy  Hill,  it  may  be  easily  visited. 
The  fort,  once  situate  where  the  village  now  stands, 
has  long^  since  been  demolished ;  thoiuh  its  former 
location  is  easily  traced  in  the  mounds  ofearth  which 
are  still  visible.  About  100  rods  north  of  the  village 
is  a  dam  across  the  Hudson  river,  27  feet  hig^  and 
900  feet  long,  supplying  with  water  a  feeder  to  tiie 
Northern  Canal.  The  cost  of  this  dam  was  ^0,000. 
It  was  for  a  time  considered  doubtful  whether  it 
would  withstand  the  freshets  on  the  breaking  up  of 
the  ice  in  the  spring  ;  but  its  strength  has  been  thor- 
oughly tested,  and  it  may  be  justly  ranked  among 
the  gigantic  works  in  the  state^  connected  with  its 
internal  improvements. 

One  mile  north  of  Fort  Edward,  on  the  w3st  side 
of  the  road,  the  traveller  is  shown  a  large  pine  tree, 
with  a  spring  near  its  foot,  memorable  as  the  spot 
where  Miss  MTrea  was  murdered  by  the  Indians 
during  the  revolutionary  war.  She  was  betrothed 
to  a  Mr.  Jones,  an  American  refugee,  who  was  iu 
Burgoyne's  army.  Anxious  for  a  union  with  his  in- 
tended bride,  he  dispatched  a  party  of  Indians  to 
escort  her  to  the  British  camp.  Against  the  remon- 
strance of  her  friends,  she  committed  herself  to  their 
charge.  She  was  placed  on  horseback,  and  accom- 
panied her  guides  to  the  spring  in  question,  where 
they  were  met  by  another  party  sent  on  the  same  er- 
rand. An  altercation  ensued  between  them  as  to 
the  promised  reward,  (which  was  a  barrel  of  ruga,) 
and  while  thus  engaged,  they  were  attacked  by  the 
whites.  At  the  close  of  the  conflict,  the  unhappy 
young  woman  was  found  a  short  distance  from  the 
spring,  tomahawked  and  scalped.     There  is  a  tradi- 


SANDV  HILL—GLKN'S  FALLS. 


11.-; 


ead-quarters  ul 


1  of  Schuyler- 
travellers  from 
ing  a  short  dis- 
easily  visited, 
e  now  stands, 
>iKh  its  former 
of  earth  which 
1  of  the  villa(|;e 
feet  hi^  and 
a  feeder  to  the 
was  ^0,000. 
ill  whether  it 
breaking  up  of 
has  been  thor- 
'anked  among 
ected  with  its 

;  the  w3st  side 
airge  pine  tree, 
le  as  the  spot 
)y  the  Indians 
vas  betrothed 
f  who  was  iu 
m  with  his  in- 
of  Indians  to 
kst  the  remon- 
lerself  to  their 
k,  and  accom- 
estion,  where 
Q  the  same  er- 
;n  them  as  to 
tarrel  of  ru{p,) 
tacked  by  the 
the  unhappy 
ance  from  the 
ere  is  a  tradi- 


tion that  her  scalp  was  divided  by  the  respective 
parties,  and  carried  to  her  agonized  lover.  He  is  suid 
tu  have  survived  the  shock  but  a  short  time ;  and  to 
have  died  of  a  broken  heart.  The  name  of  Miss 
M*Crea  is  inscribed  on  the  tree,  with  the  date  1777. 
Her  remains  were  disinterred  a  few  years  s.-nce,  and 
deposited  in  the  church-yard  at  Sandy  Hill. 

Sawdy  Hill,  two  miles  from  Fort  Edward,  oil 
the  route  from  Saratoga  Springs  to  Lake  George. — 
It  is  situated  on  the  margin  of  the  Hudson  river,  im- 
mediately above  Baker's  Fall.'s,  about  18  miles  froai 
the  Springs.  A  wooden  bridge  extends  across  the 
nver  at  this  place,  from  which  the  road  leads  up 
a  precipitous  ascent,  on  the  summit  of  which  the  vil- 
lage is  situated. '  The  streets  are  laid  out  m  the  form 
of  a  triangle.  In  the  centre  is  an  open  area,  sur- 
rounded by  handsomely  constructed  stores  anddwel- 
liugs.  The  village  contains  upwards  of  90  houses, 
and  about  400  inhabitants.  The  courts  of  the  coun- 
ty are  held  alternately  here  and  at  Salem. 

*^  Glen's  Falls,  a  village  of  nearly  the  same  size 
of  Sandy  Hill,  is  3  miles  further  up  the  Hudsou 
river,  on  the  direct  route  to  Lake  George.  At 
this  place  are  the  celebrated  falls  from  which  the  vil- 
lage takes  its  name.  These  are  situated  about  1-4 
of  a  mile  south  of  the  village,  near  to  a  permanent 
bridge,  extending  partly  over  the  falls,  and  from 
which  the  best  view  of  them  may  be  had.  The  falls 
are  formed  by  the  waters  of  the  Hudson,  which  flow 
in  one  sheet  over  the  brink  of  the  precipice,  but  aie 
immediately  divided  by  the  rocks  into  three  chan* 
nels.  The  height  of  the  falls,  is  ascertained,  by 
measurement,  to  be  63  feet ;  though  the  water 
flows  in  an  angular  descent  of  4  or  500  feet.  Some 
rods  below  the  falls^  is  a  'ong  cave  in  the  rocks,  ex- 
tending from  one  channel  to  the  other.  On  its 
walls  are  inscribed  a  variety  of  names  of  former 

g3 


lU 


GLEE'S  FALLS. 


1      5 


guests,  who  have  thought  proper  to  pay  this  custO' 
mary  tribute.    The  roclu,  which  are  at  some  seasons 
covered  with  water,  but  at  others  entirely  dry,  are 
chequered  by  small  indentations,  and  in  many  pla- 
ces considerable  chasms  are  formed,  probably  by 
pebbles  kept  in  motion  by  the  falling  water.    It  is 
very  evident  that  these  falls  like  those  of  Niagara, 
were  once  a  considerable  distance  lower  down  the 
river — the  banks  below  being  composed  of  shelving 
rocks,  from  30  to  70  feet  perpendicular  height     On 
the  north  side  of  the  river  is  a  navigable  feeder,  com- 
municating with  the  Champlain  canal.    It  commen- 
ces nearly  two  miles  above  tiie  falls  ;  and  with  the 
exception  of  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  which  appears 
to  have  been  cut  out  of  a  shelving  rock,  runs  along 
a  ravine  east  of  Sandy-HiU  ;  and  intersects  the  main 
canal  some  distance  below. 

Conveyances  from  Sandy  Hill,  via  Glen*8  Falls, 
to  Lake  George,  may  at  all  times  be  procured,  for 
the  moderate  fare  of  one  dollar.    From  Glen*8  Falls 
to  the  Lake  the  distance  is  9  miles, over  an  indiffer- 
ent road,  affording  little  other  variety  than  moun- 
tains and  forests,  with  here  and  there  a  rustic  ham- 
let. Within  3  1-2  miles  of  Lake  George  on  the  right 
hand,  and  a  short  distance  firom  the  road,  is  pointed 
out  the  rock,  at  the  foot  of  whidi  Col.  Williams  was 
massacred  by  the  Indians,  during  the  French  war. 
At  the  distance  of  1-2  a  mile  faraier,  on  the  same 
side  of  the  road,  is  the  **  Bloofl,y  Pond,**  so  called 
from  its  waters  having  been  crimsoned  with  the 
jilood  of  the  slain  who  fell  in  its  vicinity,  during  a 
severe  en^gcment  in  1755.    It  is  said,  that  skulls 
are  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  this  pond,  and  that 
numerous  others  may  be  taken  from  the  bottom. 
The  waters  present  a  stagnant  appearance,  and  when 
associased  with  the  idea  of  their  being  the  receptacle 
of  80  many  human  bones,  the  ^ight  of  them  is  far 
from  being  agreeable.    Three  miles  farther  is  situat- 
ed tlie  village  of 


■■w.lwtA. 


CALDWELL— LAKE  GEORGE.       IL^ 

Caldwell,  on  the  south  western  margin  of  the 
lake,  liiis  village  contains  a  number  of  neat  little 
buildings,  and  about  60  inhabitants.  The  Lake 
Geotge  Coffee-House,  kept  by  Mr.  Doney,  has  been 
fitted  up  in  good  style,  and  can  accommodate  from 
80  to  100  visitants.  There  are  here,  also,  a  post-of- 
ilce,  a  church,  and  a  court-house.  The  village  is 
bordered  on  the  east  by  a  rdnge  of  hills,  to  the  high- 
est of  which,  called  Prospect  Hill,  a  road  has  been 
made,  and  thou^  difficult  of  ascent,  tlie  toil  is  rich- 
ly compensated  m  the  diversified  and  extensive  pros- 
pect afforded  from  its  summit- 

LAKE  GEORGE, 

Is  situated  but  a  short  day's  ride  from  the  villages 
of  Ballston  and  Saratoga  Springs,  from  whence  an 
exc?irsion  to  the  Lake  is  almost  considered  as  a  mat- 
ter of  course.  Indeed,  there  are  few  places  where 
a  greater  variety  of  inducements  attract  the  Strang 
than  at  Lake  -George-  Besides  the  interest  which 
is  excited  from  an  association  of  many  important  his- 
toric events,  thia  place  is  rendered  peculiarly  inter- 
esting from  the  unrivalled  exhibition  of  tiie  beauti- 
ful and  romantic  scenery  presented  by  the  lake  and 
its  environs.  At  the  viUage  of  Caldwell  the  lake  is 
about  one  mile  in  width,  but  it  generally  varies  from 
3-4  of  a  mile  to  4  miles.  The  whole  length  is  36 
miles.  The  waters  aie  discharged  into  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  at  Ticonderosa,  by  an  outlet  which,  in  the 
distance  of  2  miles,  nils  180  feet. 

Lake  Geoige  is  remarkable  for  the  transparency 
of  its  waters.  Thev  are  generally  very  deep,  but  at 
an  ordbary  depth  the  clean  gravelly  bottom  is  dis- 
tinctly visible.  The  great  variety  of  excellent  fish 
wldch  are  caught  here,  renders  it  a  favorite  resort 
for  those  who  are  fond  of  angling.  The  salmon  trout 
is  caught  in  abundance,  weighing  from  10  to  20 
pounds.  The  lake  is  intersper^  with  a  great  num- 
ber of  small  islands,  the  principal  of  which,  Diamond 

r,4 


xm 


FORT  WILLIAM  HENRY. 


Island,  once  containing  a  militaiy  fortificaUon,  ami 
Tea  Island,  on  which  is  a  summer  house  erected  for 
the  amusement  of  parties  of  pleasure,  are  visihle  from 
tho  head  of  the  lake.  The  whole  number  of  islands 
Is  aaid  to  equal  the  number  of  days  in  the  year. 

The  scenery  on  the  borders  of  the  lake  is  general- 
ly mountainous.  With  the  exception  of  some  inter- 
vals, checkered  with  fruitful  cultivation*  the  land  re- 
cdes  from  the  lake  with  a  gentle  acclivity,  for  a  few 
rods,  and  then,  with  a  bolder  ascent*  to  an  elevation 
of  from  500  to  1500  feet.  The  best  view  of  the  Jake 
and  its  environs'^  is  had  from  the  southern  extremity, 
near  the  remains  of  old  Fort  George,  from  whence 
the  prospect  embraces  the  village  of  Caldwell  and 
the  numerous  little  islands  rising  from  the  calm  bo- 
6om  of  the  lake,  whose  waters  are  beautifully  con- 
trasted with  (he  .parallel  ridges  of  cvaggy  mountains, 
through  an  extent  of  nearly  fourteen  miles.  Near 
the  southern  shore  of  the  Ulce  are  thejuins^ao  old 
fortification,  called 

..  Fort  WiiiMAM  Hewkv.  Vestiges  of  bewails 
and  out- works  arc  still  to  beseien.  Previous  to  its 
constructiouj  the  scite  of  the  fort  WAS  occupied  by 
the  Eqglish  army  under  the  command  of^if  Wil- 


*  A  very  good  prospect  is  also  obtainedirpmihe 
top  of  the  Lake  George  House,  to  which  alight  of 
stairs  ascends ;  but  one  far  better,  and  which  wiJI 
ampfy  repay  a  traveller  for  the  excursion,  isfoundon 
the  top  of  a  high  mountain,  called  Prospect  1^1, 
mentioned  in  the  preceding  pi^>  From  tiiis 
movintain,  not  only  a  view  •€«  «  great  part  (^the 
Lake,  hut  also  of  the  syrrqundiing  country,  for  seve- 
ral miles  may  be  had. 


■ib  tc 


•»'!.«/»?<  <: 


;,<ijly'~  ,  5-t^ 


NRV. 

fortiikaUon,  ami 
louse  erected  for 
I,  are  visible  from 
lumber  of  islands 
A  the  year. 
e  lake  isgeneral- 
onofsQineinter- 
tion,  (belandre- 
clivitjr,  for  a  fonr 

;  to  an  elevation 
t  view  of  the  Jake 
them  extremity, 
^e,  from  VFhence 
)f  Caldwell  and 
rom  the  calm  bo- 
beautifully  con- 
Bggy  mountains, 
in  miles.  Near 
ejuinsofanold 


FOKT    WILLIAM  HEiNK\ 


1J7 


»)' 


ices  of  bewails 
Previous  to  its 
IS  occuMed  by 


•tained  frpm  the 
vhich  a  £^ht  of 
and  whiSwill 
ion^is/oundon 
Pxospect  Hill, 
3  From  this 
sat  part  of  4he 
jntry,£)rseve- 


. 


liam  Johnson,  who  was  making  preparations  for  an 
attack  upon  Crown  Point.    Before  any  movement 
was  made  by  Sir  William,  the  French  army,  under 
the  command  of  Baron  Dieskau,  marched  from  Ti- 
conderoga  for  Fort  Edward,  but  afterwards  changing 
his  purpose,  he  was  proceeding  to  the  head  ol  the 
lake,  when  he  unexpectedly  fell  in  with  a  party  of 
the  English,  who  h^d  been  detached  by  Sir  William 
for  the  relief  of  Fort  Edward.    A  severe  battle  en- 
sued, in  which  the  English  were  defeated,  and  conn 
polled  hastily  to  retire  from  the  field.    They  were 
pursued  into  their  intrenchments  by  the  French  ar- 
my, who  commenced  a  furious  assault  upon  the  En- 
glish camp,  but  were  repulsed  with  great  slaughter. 
The  discomfited  Baron,  on  his  retreat  from  this  un- 
successful attack,  was  a  third  time  engaged  by  a 
party  of  English*  who  had  been  despatched  by  the 
garrison  at  Fort  Edward,  to  succour  Sir  William 
Johnson,  and  totally  defeated.    These  three  several 
engagements  took  place  on  the  same  day,  the  6th 
September,  1755,  in  the  vicinity  of  Bloody  Pond, 
into  which  the  bodies  of  the  slain  were  afterwards 
tfirown.    In  1757,  Fort  William  Henry,  contained 
a  garrison  of  3,000  men,  under  the  command  of  CoK 
Iminroe.    The  Marquis  de  Montcalm,  after  three 
attempts  to  besiege  the  fort  in  form,  reinforced  his 
army  to  about  10,000  men,  and  summoned  Col.  Mun- 
roe  to  surrender.     This  summons  being  refused, 
Montcalm,  after  a  furious  assault,  obliged  the  En- 
glish to  capitulate.    The  terms  of  the  capitulation, 
though  honorable  to  the  English,  were  shamefully 
violated  by  the  Indians  attached  to  the  French  ar- 
my, who  massacred  the  whole  garrison,  except  a 
small  remnant,  who  made  their  escape  to  Fort  Ed- 
ward.   The  fort  was  razed  to  the  ground  by  Mont- 
calm, and  was  never  afterwards  rebuiit.    lliis  spot 
was  Uie  scene  of  embarkation  of  General  Abercrom- 
bie,  who,  in  1758,  descended  the  lake  with  an  amy 
of  15,000  men,  for  an  attack  on  Ticonderoga. — 

f:5 


118 


lakl:  ukokge. 


About  80  rods  farther  south,  on  a  commanding  euii* 
cnce,  ere  sitaated  the  vestiges  of  old 

F'oHT  George.  This  fort,  thous^b  not  distin- 
guished by  any  event  of  importance,  yet  in  connec- 
tion with  the  history  of  Lake  George,  imparts  an  in- 
terest which  a  stranger  will  readily  embrace  in  a 
visit  to  its  mouldering  ruins  A  part  of  the  walls, 
which  were  originally  built  of  stone,  are  still  viable, 
from  SO  to  40  feet  in  height.  This  fort  was  the  de- 
pot for  the  stores  of  General  Burgoyne,  for  some 
time  during  the  revolutionary  war. 

The  steam-boat  Mountaineer  has  usually  perform-^ 
ed  a  trip  on  Lnke  George  three  times  a  week,  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  interesect  the  boai.,  running  on 
Lake  Chainplain  ;  but  I  understand  her  proprietor 
designs  running  her  daily  hereafter,  during  the  fa^- 
ionabic  season— leaving  Caldwell  in  the  morning, 
and  returning  at  evening.  The  length  of  the  Lake, 
on  which  the  boat  runs,  is  36  miles — fare  $2.  From 
the  steam-boat  landing  to  Ticondero^  is  a  distance 
of  3  miles ;  for  which  a  conveyance  is  provided,  go- 
ing and  returning,  for  50  cents  each  way.  Refresh- 
ments are  provided  at  Pierce's  tavern,  half  a  mile 
from  the  landing,  after  which  parties  usually  proceed 
to  the  Fort  and  return  to  Pierce's  the  same  evening, 
from  whence  they  may  take  the  boat  on  its  return 
the  next  day  to  Caldwell. 

The  Passaoe  of  Lake  George  cannot  fail  to 
impart  a  great  degree  of  interest,  even  to  the  most 
indifferent  observer.  The  lake  is  Interspersed  with 
a  great  variety  of  islands,  some  of  which  are  very 
small,  but  yet  serve  the  purpose  of  diversifying  the 
prospect.  The  smooth,  green  surface  of  the  water 
is  strikingly  contrasted  with  the  bold  and  ru^ed 
shores  of  the  lake,  which  vary  their  distance  irom 
3-4  of  a  mile  UyA  miles  in  width,,  and  occasionally 


LAKE  GEORGE. 


IID 


rise  to  1500  feet  in  height.  These  circumstancefo, 
added  to  the  numerous  historical  associations  which 
are  continually  suggested  to  the  mind,  and  to  the 
animation  which  a  fair  day  and  prosperous  passage 
are  calctriated  to  impart,  se^ve  to  create  impressions 
"^rhich  must  always  be  remembered  with  peculiar 
sarisfaction. 

Ten  miles  from  Caldwell,  down  the  Lake,  are  a 
range  of  mountains  possessed  by  a  celebrated  hunter 
of  the  name  of  Phelps,  as  a  Dekr  Pastxtrc.  In 
the  spring,  when  the  vegetation  of  the  previous  year 
is  sufficiently  dry,  he  sets  fire  to  the  mountains.— 
Subsequently,  green  and  tender  herbs  spring  forth, 
and  induce  droves  of  deer  to  resort  thither  in  quest 
food ;  by  which  means  the  hunter  succeeds  in  killing 
hundreds  annually.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake, 
at  a  very  considerable  elevation,  is  the  residence  of  a 
wealthy  farmer  of  Bolton.  Two  miles  further  is 
Tw£LV£  Mils  Isi^and,  being  that  distance  from 
Caldwell.  It  is  of  a  circular  form,  of  about  20 
acres,  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  lake,  and  is  ele- 
vated 80  or  40  feet  above  the  water.  From  thence, 
one  mile,  on  the  north  west  side  of  the  lake»  is 

Toutgue  Mountain,  with  Wist  Bay  on  its 
wQSt  side*  1 1-2  roUe  wide,  and  extending,  in  a 
northeriy  direction ,  6  miles.  What  is  called  the  Nar- 
rows commence  here,  and  continue  for  6  or  7  miles, 
being  8-4  of  a  mile  wide,  and  very  deep.  A  line 
500  feet  long  has  been  used  in  sounding,  without 
reaching  bottom. 

Black  MouirrArN,  18  miles  from  the  head  of 
the  Lake,  is  situated  oa  the  east  side,  and  has  been 
ascertamed,  by  admeasurement,  to  be  2200  feet  in 
height.  Opposite  to  Black  Mountain,  near  the  wes- 
tern shore,  is 

HAY.F  Way  Islaitj).  A  short  distance  north  of 
this  is  some  of  the  finest  mountain  scenery  on  the 
continent.  The  mountains  exhibit  an  undulating 
appearance,  are  thickly  studded  with  pines  and  furs, 


120 


LAKE    GEORGE. 


I    "'i 


;;| 


and  interspersed  with  deep  and  almost  impenetrable 


caverns. 


^Vn- 


Sabbath-Day  PomT,  24  miles  from  Caldwell, 
13  a  projection  of  the  main  land  into  the  Lake  from 
the  west  side.  It  is  the  place  on  which  the  English 
troops  landed  on  the  sabbath  during  the  French  war, 
and  is  the  spot  on  which  a  sanguinary  battle  was 
fought  with  the  Indians.  The  English,  with  no 
chance  of  retreat,  were  all  killed.  From  thence,  3 
,  miles,  is  a  small  island  called  the  ..  .^ 

Scotch  Bonnet.  Three  miles  further  on  the 
west  shore  of  the  lake,  is  a  little  hamlet  called  by 
the  inhabitants  the  city  of  Hague,  containing  onty 
two  or  three  dwellings,  and  as  many  saw  mills. — 
The  lake  is  here  4  miles  wide,  being  its  greatest 
width.    From  this  place  to  i^^^^. 

Rogers*  Slide  is  3  miles.  This  is  celebrated  as 
the  spot  where  Col.  Rogers  escaped  from  die  Indians 
during  the  French  war  The  descent  is  an  angle 
of  about  25  decrees,  over  a  tolerably  smooth  rock, 
200  feet  in  height.  The  Col.  who  had  been  a  great 
foe  to  the  Indians,  was  nearly  surrounded  by  uiem 
on  the  top  of  the  mountain,  and  found  no  other  means 
of  escape  than  to  slide  down  this  precipice.  It  be- 
ing winter,  and  having  snow  shoes  on  his  feet,  he 
landed  safely  on  the  ice.  The  Indians  afterwards 
saw  him  ;  but  supposing  that  no  human  being 
could  have  made  the  descent,  and  that  he  must,  of 
course,  be  supernatural,  they  concluded  it  not  only 
useless,  but  dangerous  to  follow  him. 

Anthony's  Nose,  so  called  from  its  singular 
shape,  is  a  high  rock,  nearly  opposite  to  Roger's 
Slide.  The  shores  here  are  bold  and  contracted,  and 
exhibit  massive  rocks,  which  are  from  50  to  100  ffeet 
in  height.     From  thence  to 


1   I 


TICONDEROGA. 


121 


Prisoner's  Island,  is  two  miles,  a  spot  where 
prisoners  were  confined  during  the  French  war ; 
and  directly  west  of  this  is  Lord  Howe's  Point, 
so  called  from  being  the  place  where  Lord  Howe 
landed  immediately  previous  to  the  battle  in  which 
he  was  killed  at  Ticoaderoga.  He  was  a  brother  of 
the  late  Lord  Howe,  who  commdnded  the  Brinsh 
forces  at  Philadelphia  during  the  revolutionary  war. 
The  water  here,  from  a  deep  green,  assumes  a  light- 
er color,  owing  to  a  clayey  bottom  From  thence  to 
the  outlet  of  the  lake,  which  terminates  tlie  steam 
boat  passage,  is  one  mile.  Three  miles  further,  over 
a  ci.cuitous  and  uneven  road,  in  an  wsteriy  direc- 
tion, are  the  fort  and  ruios  of 

TxcoNDEROGA.  The  point  projects  between  the 
lake  on  one  side,  which  here  suddenly  expands  to 
the  west,  and  the  creek  on  the  other,  which  unites 
the  waters  of  lake  George  and  Champlain,  and  forms 
its  southern  boundary.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
lake,  in  a  southeast  direction,  stands  Mount  Inde- 
pendence. Mount  Defiance,  720  in  height,  is  situ- 
ated across  the  creek  directly  west  q(  Uie  Fort — > 
This  height  was  occupied  by  the  artillery  of  General 
Burgoyne  in  IT77,  when  the  Americans  were  com- 
pelled to  evacuate  Ticonderoga.  The  fortress  of  Ti- 
conderoga,  was  first  constructed  by  the  French  in 
1756.  The  works  appear  to  have  been  very  strong, 
ure  elevated  about  200  feet  above  the  level  of  lake 
Champlain,  and  many  of  the  walls  are  still  standing. 
I'he  Magazine  is  nearly  entire.  It  is  35  feet  long, 
15  feet  wide,  and  8  feet  high,  constructed  under 
ground ,  of  stone ,  and  arched .  A  subterraneous  pas- 
sage leads  from  the  southwest  corner  of  the  works  to 
the  lake,  20  or  30  rods  in  length.  Through  this  pas- 
sage Col.  Ethan  Allen  passed  when  he  took  possess- 
ion of  the  fort  "in  Hie  name  of  the  Great  Jehovah^ 
and  the  Continental  Congress.  **  The  remains  of 
another  fortification,  built  during  the  revolutionary. 


k 

'* 


122 


riCONDEROGA. 


I 


war,  ure  still  to  be  seen  about  60  rods  faither  suutii 
on  the  point  adjoining  the  lake.  The  walls  next 
the  lake  are  nearly  60  feet  in  height. 

In  1758  Ticonderoga  was  attacked  by  general  Ab- 
ercrombie,  who  was  repulsed  with  the  loss  of  2000 
men.  On  the  approach  of  Gen.  Amherst,  in  1759, 
it  was  quietly  abandoned  by  the  French,  as  was  al- 
so Crown  Point.  It  continued  in  possession  of  the 
British  until  the  year  1775,  when  it  was  taken  by 
surprise  by  Col.  Allen.  On  evacuating  the  fort  in 
1777,Gen.  St.  Clair  ordered  a  detachment  to  accom- 
pany the  American  stores  and  baggage  to  Skeeusbo- 
rough,  where  they  were  pursued  by  Gen.  Burgoyue 
and  from  thence  to  Fort  Ann.  At  the  latter  place  a 
smart  skirmish  ensued  between  the  two  parties,  in 
which  the  British  sustained  a  considerable  loss. — 
The  main  army  retired  from  Ticonderoga  to  Hub- 
bardton,  where  a  party  consisting  of  about  1000,  un- 
der Col.  Warner,  were  overtaken  by  the  British  ad- 
vanced guard,  and  after  a  severe  action  abandoned 
the  field  to  superior  numbers.  From  thence  they 
ioined  General  Schuyler  at  Fort-Edward  on  the  12th 
July,  1777. 

From  Ticonderoga,  travellers  may  be  conveyed 
across  the  lake  to  Larrabee's,  in  Shoieham,  Vermont, 
a  distance  of  one  mile,  where  those  designing  a 
tour  to  Montreal  and  Quebec,  may  take  passage  in 
ith:  Champlain  steam-boat,  for  St.  John's.  The 
boat  arrives  at  Larrabee's  towards  evening,  and  the 
passage  from  thence  to  Plattsburgh,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  about  15  miles  to  Crown  Point,  is  gen- 
erally in  the  night.  At  present  the  most  usual  ai- 
rangements  of  the  tourist  are,  after  visiting  Lake 
George  and  Ticonderoga,  to  return  to  the  Springs, 
from  thence  to  take  passage  in  the  regular  stage  to 
Utica,  by  way  of  Johnstown ;  or  proceed  to  f^he- 
nectady,  where  he  can  meet,  any  day  in  the  week, 
except  Sundays,  the  line  of  Post  Coaches  or  Canal 
Boats,  from  Albany  to  Nia^ra. 


JiXCUKSlON  TO  THE  WEST. 


12;) 


EXCURSIOJVTO  THEWEST. 

Travellers  who  design  to  visit  Niagara  and  return, 
without  proceeding  down  Lake  Ontario  to  Montre- 
al, will  nnd  an  excursion  the  most  pleasant  and  di- 
versified, by  travelling  in  stages  and  canal  boats  al- 
ternately. The  stage  route  affords  a  better  prospect 
of  the  populous  part  of  the  country  ;  but  is  general- 
ly so  far  from  the  canal,  that  no  opportunity  is  given 
of  witnessing  many  of  the  thriving  villages  on  its 
banks,  ft  is  therefore  advisable  so  to  arrange  a  tour 
that  the  most  interesting  parts  of  both  routes  may  be 
seen  in  going  and  returning.  To  effect  this,  a  pack- 
et boat  may  be  taken  at  Schenectady  at  evening, 
which  will  pass  Little  Falls  the  next  morning  afford- 
ing the  tourist  an  interesting  view  of  the  scenery 
and  aqueduct  at  that  place,  and  reach  Utica  in  the 
afternoon.  The  next  morning  a  stage  can  be  taken 
for  Rochester,  via  Auburn,  reaching  Uie  former  place 
at  evening  of  the  second  day ;  from  whence  a  pack- 
et boat  leaves  eveiy  morning,  reaching  Lockport  at 
daylight  the  next  morning.  Here  a  stage  may  be 
taken  for  the  Falls,  20  miles  distant,  or  the  passage, 
by  canal,  continued  to  Buffalo.  But  a  better  meth- 
od, undoubtedly,  if  the  fatigue  of  land  travelling 
should  not  prevent,  is,  to  continue  on  the  stage 
route  from  Utica,  direct  to  Buffalo,  by  way  of  Au- 
burn, Geneva,  Canandaigua  and  Batavia  ;  and  re- 
turn by  canal  from  Lockport  to  Utica,  stopping  at 
least  a  day  at  each  of  the  thriving  villages  of  Roches- 
ter and  Syracuse ;  where  objects  of  sufficient  attrac- 
tion will  be  found  to  warrant  even  a  protracted  visit. 

Heretofore,  the  months  of  July  and  August  have 
been  selected  for  an  excursion  to  the  west ;  but  ex- 
perience has  abundantly  proved,  that  the  early  part 
of  September  is  far  preferable.  The  heat  of  summer 
having  then  in  a  measure  subsided,  the  air  is  more 
salubrious,  and  the  pleasure  of  a  journey  less  inter- 
rupted by  dust,  perplexity  and  fatigue.    Added  to 


PI 


m 


■  ! 


1>I     STAGE  ROUTE  TO  THE  WEST. 


I  \ 


'    \ 


\[a'\ 


this,  it  19  the  season  of  peaches ;  of  which  a  great 
abund^ce  of  the  most  delicious  are  to  be  found  be- 
-  tween  Canandaigua  and  Buffalo. 

That  tourists  may  be  the  better  enabled  to  gratify 
their  taste  as  to  (he  mode  of  travelling!  we  subjoin 
a  sketch  of  the  stage  and  canal  routes,  disconnected* 
premisiziig,  that  a  change  from  one  to  the  other  may 
he  easily  effected  at  various  points. 

%  4  ^  TJIE  STAGE  ROUTE.       '  '    !  'i, 

Fiom  Samtoga  Springs,  a  sta^e  leaves  ^ery  morn- 
ing at  4  o'clock)  paksisig  throuoi  Ballston  Spa,  Gtl- 
.way,  4phn9town,  and  Little  Falls  toUtica,  where 
it  airives  at  9  P.  M.  Distance,  88  miles — Fare 
The  intermediate  distances  are  as  follow  : 


-Baltoton  Spa, 
Galway, 

^timson's  Farm, 
-Fonda's  Bu^, 
Johnstown, 
Caugfanawaga, 


Slil^s. 
7 
8 
1 
9 
10 
4 


Mile«. 
IS 


*»' 


Palatine, 

Fort  Plain, 

East  Canada  Greek,  4 

Little  Falls,  7 

Herkimer,  8 

Frsukfort,   ••  ^  -  » 

Utica,  '  ■ '-     ■^■^-  9 

;^ter  passing  Ballston  Spa,  the  first  object  of  at- 
traction is  the  FARM  of  Maj.  Earii  Stimson,  in 
Galway,  16  miles  firom  Saratoga  Spting^.  Ub  beau^ 
tifully  located  on  an  eminence,  commanding  a  ve^ 
liandisome  prospect ;  and,  under  the  succossful  t0- 
lage  of  its  opulent  and  hospitable  proprietor,  is  one 
of  the  most  favored  tracts  of  land  in  the  state.  It  is 
generally  laid  out  into  lots  of  10  acres  each  ;  all  of 
which  appear  in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation. 
To  Maj.  S.  the  farmers  in  the  county,  and  particu- 
larly in  his  own  town,  are  much  indebted  for  many 
improvements  sug^;ested  and  adopted  by  hip  in  ai|- 
rlculture.  As  proof  of  the  value  of  some  oT  the 
lands  in  his  township,  it  need  only  be  remarked, 
that  at^the  last  Saratoga  Agricultural  fair,  the  three 


STAGE  ROUTE-JOHNSTOWN.      125 


highest  premiums  on  com  were  awarded  to  Maj.  8. 
and  two  of  Ins  neighbots  ;  upwards  of  ISO  bushels 
to  the  acre  having  been  raised  by  each. 


/?* 


Fonda's  Bush,  a  small  mantifactiiring  village, 
is  10  mites  from  GalWay  ;  and  10  miles  farther  is 
the  village  of 

Johnstown,  celebrated  as  the  former  residence 
of  Sir  William  Johtison.  the  village  contains  be- 
tween 2  and  800  buildings,  a  court  houise,  jail,  9 
churches,  an  academy,  and  2  printing  offices.  It  is 
situated  oh  a  handsome  plain,  with  streets  rutlnhig 
at  right  angles ;  and  though  many  of  the  buildhagn 
are  ai^tiquafed,  yet  there  are  several  hatldsome  pri- 
vate residences.  The  court-hoUise,  jail  and  Episbo- 
f>al  church  were  built  by  Sir  William  ;  beneaUi  the 
atter  of  which  his  remains  now  repose.  In  open- 
ing the  vault  a  few  years  since,  it  was  fouiid  to  con- 
tam  so  much  water  that  th6  coffin  was  actually 
boating  on  its  suriface.  The  lid,  cofnposed  of  ma- 
hogatay,  was  taken  off,  and  still  remains  inside  of 
the  church.  It  bears  this  inscription,  fbhtt^d  iiitii 
brass  nails  :  "  Sir  Wn^  Johnsoii  Bt  Obiit  1^74." 
the  h6use,  or  what  is  tailed  the  "  Hall,'*  form^erly 
occupied  by  Sir  W.  is  about  a  mil^  from  the  village. 
Attached  to  it  i^  a  buitding  Which  was  usedby  hnti 
qs  a  fort ;  into  which  he  had  occasion,  at  tlm6S^,  to 
retreat  trom  the  assaults  of  the  Indians.  The  marks 
of  tomahawks  die  still  visible  on  ^'e  stair-case  in 
the  maiA  building.  i  ^      .*  ,- u 

The  battle  of  Johnstown,  October,  1781,  in  whicfi 
the  British  and  Indians  were  defeated,  was  fought 
on  the  "  ilali"  farm.  Th^  American  troops,  con- 
sisting of  between  4  and  SOO,  w^re  tomhianded  by 
the.  venerable  Col.  WilJet,  stiW  residing  fti  NeW- 
Yoilc.  After  the  defeat,  the  enemy  t«er^  pui^ed 
l»y  him  to  the  Canada  creek,  ivht^rfe  Jieyef  ji!  weire 


!il 


1  , 


i  I 


M-:.,   ,!t 


I  if  n. 


12()     STAGE  ROUTE— LITILE  FALLS. 

killed,  including  Maj.  Butler.  Out  of  607  of  thc^ 
hostile  force  sent  on  this  expedition,  but  220  return- 
ed to  Canada. 

Caughnawaga  is  4  miles  from  Johnstown,  on 
the  turnpike  leading  from  Schenectady  to  Utica.  It 
has  little  to  render  it  a  place  of  interest,  if  we  except 
an  antiquated  stone  church,  which  has  been  built 
between  60  and  70  years,  without  having  under- 
gone any  material  improvement  or  change  during 
wat  period.  .  ..-.rM, ,  *,  ... 

Twelve  miles  farther,  the  stage  stops  at  Pala- 
tine ;  affording  a  beautiful  prospect  of  the  village 
of  C ANAjoHARiE,  situatcd  on  the  plain  below,  and 
on  the  banks  of  the  canal.     .  ^  jjy  ,      ,,  ,^, 

Fort  Plain,  a  flourishing  little  village,  is  Smiles 
west  of  Palatine.  A  fort,  from  which  the  place  de- 
lives  its  name,  was  constructed  here  during  the  rev- 
olutionaiv  war ;  though  but  little  of  its  remains  are 
now  to  be  seen.  The  place  was  originally  settled 
by  Germans,  who  suffered  severely  from  the  early 
Indian  wars  of  this  country.  During  the  revolu- 
tion, those  who  had  taken  refuse  in  we  Fort,  were 
surpiised  by  Capt.  Butler,  on  his  return  from  burn- 
ing Cherry  Valley,  and  became  a  prey  to  similar 
atrocities. 

The  East  Canada  Creek  is  passed  by  a  sub- 
stantial bridge,  in  going  4  miles  faftber ;  from  which 
to 


r.T'- 


•  li  ;,  *  ,1  .<,V  1 


Little  Falls,  is  7  miles.  This  place  takes  its 
name  from  a  cataract  in  the  vicinity,  which,  in  size, 
is  much  in(erior  to  the  celebrated  Cahoes,  and  has, 
therefore,  been  denominated  the  Little  Falls  of  the 
Mohawk.  A  continuation  of  the  chain  of  Catsbergs 
crosses  the  river  at  this  place«  ^d  forms  a  rou^  bed 


i 


STAGE  ROUTE— LITTLE  FALLS.    127 


607  of  the 
220  return* 


istown^  on 
>Utica.  It 
we  except 
been  built 
ing  under- 
age during 

at  Pala- 
the  village 
}elow,  and 

*■ 

1 

!,  is  Smiles 
9  place  de- 
ig  the  rev- 
emains  are 
ally  settled 
i  the  early 
he  revolu- 
Fort,  were 
from  burn- 
to  similar 


[  by  a  sub- 
rom  which 


e  t^ikesits 
;h,  in  size, 
I,  and  has, 
ills  of  the 
Catsbergs 
rough  bed 


4 

4 


for  the  waters  of  the  cataract,  which  pour  over  the 
rocky  fragments  in  the  wildest  confusion.  Approach- 
ing  from  the  southeast,  a  lofty  ridge  of  mountains, 
downing  in  grandeur  on  either  side,  conceals  the 
course  of  the  rive^  and  the  falls,  whose  vicinity  is  an- 
nounced only  by  the  distant  din  and  foam  of  its  wa- 
ters.    For  a  con.«iderable  distance,  a  narrow  pass  on- 
ly is  allowed  for  a  road,  with  immense  natural  bat- 
tlements of  rock  on  either  side,  affording  a  sublime 
and  most  interesting  spectacle.    About  1-2  a  mile 
from  Uie  village  the  road  turns  suddenly  to  the  left, 
presenting  a  view  of  the  falls  tumbling  with  irresist- 
ible violence  over  a  gradual  rocky  descent  of  about 
80  rods.    At  the  termination  of  the  ascent  is  situat- 
ed the  village,  containing  about  90  houses  and  700 
inhabitants.    A  little  cluster  of  buildings,  rising  be 
tween  the  rushing  waters  of  the  Mohawk  on  the  one 
hand,  and  the  rugged  cliffy  and  eminences  on  the 
other  ;  the  smooth  current  6f  the  stream  above  gen- 
tly gliding  to  the  tumultuoiis  scene  below,  and  be- 
yond the  distant  vale  of  the  Mohawk  diversified  with 
fields,  orchards,  meadows,  and  farm  houses,  all  con- 
tribute to  set  off  the  romantic  appearance  for  which 
this  place  is  so  justly  celebrated.     This  village  de- 
rives most  of  its  importance  from  the  facilities  for 
trade  and  commerce  afforded  by  means  of  tiie  Mo- 
hawk river  and  the  Erie  canaL    Boats  were  former- 
ly transported  around  the  falls  by  means  of  a  canal 
on  the  north  side  of  the  river*    This  old  canal  con- 
tains 8  locks  and  is  now  connected  with  the  Erie  ca- 
nal, on  the  south  side  of  the  river,  by  means  of  an 
aqueduct  184  feet  in  length.    The  descent  of  the 
Erie  canal  here,  in  the  distance  of  one  mile,  is  40 
feet,  which  is  passed  by  6  locks. 

Travellers  will  always  find  it  interesting  to  spend 
some  time  at  this  place,  in  viewing  its  great  natural 
and  artificial  works.  The  j^^ec^c^  across  the  river 
is  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  masonry  on  the 
whole  line  of  the  canal,  though  less  stupendous 


H 


128 


STAGE  KOUTE— HERKIMER. 


iiti 


Ii 


than  the  locks  at  Lockport,  and,  in  extent,  fall- 
ing considerably  shdrt  of  the  aqueduct  at  Roches- 
ter. The  river  is  passed  on  three  beautiftil  arches 
of  from  40  to  50  feet  in  height,  with  fbgging  on 
either  8ide  df  the  canal,  and  a  strong  iron  rairaiK. 
After  crossing  on  the  flagging,  the  stranger  should 
return  on  the  wooden  bridge  west  of  the  aqueduct ; 
which  being  several  feet  lower,  affordfi  a  nne  view 
of  the  arches,  and  of  the  extensive  basip  in  the 
river,  immediately  beneath  the  center  arch ;  fbrm- 
ed,  doubtless,  by  the  action  of  round  stones,  net 
in  motion  by  the  water. 

Crystals  of  quartz,  the  modt  translucent,  it  is  be- 
lieved, of  any  heretofore  discovered  in  the  state, 
are  found  in  considerable  quantities  a  shdrt  dis- 
tance from  the  village. 

The  rdad,  after  leaving  Little  Falls,  fblTows  the 
bank  of  the  river,  in  full  view  of  the  rich  alluvial 
vale  called  the  Herkimer  and  German  Fhts.  tliis 
region,  now  glowing  in  all  the.  beauty  o^  Success- 
ful cultivation,  was  once  the  theatre  of  the  roost 
sanguinary  warfare.  During  the  Frenc^h  and  rev- 
olutionary wars,  it  was  tlie  scene  of  many  barba- 
rous incursions  of  the  whites  as  well  as  savages. 
it  wto  invaded  by  the  French  after  the  cabture  of 
Fort  Oswego,  in  ITaS,  and  in  1767  the  settlements 
were  desolated  by  fire  and  sword.  In  the  center  of 
these  flats  is  situated  the  village  of     ,^^ 


'  j-iji  J  n  > 


Hbrkimer,  8  miles  from  Little  Falls.  Tibis 
village,  as  well  as  that  of  Little  Falls,  forms  ft  part 
of  the  town  6f  Herkimer,  which  extends  along  the 
banks  of  the  Mohawk  about  15  miles.  West  Can- 
ada Creek  enters  the  river  about  h^lf  a  mile  east  of 
the  village,  and  is  passed  near  its  mouth  by  a  well 
constructed  bridge.  The  village  is  principally  built 
on  two  parallel  streets.  It  contains  about  100  hou- 
ses, and  not  less  than  SOO  inhabitants.  Every  ap- 
pearance indicates  a  thriving  and  prosperous  vilTage. 


STAGE  RODTE—UTtCA. 


12!) 


Between  Herkimer  and  Utica  is  the  smsrfl  but  thriv- 
ing village  of  Frankfort,  about  6  miles  from  the 
former  and  9  from  the  latter  place.  The  country  af- 
ter leaving  Herkimer  is  quite  level,  and  remarkably 
fertile,  though  not  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation. 


UTICA. 


*'  V  r.  ■■; 


^19  flourishing  village  stands  qq  the  south  bank 
of  the  Mohawk,  on  the  scite  of  old  Fort  Schuyler, 
96  miles  from  Albany,  and  15  from  Rome,  anciently 
Fort  Stanwix.    It  was  first  incorporated  in  1798, 
md  is  rapidly  increasing  in  wealth  ^nd  population. 
From  its  situation,  it  commands  the  land  and  water 
communication  between  the  fertile  district  of  t|ie 
nprth  and  west,  and  the  city  of  Albany,  and  must 
eventually  hold  the  second  rank  in  commercial  im- 
portance in  the  state.  Its  population  alreadv  amounts 
to  abeirt  7000.    The  village  contains  two  banks  and 
a  variety  of  manuActuriug  establishments.     Hie 
court  house  for  the  county  oif  Oneida  is   located 
hejre,  and  by  an  act  of  the  legislature,  the  Ausi^st 
term  of  die  Supreme  Court,  which  was  formerlyuol- 
den  in  the  city  of  Albany,  is  removed  to  Utica.  Ma- 
ny of  the  buildings  are  constructed  of  brick,  and  in 
a  style  of  elegance  and  taste,  worthy  of  the  ^rst  in- 
land town  in  the  state.    Utica  forms  a  central  point, 
for  stages,  which  arrive  daily  from  various  parts  of 
the  state.    The  principal  public  houses  in  the  place, 
are  Shepherd's  Hotel,  Smith  and  Sanger's  Mansion 
House,  and  WcUes^  Canal  Colfee-Houae  ;  and  it  is 
not  unusual  to  wiuiess  the  arrival  of  from  8  to  12 
stages  the  same  day  at  these  houses.     The  Erie  ca- 
nal which  passes  tiirough  this  place,  imparts  to  it  no 
inconsiderable  degree  of  importance  in  point  of  trade. 
Two  daily  lines  of  packets  run  between  Utica  and 
Schenectady.    The  morning  line  leaves  Utica  at  8 
A.  M.  on  the  arrival  of  the  v;estern  boats,  and  the 
evening  lioe  at  8  P.  M.    The  boats  are  24  hours  in 
passing  from  one  place  to  the  other.    A  daily  line 

h2 


130 


STAGE  ROUTE—UTICA. 


IJ 


f. ;   i 


I 


also  runs  between  Utica  and  Buffalo,  leaving  Utka 
at  8  P.  M.  on  the  anival  of  the  eastern  boats,  and 
reaches  Buffalo  in  3  days. 


i   4 


•t}^ 


STAGES. 


X' :  *  ■-.( 


The  Diligence  Mail  Coach,  which  travels 
by  day-light  only,  leaves  Utica,  da>ly,  at  5  A.  M. 
and  arrives  at  Auburn  the  first  day,  Rochester  and 
Avon  the  second,  and  Lewiston  and  Buffalo  the 
ihiid. 

The  PiLLOT  Coach  leaves  Utica,  daily,  on  the 
arrival  of  the  Schenectady  packets  in  the  evening, 
and  reaches  Buffalo  via  Batavia,  and  Lewiston  via 
Rochester,  in  2  days. 

The  Eagle  Co4ch  leaves  Utica  ever;  day,  im- 
mediately after  the  arrival  of  the  2  o'clock  P.  M. 
packet  from  Schenectady,  and  arrives  at  Canandai- 
gua  the  following  afternoon ;  at  which  place  passen- 
gers may  take  the  Pilot  Coach  for  Buffiklo  via  Bata- 
via,  at  9  P.  M.  and  for  Rochester  at  9  P.  M.  and  8 
A.M.  the  next  morning. 

The  Union  Line,  leaves  Utica  every  day  at  10 
P.  M.  for  Canandaigua,  through  in  one  day. 

The  stage  fare  from  Utica  to  Canandaigua,  111 
miles,  is  $3,50 ;  from  Utica  to  Rochesto:,  142  miles, 
from  $4  to  $4,50  ;  and  firom  Utica  to  Buffalo,  200 
miles,  $6,50.  The  intermediate  distances  are  as 
follow :     , 


Miles. 

Miles, 

New-Hartford,      4 

Camillus, 

8 

Manchester,          5 

Eibridge, 

7 

.  Vernon,                8 

Auburn,        •  ^  ^ 

10 

Oneida  Castle,      5 

Cayuga, 

S 

Lenox,                 3 

Seneca  Falls, 

8 

Quality  Hill,         3 

Waterloo, 

4 

Chitteningo,         5 

Geneva, 

7 

Manlius,               8 

Canandaigua, 

15 

Orville,                 S 

East  Bloomfield, 

9 

Syracuse,     .-  ^  *  5 

West  Bloomfield, 

5 

iHENTON  PALLS. 


m 


frag  Utka 
)oat9,  and 


U,i^J 


i 


ch  traveb 
»t  5  A.  M. 
hester  and 
lufialo  the 

ily,  on  the 
iO  evening, 
iwiston  via 

rjr  day,  im- 
lock  P.  M. 
:  Canandai- 
ace  passen- 
io  via  Bata- 
>.  M.  and  8 

y  day  at  10 
lay. 

iaigua,  111 

142  miles, 

Buffalo,  200 

ices  are  as 

Miles, 
8 
7 
10 
S 
3 
4 
7 
15 
)ld,  9 
eld,      5 


Lima,      '  *''   ' 

...^ 

Batavio,    ''   '■ 

■^'W 

East  Avon, 

5 

Pembroke, 

14 

Avon  P.  Office, 

2 

Clarence, 

8 

Caledonia, 

8 

WiDlamsville, 

8 

Leroy, 

« 

Bafialo, 

10 

During  the  warm  season,  stages  also  leave  several 
times  a  day  (fare  fl  going  and  returning)  for 

Tr^Wtoic  Falls,  14  mHes  north  of  Utica,  a 
place  of  much  fashionable  resort,  and  which,  if  prac- 
ticable, should  he  seen  before  witnessing  (he  more 
imposing  and  stmiendous  falls  of  Niagara.  A  de- 
scription of  these  niHs  hasheen  obligingly  furnished 
to  the  editor  of  this  work,  by  Iames  Macattixy, 
Esq.  token  from  his  manuscript  History  of  the  State 
of  New-Yoik,  (a  work  of  much  merit,  which  is  »bout 
to  he  published)  from  which  we  make  (he  following 
f  .tracts : 

"Th^se  renowned  Falls  are  on  West  Canada 
creek,  between  22  and  24  miles  above  its  confluence 
ivith  the  Mohawk.    The  West  Canada  Creek  is  a 
powerful  stream,  and  constitutes  almost  one  half  of 
the  river  at  the  coalescence.    They  commence  a 
little  above  the  high  bridge  on  the  Black  river  road, 
and  terminate  at  Conrad's  mills  occupying  an  ea;.- 
tent  of  rather  over  2  miles.    They  are  6  in  number. 
*«  The  West  Canada  creek  in  its  way  from  the 
summit  of  the  highlands  of  Black  river  (o  its  lower 
valley,  lying  between  the  latter  and  Hassenclever 
mountain,  crosses  a  ridge  of  limestone  4  or  5  miles 
in  breadth,  stretching  mrough  the  country  from  the 
Mohawk  to  the  St.  I<awrencc.    Its  course  over  this 
ridge  by  its  toitous  bed,  is  6  or  7  miles,  ^  l-*2 
of  which  are  above  the  falls.    The  waters  of  the 
creek,  soon  after  they  have  reached  the  limestone, 
move  with  accelerated  strides  over  the  naked  rocks 
to  the  head  of  the  upper  fall,  where  they  are  precip- 
itated 18  or  20  feet  down  an  abrupt  ledge  into  a  spa- 
cious basin.    The  whole  descent  to  the  head  of  this 


ti 


M 


4 


k  k'^'. 


i\ 


> 


"  I 


nf 


I  I 


, 


n'A 


THi:.NTCiN  FALLS. 


fall  in  tlic  last  2  milex  is  compufed  at  OOjfeet    Hei'tf 
n  deep  and  winding  rAvine  begins,  which  extends 
down  the  stream  more  than  2  miles.     Its  average 
depth  is  estimated  at  100  feet,  and  its  average  breadth 
at  the  top  at  200.    The  .^lides  and  bottom  consist  of 
limestone  disposed  in  horizontal  layers,  varying  in 
thickncHs  from  some  inches  to  a  foot  and  upwards. 
The  layers  are  often  thin  and  slaty  and  abound  with 
organic  remains.     The  sides  of  the  ravine  are  shelv* 
ing,  perpendicular  and  overhanging.     Some  of  the 
trees  that  have  taken  root  in  the  fissures  of  the  rocks 
are  now  pendant  over  the  abyss,  where  they  form  the 
most  fanciful  appearances  imaginable.     The  country 
along,  and  neigliboring  the  ravino,  descends  to  the 
south  and  is  mostly  covered  with  woods  which  ex* 
dude  every  appearance  till  you  arrive  upon  the  very 
veree.    There  are  4  falls  in  the  ravine,  and  one  at 
its  head  and  one  at  its  foot,  making  in  all,  6.     That 
above  the  high  bridge  on  Black  river  road,  may  be 
called  the  Upper  Fall,  and  that  at  the  end  of  the 
ravine,  Conrad's  Fall.     The  Rrst  in  the  ravine  is  a 
mile  below  the  high  bridge,  and  is  denominated  the 
Cascades.  The  second,  miich  is  a  little  lower^down, 
is  called  the  Mill-dam  Fall.    The  third,  by  way  of 
eminence,  are  called  the  High^ Falls :  they  are  40 
rods  below  the  preceding.    The  fourth  is  nearly  70 
rods  below  the  High  Falls,  and  is  called  Sherman's 
Fall.    All  these  falls  are  formed  by  solid  reefs  Oi' 
rocks  which  cross  the  bed  of  the  stream. 

*'  The  water  at  the  Upper  Fallldescends  IS  or  ^20 
feet  perpendicularly.  The  width  of  the  creek  does 
not  vary  much  from  80  yards.  Below,  there  is  a  ca- 
pacious basin,  out  of  which  the  stream  issues  in  a 
diminished  bed  into  the  ravine.  The  entrance  is 
between  lofty  barriers  of  rocks.  This  'fall,  when 
viewed  from  the  bridge,  has  a  fine^appearance.  It 
also  appears  to  good  advantage  from  the^high  gronnd 
west  of  the  creek,  and  the  flat  at  the  basin. 


I 


i 


I 


TRENTON  FALLS. 


13.') 


eet    Held 
ch  extends 
Its  average 
a^e  breadth 
ii  consist  of 
,  varying  in 
td  upwards, 
hound  with 
e  are  shelv- 
iomo  of  the 
of  the  rocks 
ley  form  the 
The  country 
:ends  to  the 
Is  which  ex- 
pen  the  very 

and  one  at 
ill,  6  That 
oad,  may  be 

end  of  the 
le  ravine  is  a 
)rainated  the 
lower^down, 
I,  by  way  of 
:  they  are  40 

is  nearly  70 
k1  Sherroan*B 
solid  reefs  ot' 

tnds  13  or  ^20 
ie  creek  does 
there  is  a  ea- 
rn isiuesina 
le  entrance  is 
s  'fall,  Vfhen 
pearance.  It 
^yhigh  gronnd 
asin. 


j[  <<  At  the  Cascades,  the  water  falls  18  feet.  They 
consist  of  2  pitches  with  intervening  rapids.  The 
bed  of  (he  stream  is  contracted,  and  the  sides  serrat- 
ed. The  banks  of  the  ravine  rise  with  abruptness 
ahnost  directly  in  the  rear.  The  basin  below  has 
conrfderable  depth,  and  is  greatly  agitated  in  floods. 

**  The  Mill-dam  Pall,  which  is  the  second  within 
the  ravine,  has  an  abrupt  descent  of  14  feet.  The 
stream  is  about  60  yards  broad  at  the  break. 

**  The  High  FaHs  are  40  rods  below  the  latter. 
They  consist  of  8  distinct  falls,  with  intervening 
slopes  and  some  small  pitches.  The  first  lutf  a  per- 
pendicular descent  of  48  feet;  its  line  is  somewhat 
irregular;  In  floods  and  rises  the  water  coven  tho 
whole  break  and  descends  m  one  sheet ;  but  at  oth- 
er times,  mostly  in  two  grooves  at  the  west  side  of 
the  fall.  The  btream  at  this  place  is  about  50  yanii 
wide.  TYie  second  has  a  descent  of  about  11  feet ; 
the  third  87  feet ;  and  the  three,  including  the  slopes 
and  pitches,  descend  109  feet  The  stream  narrows 
at  the  second  and  third.  In  freahcts  and  floods,  the 
entire  bed  at  the  High  Falls  is  covered  with  water 
ofamilk  white  color.  The  spray,  which  at  such 
times  ascends  in  pillars  towards  the  sky,  wlien  act- 
ed upon  by  the  rays  of  the  sun,  exhibits  die  rainbow 
in  an  its  brilliant  colors. 

"  The  fourth  fall  is  Sherman's.  It  is  distant  near- 
ly 70  rods  from  the  Hi^  Falb.  The  descent  is  S3 
feet  when  the  stream  is  low ;  and  37  when  high. 
In  droughts,  the  water  pitches  down  at  the  west  side. 

'*  The  last  fall  is  at  Conrad's  mills,  at  the  very 
foot  of  the  ravine.  It  is  irregular,  and  does  not  de- 
serve to  be  noticed  any  further  than  as  being  con- 
nected with  the  otibers.    Its  descent  is  6  feet. 

"  Besides  the  falls,  there  are  several  raceways  or 
chutes.  We  shall  notice  only  two.  The  one  is  be- 
low Sherman's  Fall,  and  the  other  above  the  Cas- 
cades. The  first  begins  near  the  foot  of  Sherman's 
stairway,  snd  is  14  or  15  feet  wide  in  r,  decreased 

H  4 


t 
^ 


%\ 


m 


\u 


TRENTON  FALLS. 


;., 


I 


f  > 


State  of  the  stream.  It  is  bounded  by  firm  rocka. 
A  strand  stretching  along  the  west  side  affords  an 
agreeable  walk.  This  raceway  in  dry  times  is  about 
10  rods  long.  In  floods,  it  reaches  almoi»t  up  to 
Sherman's  Fall,  60  rods.  The  water  nms  Jvough 
it  very  rapidly.  The  second,  which  is  above  the 
Cascades,  is  20  rods  long,  and  from  10  to  20  feet 
wide,  in  a  moderate  state  of  the  stream.  Its  sides 
are  somewhat  trough-shaped,  and  considerably  jag- 
ged. The  bed  is  contorted  and  highly  inclined,  ami 
we  water  rushes  through  it  with  great  velocity. 

"  The  whole  depression  of  the  stream  from  the 
top  of  the  Upper  Fall  above  the  high  bridge,  to  tiie 
foot  of  Conrad's  Fall,  is  312  feet.  And  if  we  add 
the  descent  above  the  Upper  Fall,  which  is  comput- 
ed to  be  60  feet,  and  that  below  Conrad's  Fall  in  1-2 
a  mile,  which  is  estimated  at  15  feet,  we  shall  find 
that  the  entire  depression  in  less  than  5  miles,  is 

387  feet,        :v :;;...-..  .,........:. 

**  The  falls,  raceways  and  rapids,  and,  in  truth, 
the  whole  bed  within  the  ravine,  exhibit  very  dif- 
ferent appearances  at  different  times.  These  are 
occasioned  by  the  elevations  and  depressions  of  the 
stream.  Jn  floods,  the  whole  is  one  tremendous  ra- 
pid, with  four  cataracts  and  several  chutes. 

"  The  best  time  to  visit  these  falls,  is  when  the 
stream  is  low,  because  then  there  is  no  inconven- 
ience or  difficulty  in  ascending  the  ravine  from  the 
foot  of  Sherman's  stairway  to  the  head  of  the  upper 
raceway  Few  persons  who  visit  them  have  resolu- 
tion to  asrend  the  ravine  from  the  bottom  of  Sher- 
man's stairway  to  the  basin  at  the  upper  fall  above 
the  high  bridge.  This,  however,  is  not  to  be  won- 
dered at,  because  the  lofty  rocky  barriers  which  con- 
stitute the  sides  of  the  ravine,  advance  to  the  water's 
very  edge  in  many  places,  and  terminate  in  fright- 
ful projections,  which  cannot  be  passed  without  the 
most  imminent  danger.  Mr.  Sherman  has  lately  ob- 
viated some  of  the  difficulties,  by  blasting  awaypor- 


I 


TRENTON  FALLS. 


ul£ 


las 


by  firm  rockn. 

side  affords  an 
y  times  is  about 
}  almost  up  to 
)r  runs  Jvoueh 
:h  is  above  we 
1  10  to  20  feet 
ream.  Its  sides 
onsiderably  jag- 
iIyincliDed,am]l 
sat  velocity, 
stream  from  the 
;h  bridp;e,  to  the 

And  if  we  add 
vhich  is  comput- 
arad'sFallinl-2 
t,  we  shall  find 
than  5  miles,  is 

U  and,  in  truth, 
exhibit  very  dif- 
mes.  These  are 
lepressionsof  the 
e  tremendous  ra- 
chutes. 

falls,  is  when  the 
is  no  inconveq- 
ravine  from  the 
ead  of  the  upper 
hem  have  resolu- 
I  bottom  of  Sher- 
upper  fall  above 
9  not  to  be  won- 
trriers  which  con- 
ice  to  the  water's 
rmioate  in  fright- 
issed  without  the 
nan  has  lately  ob- 
)lasting  a  way  per- 


lions  of  the  rocks  and  putting  up  chains.  Persons 
now  go  up  to  the  upper  raceway  without  hazard. 

**  The  ravine,  with  some  few  exceptions,  is  still 
bordered  by  woods.  No  roads  have  hitherto  been 
opened  near  it  but  Black  river  road  which  crosses  the 
upper  part,  and  that  leading  to  Sherman's  house. 
Persons  desirous  of  visiting  the  falls,  have  therefore 
to  go  to  his  house,  from  whence  they  proceed  to 
them  through  the  woods  by  some  rude  paths.  One 
of  these  Igmb  to  the  stairway,  which  descends  to  the 
bottom  of  the  ravine.  Another  leads  up  to  the  High 
Falls.  The  former  is  usually  preferred.  On  reach- 
ing the  strand  at  the  foot  of  the  stairway,  you  pro- 
ceed up  Uie  stream  at  first  upon  the  strand,  and  Uien 
by  a  narrow  winding  foot  path,  made  by  Mr.  Sher- 
man, and  reach  Sherman's  Fall.  From  thence  you 
advance  to  the  High  Falls..  A  part  of  the  way  is 
overhung  by  large  jutting  rocks  which  menace  you 
with  destruction.  The  High  Falls  appear  to  the 
best  advantage  from  below,  because  the  eye  takes 
in  the  whole  at  once.  From  the  head  of  the  High 
Falls  to  the  upper  end  of  the  raceway  above  the  Cas- 
cades, the  way  is  easy  when  the  stream  is  low,  but 
from  thence  upwardly,  it  is  difficult  and  dangerous. 

**  While  you  are  passing  along  the  narrow  and 
sinuous  paths  leading  by  the  projections,  and  by  the 
brinks  of  headlong  precipices,  you  tremble  with 
reverential  awe  when  you  consider  that  one  false 
step  might  precipitate  you  into  the  resistless  torrent 
below,  and  in  an  instant  consign  you  to  a  watery 
grave.  You  see  what  a  feeble  creature  man  is,  and 
are  forcibly  impressed  with  ideas  of  the  wisdom  and 
power  of  that  mighty  Being,  who  commanded  the 
earth  to  emerge  from  the  deep  and  the  waters  to  flow. 

**  Along  the  bottom  and  lower  parts  of  the  ravine, 
numerous  organic  remains  are  found  enveloped  in 
the  rocks.  They  are  in  general  slaty  and  brittle, 
and  easily  divisible.  The  remains  lie  flat  in  or  be- 
tween the  laminae,  their  contours  and  component 

h5 


H 


m 


j:} 


I 


lae    STAGE  ROtJTE— N.  HARTfORI). 

parts  osually  beiii|  little  distorted  from  thth  ori^lMl 
shape  and  diinenMons.    Siometii&es,  h»w^iv,  m^te 
is  defect,  occasifmed  in  the  transitieii  ftt»M  tfi«  aflf- 
imal  to  the  stony  or  fossil  state.    In  motft  kiakmt^t 
however,  alt  the  parts  are  so  completely  defeed,  thftC 
not  only  the  ofder,  but  the  generti  and  ^e^iett  ttiAf 
be  recognized.    These  remains  are  datfHy  Mpo^aifed 
from  the  layers  in  which  they  are  eilcldsM.    TlMur 
exteriors  are  commonly  glosdy",  often  veiy  sMtddtH, 
and  ordinarily  of  a  darkish  of  Maekish  dolor,  beiltjp; 
considerably  darker  Chan  the  rocks  eideldi^c  tbeni. 
All  these  remahis  are  transformed  iftfo^  sCode,  ind 
constitute  integral  parts  of  the  fodts  vi^dk  ittpf^lop^ 
tbnn.    From  a  careM  eitatm AsktSoa  of  e^ttdin  of 
these  r^naiAs,  and  fheir' positions,  weane  led  to^be-* 
lieve  that  their  prototypes  lived  and  died  06  tke  spot, 
and  that  tihie  rocks  hi  tvhieh  they  are  entoAbM,  are 
of  poBCerior  fero^iiftion.  '* 

AcciMnfnOdattons  lor  visitattte  fire  ftiflrisffied  1^ 
Mr.  Sherman  ;  who»  keeps  the  aa\y  hmatt  Hi  tM 
falb  for  that  purpose.  La^es  vrhtf  tdsoH  tllithe#, 
should  be  fumtshed  with  ciailf  skin  e^oes  oi*  boOifc^. 
TheytfOtodlyeir^  it  to  theit  hedlth,  to  h«e  tfta# 
provided,  Mit  the  ftest  p^of  dletb  dhdes  Mf  b^  iH^ 
ined  by  a  ^Mglis  eiecersion  6vet  fhesi^  r4ck6. 

Rlet!t*nilkg  to  Utfcl,  tlie  tritreller,  in  puysulAg  « 
joumey  to  the  west,,  by  stage,  first  i^eacfie^  th<f  pBeas^ 
ant  village  of 


;.*4V'  .    J 


.iH 


NKw-nXHT#6Rtr,  4  injlos  from  ijtica»  oonUin- 
log  aboat  lOO  dwelling  and  stores,  three  churches^ 
besides  a  number  of  mills  and  manufactories,  located 
on  the  Sadaquada  Creek.  The  land  between  Utica 
and  New'Hartford  is  level,  and  of  all  excelleBt 
quality,  and  resembles  with  its  neat  and  regular  en- 
closures, an  extensive  and  highly  cultivated  garden. 
There  are,  in  the  vicinity,  many  country  residences, 
constructed  tod  improved  with  much  taste  and  ele- 
gance. 


STAGE  ROUTE— ONEIDA  CASTLE.  137 


One  mile  from  New-Hartfordt  at  Gluteus  tavern, 
a  tolerably  good  view  of  HamiltoD  College,  3  or  4 
miles  distant  at  the  S.  W.  is  obtained  ;  but  oa  as- 
cending a  more  elevated  position  one  mile  farther, 
the  prospect  of  the  college  and  several  adjoining 
building^,  is  very  distinct  and  beautiful. 

Manchester  is  5  miles  from  New-Hartford  ; 
and  the  country  between  the  two  villages  exhibits 
some  of  the  most  highly  cultivated  and  delightful 
farms  in  the  state.   ;^„.  ^^  tvi  '»r 


•4  tJ  *J . 


rMM  ;  na* 


Vernom-,  8  miles  from  Manchester,  is  a  flourish- 
ing town  of  some  magnitude.  It  contains  two 
churches  a  number  of  mUls  and  a  glass  factory,  .-^m^; 

Oneida  Castle,  5  miles  from  Vernon,  is  situa- 
ted on  the  Oneida  Creek,  within  the  Oneida  Reser- 
vation. Here  is  a  considerable  settlement,  possess- 
ed by  the  Oneida  and  Tuscarora  Indians.  They 
still  retain  the  customs  and  dress  peculiar  to  their 
tribes.  In  the  summer  they  are  employed  princi- 
pally in  cultivation.  In  Uie  fall  it  is  their  practice 
to  repair  in  numbers  to  the  hunting  grounds,  in  the 
north  part  of  the  state,  from  whence  Uiey  return  with 
their  booty  in  the  latter  part  of  winter.  This  tribe 
entered  the  service  of  the  state,  as  volunteers,  dur- 
ing tk3  last  war. 

The  first  object  which  generally  attracts  the  no- 
tice of  the  traveller  in  passing  their  huts,  is  the  ap- 
pearance of  several  half  naked  children,  swarming 
forth  in  quest  of  the  daily  contributions  which  are 
made  them  by  tourists.  It  is  astonishing  to  witness 
their  speed,  and  the  ease  with  which  they  frequent- 
ly continue  paralell  with  the  stage,  for  half  a  mile, 
until  satisfied  that  no  more  donations  are  to  be  ob- 
tained. It  would  doubtless  be  better  for  these  chil- 
dren, that  this  system  of  beggary  should  not  be  tol- 
erated ;  but  the  novelty  of  the  spectacle  induces 
many  individuals  to  countenance  it,  who  would, 
upon  sound  principle,  consider  it  objectionable. 


11 


•aM«Mii*M*>iHMii 


\f 


\\\ 


i( 


138    STAGE  ROUTK— CHITTENlN<iO. 

The  lands  m  tfiis  reservfttion  are  bixt  inilifierenlly 
cultivated,  ai^  assume  a  miserable  aspect  in  com- 
parison with  the  rich  and  highly  improved  ftrms  en 
either  eide.  In  passing  o^er  an  eleratcd  tract,  how- 
ever, this  disparagement  is  in  a  measure  lost  in  *0ie 
extensive  prospect  which  b  afforded  at  the  northip 
A  chain  of  lofty  mountains  is  seen  skirting  the  hori- 
zon as  tar  u  the  eye  can  extend ;  between  whif^h 
and  the  tract  in  question,  are  seen  immense  and 
appueatly  impenetrable  iforeste.  The  prospect  is 
sublime ;  and  will  amply  repay  the  traveller  in 
stopping  a  short  time  to  enjoy  this  rich  and  extea- 
sive  aceneiy. 

Lbnox,  a  motil  viHage,  is  8  miles  from  Oneida 
Castle.  One  mile  farther,  the  flourishing  and  new- 
ly erected  village  of  CxfimsTOTA  is  seen  about  half 
a  mile  north  of  the  turnpike  on  an  extensive  plain 
below,  with  Che  Erie  canal  passing  <hrou^  it. 

QuAXinrv  HiiiXi,  a  neat  village^n  a  pleasant  em- 
inence, is  8  miles  from  Lenox  ;  and  fire  odles 
father  m  the  viHage  of 

CHirTEPriNGO,  sitnated  on  a  creek  of  that  name, 
and  fmm  which  a  Iseder  1'  1-2  mile  long,  j s  con- 
structed to  the  canal.  The  viHage  is  TOunded  by 
very  lofty  hills,  and  cannot  be  considered  a  happy 
location,  except  for  manufacturing  purposes.  An 
extennve  «eminary  called  the  "  Polytechny,"  has 
bean  estabhsbed  here  by  Doct  Yates,  formerly  a 
profasaor  at  Union  OoHeiere.  Under  the  direction  of 
one  so  distingoisheil  for  benevolence  and  classical 
attainments,  it  has  obtained  much  celebrity,  and 
may  be  justly  ranked  among  tlie  best  institutions 
of  ihe  kind  in  the  state.  Gypsum  is  here  found  in 
great  quantities ;  and  not  far  from  the  village,  is  the 
celebrated  petritied  tree,  specimens  of  whldfa  are 
found  in  most  of  the  prominent  mineral  cabinets  in 
the  union. 


;» 


I 


I 


iO. 


siAtrE  Koirrt—sviiAcusE.     lajj 


ifferenlly 
in  'C6IIII- 
ferms  on 
•ct.'how- 
»8t  in  the 
be  north' 
the  hori- 
en  whkih 
lense  «id 
irospect  is 
aveHer  fn 
ind  extea- 


\m  Oneida '' 
gandnew- 
about  half 
igiv«  plvin 
it. 


easantcnn- 
five  izdles 

thatntme, 
jg,  is  con- 
bounded  by 

id  a  happy 
rposes.  An 
schny,"  has 

fonnerfy  a 

direction  of 
and  classical 
^ebrrty,  and 

institations 
tere  found  in 
ntlage,  is  the 
»f  which  are 

cabmets  m 


At  Chitteningo,  the  road  diverges,  forming  two 
|)rominent  routes  to  Aubum  ;  one  passihg  through 
the  villages  of  Ostondaoa  Hollow,  OivoffOAOA 
Hill.,  Marcellits  and  Skeneatslas,  (the  lat- 
ter a  beautiful  place  situate  on  a  lake  of  the  same 
name  ;)  and  the  other  route  passing  through  the 
village  of  Syracuse.  On  the  latter,  8  miles  from 
Chitteniugo,  is 

Manlius,  an  incorporated  village,  situated  on 
Limestone  Creek.  Green  Pandy  in  this  vicinity, 
is  worthy  of  notice.  The  water  is  200  feet  desp, 
and  of  a  deep  green  colour,  emitting  a  strong  smell 
of  sulphur.  The  surface  of  the  pond  is  between 
100  and  200  feet  below  the  level  of  its  shores,  which 
are  precipitous  and  rocky.  There  are  also,  in  the 
vicinity,  2  considerable  falls,  the  principal  of  which, 
is  100  feet  in  height. 

Orville,  3  miles  from  'Manlius,  is  a  pleasant 
village  of  30  or  40  houses.  A  lateral  cut  leads  from 
the  village  to  the  western  canal,  which  is  half  a 
mile  distant.  Five  miles  farther  is  the  flourishing 
and  extensive  village  of 

Syracuse.  It  derives  its  principal  importance 
firom  the  manufacture  of  salt,  and  from  its  contigui- 
ty to  the  Erie  canal,  which  passes  through  the  cen- 
tre of  the  village.  Its  growth  commenced  with  the 
completion  of  the  canal ;  and  it  now  has  the  appear- 
ance of  a  bustling  commercial  town.  It  contains 
about  300  houses,  and  a  population  of  1400  inhabit- 
ants ;  and  this  number  is  daily  augmenting.  A  lit- 
tle west  of  th6  villao^<*.  a  plain  of  300  acres  is  nearly 
covered  vtrith  vats  for  the  manufacture  of  salt  by  so- 
lar evaporation.  The  water  is  brought  in  logs  from 
the  gieat  spring  at  Salina,  one  mile  distant,  and  sup- 
plies, with  very  little  attention,  the  various  ranges 
of  vats.  A  light  roof  is  constructed  to  each  vat, 
which  can  be  shoved  off  or  on  at  pleasure,  to  permit 


In 


!« 


m 


it 


14U 


SALINA. 


}  m 


if  4 


i! 


the  rays  ii(  the  sud  to  act  upon  the  water,  or  U  pre- 
vent the  dampness  of  the  atmosphere  from  com- 
mingling therewith-  The  salt  is  taken  out  of  these 
vats  OBce  in  two  or  three  days,  and  removed  to  store 
liouses  ;  from  whence  it  is  conveyed  in  barrels  to 
the  canal  for  transportation. 

The  OswKGo  CA^Aii,  40  miles  in  length,  unites 
with  the  Erie  canal  at  this  place  ;  and  will  probably 
be  completed  the  present  season.  This  will  open  a 
direct  water  cc  nnimunication  with  Lake  Ontario  ;  and 
will  prove  of  incalculable  importance  to  this  already 
hi|;h{y  favored  village. 

Salina  is  1 1-2  mile  north  of  Syracuse,  ai)4 
though  not  on  the  usually  travelled  route  to  Ihe 
west,  should  be  visited,  for  the  purpose  of  examine 
ing  the  principal  spring,  and  the  various  salt  estab- 
lishments connected  therewith.    A  packet  cpnstani.- 
ly  plies  between  the  villages  on  a  lateral  canal,  af- 
fording an  easy  and  pleasant  mode  of  conveyance. 
The  salt  at  Salina,  of  which  about  7000  bu^els  are 
made  daily,  is  generally  manufactured  by  means  of 
boiling.     For  this  purpose,  probably  not  less  than 
from  70  to  80  buildings  are  erected  ;  in  each  of 
which  are  from   16  to  18  large  kettles,  which  are 
beat  with  furnaces.'"    The  water  for  the  manofac- 

*The  Syracuse  Gazette  remarks,  that  a  very  con- 
siderable imprt.  .-ement  has  been  made  in  the  manu- 
facture of  salt  by  artificial  i.eat,  by  applyiog  the 
steam  that  is  generated,  in  saturating  the  water,  to 
crystalizing  the  salt  in  vat".    The  kettles  and  pans 
or  vats  where  the  water  is  boiled  to  saturation,  are 
covered,  and  the  steam  conducted  in  metalick  tubes 
through  long  wood  vats,  containing  the  saturated 
water.      Those  tubes  give  off  sufficient  he  At  to 
ci^stalize  the  salt  as  fast  as  the  water  is  reduced  to 
(\  L.;.urdtion  in  the  vessels  wliere  the  same  is  boiled. 
It  produces  a  beacitiful  coarse  salt,  and  in  this  wi^ 
cm  be  separated  from  the  impurities  contained  in 
the  water. 


STAGE  BOUTE— AUBURN. 


141 


tones  here  and  aft  Syracuse  is  raised  by  means  of  for- 
cing pumps  ;  and  dbe  supply  thus  produced  is  esti- 
mated at  120,000  gallons  in  24  hours. 

Saliua  is  a  flourishing  village  ;  but  of  less  magni- 
tude than  Syracuse.  A  fine  view  of  the  Onondaga 
Ldce,  about  a  mile  distant,  is  had  from  the  place. 
It  is  six  miles  long  and  two  broad.  At  its  norUi 
western  extremity  is  seen  the  pleasant  village  of 
Liverpool,  of  recent  origin,  but  promising  to  become 
a  place  of  some  importance.  Gypsum  and  petrefac- 
fions  are  found  in  great  quantities  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  lake. 

At  GjcDDEs,  2  miles  west  of  Syracuse,  several 
springs  have  also  been  discovered,  and  the  manufac- 
ture of  salt  is  there  an  object  of  some  magnitude. 

Continuing  our  course  by  stage  from  Syracuse, 
the  next  place  of  note  is  the  village  of 

C AMiLi.vs ,  8  miles  distant.  A  creek  of  the  same 
name  passes  through  the  village,  and  affords  facilities 
for  several  manufactories.  In  this  town,  on  a  high 
hill,  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  fort,  of  an  ellipti- 
cal form,  embracing  an  area  of  about  3  acres,  sur- 
rounded by  a  ditch  and  wall  of  earth.  It  contains 
a  covered  way,  10  rods  long,  to  a  spring  at  the  west, 
and  has  a  gate  towards  the  east.  A  similarly  con- 
structed fort,  though  of  less  magnitude,  is  also  situ- 
ated on  lower  ground  about  half  a  mile  distant. 

Elbrisge  is  7  miles  from  Camillus  ;  and  10 
miles  father  is  the  large  and  pleasant  village  of 

Auburn.  It  is  situated  on  the  Owasco  creek,  2 
miles  below  its  outlet  from  the  Lake  of  the  same 
name,  24  miles  from  Onondaga,  and  170  from  Alba- 
ny. This  village  owes  much  of  its  importance  to 
the  numerous  mills  and  manufactories,  for  which  its 
location  is  extremely  eligible.  It  contains  about 
400  houses,  and  about  8000  inhabitants.  Amongst 
ether  public  buildings  there  arc  a  cou*-t  house  and, 


142 


STAGE  ROUl^—AVBUfiN. 


.1  ' 


f 


gaol,  and  a  prison  erected  for  convicts  at  the  expense 
of  the  state.  There  has  also  been  recently  estitb- 
liiihed  at  Auburn,  a  Theological  Seminary.  This 
institution  is  patronized  exclusively  by  the  Presby* 
terian  denomination,  and  is  at  present  the  only  one 
of  the  kind  in  the  state.  Many  circumstances  com- 
bing to  render  thi?  place  an  agreeable  residence  to 
tb9  man  of  taste  or  business.  The  village  is  hand- 
somely buHt,  and  increases  annually  in  population 
and  bu3iness.  It  is  situated  7  miles  from  Vf^eed's 
Port,  on  the  canal,  to  which  place  stages  run  daily, 
for  the  accommodation  of  passengers  wishing  to 
take  packet  boats  for  the  west  or  east — fare  60  cents. 
A  lateral  <;anal  from  Auburn  to  Weed's  Port  is  in 
contemplation  ;  and  will  proibably  ere  long,  go  into 
effect. 

The  principal  public  houses,  are  the  Western  Ex- 
change and  Bank  Coffee  House. 

The  Statb  Priboit,  at  Auburn,  is  pronounced 
by  competent  judges  the  bsst  in  the  union  It  was 
commenced  in  1816,  and  is  constructed  npon  the 
plan  of  a  hollow  square,  enclosed  by  a  wall  2000  feet 
in  extent,  being  600  feet  on  each  side.  The  en- 
trance is  throug^h  a  gate  on  the  easi^.  Which  opens  to 
a  front  yard  ^out  60  feet  square  ;  on  the  north  of 
which  is  a  fruit  yard,  and  on  the  south  a  spacious 
|;arden.  Fiom  the  front  yard  there  is  an  entrance 
into  the  keeper's  dwelling  ;  the  basement  of  which 
contains  a  kitchen,  store  rooms  and  pantries,  and  the 
first  story,  the  various  offices,  with  convenient  ad- 
joining rooms.  The  main  hall  passes  through  tne 
center,  between  the  o£Qces,  to  the  keepei^s  nail  in 
the  rear.  The  second  story  has  two  parlors,  bed- 
rooms, sitting  rooms,  Jlcc.  from  the  windows  of 
which,  as  well  as  from  the  attic  story,  there  is  a 
pleasant  prospect  of  the  7ill^e  anu  the  adjacent 
country.  The  front  of  the  prison,  including  the 
keeper's  dwelling,  is  about  300  feet,  and  the  two 
wings  extending  west,  are  240  feet  each.  The  north 
wing  contains  the  solitary  cells  and  hospital,  and 


STAGE  ROUTE—AUBURiN. 


14 


B  expense 
itly  esttb- 
ry.    This 
le  Presby- 
)  only  oBe 
(ncescom- 
sidence  to 
re  is  hand- 
population 
m  Weed's 
\  run  daily* 
wishing  to 
re  60  cents. 
Port  is  i»i 
•ng,  go  into 

Western  Ex- 
pronounced 
ion     It  was 
>d  upon  the 
all  2000  feet 
e.    The  en- 
rich opens  to 
^e  north  of 
1  a  spacious 
an  entrance 
lent  of  which 
itries,  and  ihs 
tnvenient  ad- 
8  through  tne 
jepei^s  nail  in 
,  parlors,  bed- 
windows  of 
ry,  there  is  a 
the  adjactot 
including  the 
and  the  two 
ch.   The  north 
a  hospital,  and 


the  south  wing  is  divided  principally  into  two  large 
rooms.  Between  the  two  wings  is  a  grass  plat,  with 
gravel  walks  ;  to  Uie  west  of  which  is  the  interior 
yatd,  cov)ered  with  gravel,  containing  reservoirs  of 
water,  and  surrounded  with  workshops.  These 
shops,  besides  the  paint  shop,  form  a  continued 
rdnge  of  WO  feet ;  and  are  well  li^cd  by  windows 
in  tne  aides  and  from  the  roof.  They  are  built  Of 
brick,  and  are  well  secured  against  fire.  The  outer 
waifs,  against  which  the  shops  are  built,  are  35  feet 
high  on  the  inside,  and  the  other  walls  about  20. 
They  are  four  feet  ^ick,  and  the  walls  of  the  prison 
3  feet.  The  expense  of  the  whole,  without  in- 
cluding the  labor^of  convicts  employed,  after  prep- 
aration was  made  to  receive  tbeni,  was  above 
^300,000. 

The  prison  being  erected  on  (he  bank  of  the  0  was- 
co,  water  power  is  applied  in  many  cases,  to  great 
advantage,  in  propelling  machinery. 

The  most  interesting  period  for  visiting  the  pris- 
on is  early  in  die  morning,  ftom  the  time  the  jMison- 
ers  are  broug;ht  forth  to  labor,  till  after  breakibst.  The 
spectator  will  then  have  an  opportunity  of  Witness- 
ing some  of  the  prbminont  featui^  of  (he  order^  reg- 
tilarity  and  system  with  which  every  thing  is  con- 
ducted, tie  will  admire  the  precision '^^ 'th  whiiA 
the  rules  are  eiKecuted,  without  the  leai^t  confusion, 
noise,  or  even  comn^sihd.  *'The  convicts  silently 
marching  to  and  from  their  rest,  meals  and  labor,  at 
precise  times,  moving  in  separate  corps,  in  single 
file,  with  a  slow  lockstep,  erect  posture,  keeping  ex- 
act time,  with  their  faces  inclined  towanis  their 
keepers,  (,that  they  may  detect  conversation,  of 
which  none  is  ever  permuted,)  an  give  to  the  snec- 
tator  somewhat  similar  feelings  (o  those  excitea  by 
a  militai^  funeral ;  and  to  the  convicts,  imprrasions 
not  entirely  dissimilar  to  those  of  culprrts  when 
marching  to  the  galTows.    The  same  silence,  solem- 


li 


144 


STAGE  ROUTE— CAYUGA. 


nity  and  ord'^tr,  in  a  good  degree,  pervade  every  bu« 
9:aes9and  department." 

In  addition  to  divine  service  in  the  chapel  of  the 
prison  every  Sabbath,  a  Stinday  school  has  been  es* 
tablished,  superinteiided  by  the  students  of  the  Tbe- 
olo^cal  seminary,  which  has  been  attended  witEi 
very  beneficial  effects. 

The  number  of  prisoners  in  confinement  last  year 
was  460  ;  and  iiuch  was  their  cleanliness,  as  well  as 
that  of  the  prison  generally,  that  in  the  early  part  of 
September  (when  we  visited  tho  place)  there  were 
but  4  or  5  on  the  hospital  li  Jt ;  and  of  this  number, 
but  one  was  dangerously  ill. 

For  much  of  the  good  order  and  economy  pervad- 
ing every  department  of  the  institution,  the  state  is 
indebted  to  Judge  Powers,  the  agent  and  keeper ; 
a  gentleman  possessed  of  great  urbanity  of  manners 
and  hospitality.  Judge  P.  is  the  author  of  a  book, 
giving  an  account  of  the  construction,  management 
and  discipline  of  the  prison,  &c.  It  is  a  work  of 
much  merit ;  and  will  be  read  with  interest. 

From  the  annual  report  of  the  Inspectors,  made 
tb.o  present  season,  it  appears,  that  such  has  been 
the  improvement  in  the  earnings  of  the  convicts,  and 
such  the  diminution  of  pardons,  that  no  appropria- 
tions from  the  state  will  brobably  be  needed  hereaf- 
ter, to  support  the  expenses  of  the  prison,  except  fcr 
discharged  convicts,  for  building  and  repairs,  and  the 
transportation  of  convicts. 

Cayt^ga,  S  miles  west  of  Auburn,  is  a  small  vil. 
lage ;  but  affords  a  beautiful  prospect  of  the  Cayuga 
Lake,  and  the  bridge  extending  across  ;  which  is  1 
mile  and  S  rods  long,  and  situate  within  2  jw^ob  of 
the  outlet.  This  l&e  is  88  miles  in  length,  and  is 
generally  firom  1  1-2  to  2  miles  in  breadth.  The 
water  is  shallow ;  but  of  sufficient  depth  for  a  small 
steam-boat,  which  plies  between  the  bridge  and  Ith* 
ica,  at  the  head  of  the  lake,  36  miles  distant. 


STAGE  ROUTE— GENEVA. 


145 


I  every  bu- 

apel  of  ^^ 
a  beenefl* 
oflheThe- 

ndcd  witn 

mtlastvear 
9,  as  well  as 

early  pwt  w 
)  (here  were 
liis  number, 

omy  pervad- 
the  state  is 
and  keeper ; 
f  of  maimers 
,r  of  a  book, 
management 
is  a  work  of 

E'^'est. 
ctors,  made 
h  has  been 
convicts,  and 
no  appropria- 
leeded  hereaf- 
jon,  except  fcr 
ppairs,andtbe 

/isasmallvil- 
of  the  Cayuga 
ig  ;  which  is  1 
thinSmJ^osof 
length,  and  is 
breadth.  The 
5pth  for  a  small 
bridge  and  Itb- 
distant. 


The  Senkca  Falls,  3  miles  west  of  Cayuga, 
nflTord  important  manufacturing  facilities.  A  canal  has 
been  constructed  from  this  place  to  the  Erie  canal  at 
Montezuma;  which,  connected  with  a  branch  of 
the  Seneca  river,  gives  an  unintemipted  water  com- 
munication from  Geneva  to  the  Lak  !s  and  the  Ocean . 
Four  miles  farther,  is  the  handsome  village  of 

Waterloo,  a  half  shire  town  in  Seneca  county. 
It  contains  150  houses,  a  court-how e,  jail,  and  2 
printing  offices.  The  village  is  principally  situate 
on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Se-'eca  outlet ;  wi:i4^h 
here  propels  several  mills.  The  co.nmencement  of 
this  villaj^e  was  in  1816 ;  and  its  growth,  which  has 
been  rapid,  is  far  from  complete.  Constant  addi- 
tions of  buildings  and  mills  are  making ;  and  it  will 
doubtless,  ere  long,  be  ranked  among  the  important 
villages  of  the  west  The  principal  public  house  at 
this  place  is  the  Western  Hotel.    From  Waterloo  to 

Geneva,  7  miles  distant,  the  route  is  delightful, 
embracing  (a  part  of  the  way)  a  charming  ride  around 
the  norti)  end  of  the  Seneca  Lake,  which  is  here 
about  2  miles  wide.  The  village  is  one  of  the  most 
elegant  in  the  state ;  and,  with  its  beautiful  scenery, 
cannot  fail  of  calling  forth  the  admiration  of  every 
visitant.  It  is  situate  on  the  western  mai|;in  of  the 
Lake,  the  bank  of  which  being  lofty,  aflfords  an  en^ 
chanting  view  of  one  of  the  purest  sheets  of  water 
in  America.  There  are  already  in  this  place  about 
400  buildings,  many  of  which  are  very  handsome ; 
and  the  number  is  constantly  increasing.  Among 
the  public  buildinss  are  a  college,  an  academy,  4 
churches  and  a  bank.  The  college  ic  located  on  an 
eminence  south  of  the  village,  on  tlie  maipn  of  the 
Lake ;  and  though  in  its  infancy,  is  handsomely 
patronized.  It  is  in  the  vicinity  of  fjeveral  country 
seats,  enjoying  an  unusual  richness  of  prospect,  with 
an  almost  constant  breeze  from  the  Lake ;  which  is 


if 


IK)    S'J  Aijri:  KOtTK— CANAiNDAIljiUA. 


<!'  -"\ 


^*! 


I,f  1 


II 


about  35  nnilcs  lon^,  from  'J  to  4  miles  wide,  and  i» 
never  closed  with  ice.  It  abounds  with  salmon 
trout»  and  several  otiier  kinds  of  fish .  The  Genesee 
turnpike  leads  through  Geneva,  and  the  Erie  canal 
passes  about  12  miles  to  the  north  of  it ;  with  which 
there  is  a  water  communication,  by  means  of  the 
outlet  of  the  Seneca  lake  and  a  lateral  canal . 


uu  • 


Canandaigua  is  15  miles  from  Geneva.  This 
village  is  situated  near  the  outlet  of  the  lake  from 
which  it  takes  its  name,  on  a  gentle  ascent  from  the 
lake,  of  which  it  commands  a  fine  view,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  half  a  mile.  The  principal  street  extends 
2  mi'es  in  length,  and  is  handsomely  decorated  with 
trees,  through  which  appear  the  delicately  painted 
dwellings,  ornamented  with  Venetian  blinas.  In 
an  open  square ,  in  the  centre  of  the  village,  is  the 
court  house  and  clerk's  office  of  the  county.  The 
Episcopal  church,  situate  on  the  main  street,  is  one 
of  the  most  elegantly  constructed  buildings  in  the 
state,  ki  the  vicinity  arc  a  number  of  delighCful  vil- 
las, surroi^nded  with  smiling  gardens,  and  orchards 
of  various  kinds  of  fruit,  which,  with  the  view  of  the 
lake  stretching  far  to  the  south,  beautifully  set  ofl' 
the  scene  of  enchantment.  In  richness  and  variety 
of  natural  scenery,  qnd  the  taste  and  ejegance  of  its 
edifices,  few  viila^ges  can  compare  with  Canandai- 
gu^.  The  village  is  situated  208  miles  from  Albany  ; 
IromUlica,  111 — from  Dutfalo,  S9-froin  Niagara 
Falls,  lOd.  Principal  houses,  Blossom's  Hotel  and 
Pit^s  Eagle  Tavern. 

'h\m<oi'  Burning  Springs. 

From  S  to  10  miles,  in  a  southwesterly  direction 
from  Canandaigua»  aie  found  several  springs, digged 
with  tnflamablc  gas.  The  following  description  of 
them  is  taken  from  a  Canandaigua  journal : 

*' These  Springs  are  found  in  Bristol,  Middlesex, 
and  Canandaigua. 


I  A. 

Je,  and  in 
th  salmon 
e  Genesee 
Erie  canal 
vith  which 
ana  of  the 
al. 

Bva.    ThiH 

lake  from 

at  from  the 

at  the  dis- 

>et  extends 

lorated  with 

tely  painted 

blinds.    In 
illage.isthe 

unty.    The 
jtreet,  is  one 
iings  in  the 
lelighfful  vil- 
and  orchards 
e  view  of  the 
tifuUy  set  oft' 
fi  and  variety 
^eganceofits 
Ih  Oanandai- 
from  Albany ; 
from  Niagara 
n'g  Hotel  and 


terly  direction 
priug9,charged 
description  ot 
urnal : 
lo!,  Middlesex, 


BURNING  SPRINGS. 


UT 


The  former  are  situated  in  a  ravine  on  the  west 
side  of  Bristol  Hollow,  about  half  a  mile  from  the 
North  Presbyterian  Meeting  House.  The  ravine  is 
formed  in  clay  slate,  and  a  small  brook  runs  through 
it.  The  gas  rises  throagli  fissures  of  the  slate,  from 
both  the  margin  and  the  bed  of  the  brook.  Where 
it  rises  through  the  water,  it  is  formed  into  bubbles, 
and  flashes  only  when  the  flame  is  applied  ;  but' 
where  it  rises  directly  from  the  rock,  it  bums  with  a 
steady  and  beautiful  flame,  which  continues  until 
extinguished  by  storms,  or  by  design. 

The  springs  m  Middlesex  are  situated  from  onfe  to 
two  miles  south-westerly  from  the  village  of  Rush- 
ville,  along  a  tract  nearly  a  mile  in  length,  partly  at 
the  bottom  of  the  valley  called  Federal  Hollow,  and 
partly  at  an  elevation  of  40  or  50  feet  on  the  south 
side  of  it. 

The  latter  have  been  discovered  within  a  few 
years,  in  a  field  which  had  been  long  cleared,  and 
are  very  numerous.  Their  places  are  known  by  lit- 
tle hillocks  of  a  few  feet  in  diameter,  and  a  few  mch- 
es  high,  formed  of  a  dark  bituminous  mould,  which 
seems  principally  to  have  been  deposited  by  the  gas, 
and  through  which  it  finds  its  way  to  the  surface,  in 
oneor  more  currents.  These  currents  of  gas  may 
be  set  on  fire,  and  will  burn  with  a  steady  flame.  In 
winter  they  form  openings  through  the  snow,  and 
being  set  on  fire,  exhibit  the  novel  and  interesting 
phenomenon  of  a  steady  and  lively  flame  in  contact 
with  nothing  but  snow.  In  very  cold  weather,  it  is 
said,  tubes  of  ice  are  formed  round  these  currents  of 
gas,  (probably  from  the  freezing  of  the  water  con- 
tained in  it,)  which  sometimes  rise  to  the  height  of 
two  or  three  feet,  the  gas  issuing  from  their  tops  ; 
the  whole  when  lighted  in  a  still  evening,  present- 
ing an  appearance  even  more  beautiful  than  the  for- 
mer. 

Experiments  made  with  the  gas  seem  to  prove, 
that  it   consists  principally    of   a  mixture  of  the 


? 


i       t:?^^ 


f—"- 


!l^ 


148 


BURNING  SPRINGS. 


light  and  heavy  carburetted  hydrogen  gases,  the  for* 
mer  having  greatly  the  prepond<%rance  ;  and  that  it 
contains  a  small  proportion  of  caroonic  acid  gas.  It 
seems  also  to  hold  a  little  oily  or  bituminous  matter 
in  solution.  It  bums  with  a  lambent,  yellowish 
flame,  scarcely  inclining  to  red,  with  small  scintil- 
lations of  a  bnght  red  at  its  base.  It  has  the  odour 
of  pit  coal.  It  produces  no  smok:,  but  deposits, 
while  burning,  a  small  quantity  of  bituminous  lamp- 
black. It  is  remarkable  that  the  hillocks,  through 
which  the  gas  rises,  are  totally  destitute  of  vegeta- 
tion. Whether  the  gas  is  dirf;ctly  deleterious  to  ve- 
getable life,  or  indirectly,  by  interrupting  the  contact 
of  the  air  of  the  atmosphare,  it  is  certain  tJtat  no  plant 
can  sustain  life  within  the  circle  of  its  influence. 

It  is  well  known  that  this  gas  is  found  abundantly 
in  coal  mines ;  and  being  accidentally  set  on  tire, 
(mixed  as  it  is  in  those  mines  with  the  air  of  the  at- 
mosphere,) has  many  times  caused  terrible  and  de- 
structive explosions.  The  writer  cannot  learn  that 
it  has  ever  been  known  to  be  generated  iu  the  earth, 
except  in  the  presence  of  coal ;  and  hence  the  in- 
ference is  strong,  that  it  proceeds  from  coal.  If  we 
add  to  this  the  fact,  that  there  is  no  substance  in  the 
earth,  except  coal  and  other  vegetable  and  animal 
remains,  from  which,  by  any  known  natural  process, 
the  elements  of  the  gas  could  be  obtained,  the  proof 
almost  amounts  to  demonstration.  The  oily  depo- 
site  which  has  been  mentioned,  may  be  considered 
as  a  further  proof  of  the  correctness  of  the  inference.'* 

From  Canandaigua,  stages  may  be  taken  for 
Rochester,*  distant  27  miles  in  a  north-westwardly 
direction,  and  the  route  continued  from  thence  to 
the  Falls  by  stage  or  canal ;  but  if  a  visit  to  Montre- 
al, by  the  way  of  Lake  Ontario,  is  not  contempla- 
ted, it  is  generally  deemed  a  better  course  to  pro- 
ceed directly  to  Buflalo  and  the  Falls,  and  return  by 
the  way  of  Rochester.  In  pursuing  the  usual  route 
from  Canandaigua  to  Buffalo, 

*Ncticed  under  the  head  of"  Oan^l  Route." 


STAGE  ROUTE— CALEDONIA.       149 


»,  the  for- 
od  that  it 
gas.    It 
33  matter 
l^ellowish 
11  scintil- 
the  odour 
deposits, 
ous  lamp- 
,  through 
of  vegeta- 
ious  to  vc- 
the  contact 
at  no  plant 
luence. 
ibundantly 
et  on  fire, 
I'  of  the  at- 
le  and  de- 
t  learn  that 
u  the  earth, 
ice  the  in- 
oal.    If  we 
tance  in  the 
and  animal 
iral  process, 
d,  the  proof 
!  oily  depo- 
5  considered 
[inference.'* 
s   taken  for 
-westwardly 
1  thence  to 
t  to  Montre- 
contempla- 
virse  to  pro- 
nd  return  by 
3  usual  route 


Route," 


East  Bloomfield  is  reached  in  travelling  9 
miles,  and  West  Bloomfield  in  going  5  miles 
farther.  They  are  considered  among  the  richest 
agricultural  townships  in  the  state  ;  presenting  a 
succession  of  beautiful  and  highly  cultivated  farms. 
The  fruit  raised  on  these  lands,  particularly  apples 
and  peaches,  is  not  excelled  in  any  section  of  the 
country. 

Lima  is  4  miles  from  West  Bloomfield,  and  is  a 
continuation  of  the  same  rich  and  fertile  soil,  divid- 
ed into  highly  improved  and  productive  farms. 

East  A  V  ON  is  5,  and  Avon  Post  Oftice  7 
miles  from  Lima.  The  Genessee  river  passes 
through  the  town  of  Avon,  and  is  navigable  for 
boats  to  the  Erie  canal  at  Rochester,  20  miles  dis- 
tant, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  feeder.  Tlie 
alluvial  fiats  are  very  extensive  and  fertile  ;  and  the 
uplands  are  well  watered  by  small  streams  and 
springs.  A  remarkable  bulbous  root  grows  on  the 
Genesee  fiats  in  this  town.  It  is  from  3  to  4  feet 
in  length,  from  6  to  8  inches  in  diameter,  and  as- 
sumes the  external  appearance  of  a  log  in  the  earth. 
A  small  creeping  vine,  like  that  of  the  strawberry, 
proceeds  from  the  root ;  and  its  natural  vegetable 
productions  are  almost  infinitely  various. 

The  Avon  Spring  is  becoming  a  place  of  consid- 
erable resort  for  invalids.  Its  waters,  which  are 
strongly  impregnated  with  sulphur  and  alum,  are 
found  beneficial  in  various  diseases.  The  tourist 
will  generally  find  himself  amply  compensated  by 
spending  a  day  at  this  place. 

Caledonia,  8  miles  from  Avon  Post  OflSce,  is 
more  particularly  celebrated  as  the  location  of  a  large 
Spring,  than  for  any  thing  else.  The  stage  usually 
stops  at  the  village  long  enough  to  enable  passen- 
gers to  visit  this  natural  curiosity,  which  is  situate  a 

i3 


} 


lyO 


SrAGK  KOUTE-BATAVIA. 


'■'I  J 


tew  rods  north  of  the  principal  street.  TVithiu  a 
small  area,  sufficient  w<iter  rises  to  propel  a  mill,  (of 
which  there  are  several  on  the  stream  below,)  at  all 
seasons  of  the  year.  The  water  is  pure  and  appears 
to  rise  from  a  rocky  bottom. — A  stage  runs  daily 
from  this  place  to  Rochester,  which  is  20  miles  dis- 
tant. A  part  of  the  route  lies  on  the  bank  of  the 
Genessee  river,  and,  most  of  the  way,  through  an 
uncultivated  country.  Settlements  and  improve- 
ments, however,  are  rapidly  increasing ;  and  the 
wilderness  will  ere  long  give  plare  to  the  arts  of  hus- 
bandry. 

Pursuing  the  direct  route  from  Caledonia  to  Buf- 
falo, the  next  place  of  importance  is  the  pleasant 
and  thriving  village  of 


--V> 


Leroy,  which  is  6  miles  west  of  Caledonia,  and 
17  miles  south  of  the  Erie  Canal.  Allen's  creek, 
which  passes  through  the  village,  affords  important 
mill  privileges,  and  contributes  much  to  the  value 
and  business  of  the  place.  The  number  of  buildings 
already  erected,  is  between  2  and  300,  principally 
located  on  one  street ;  among  which  are  several  ve- 
ry handsome  private  dwellings.  Numerous  petri* 
factions  have  been  found  in  the  bed  of  the  creek, 
about  200  yards  north  of  the  village  bridge  ;  among 
which  are  petriiied  turtles,  weighing  from  10  to  800 
pounds.  The3r  are  composed  principally  of  dark 
coloured  bituminous  limestone,  which  is  easily  split, 
and  often  discovers  crystaline  veins,  together  with 
yellow  clay  or  ochre.  The  mineralogist  will  find 
much  here  to  gratify  his  taste  and  reward  his  re- 
searches. The  delightful  appearance  of  the  village, 
also,  with  its  charming  location  on  an  eminence,  will 
often  induce  the  traveller  to  make  it  a  temporary 
resting  place  from  the  fatigues  of  a  journey. 

Batavia  is  10  miles  from  Le  Roy.  It  is  the 
capital  of  Genesee  county  ;  and  assumes  more  the 
appearance  of  one  of  the  early  settled  villages  in 
New-England,  than  the  more  flourishing  villages  of 


STAGE  ROUTE— BUFFALO. 


151 


1 


thiii  a 

lU,  (of 

at  all 
ppears 

daily 
es  dis-  , 
of  the 
lugh  an 
oprove- 
ind  the 
iofhus- 

to  Buf- 
pleasant 


nia,  and 
'g  creek, 
mportant 
he  value 
buildings 
rincipally 
3veral  ve- 
>us  petri- 
le  creek, 

;  among 

10  to  300 
y  of  dark 
asily  split, 
ther  with 

will  find 
rd  his  re- 
he  village, 
lence,  will 

temporary 

It  is  the 

more  the 

villages  in 

;  villages  of 


the  west.  It  is  situate  on  the  north  side  of  the  Ton- 
ne wanta  creek,  on  an  extensive  plain,  and  has  sev- 
eral handsome  and  even  elegant  private  mansions. 
Besides  the  court  house  and  jail,  it  contains  a  bank, 
the  Holland  company  land  office,  and  a  few  other 
public  buildings. 

This  village  has  become  somewhat  celebrated  as 
the  theatre  <S'  events  connected  with  the  masonic 
fraternity.  It  was^-  the  residence  of  the  noted 
William  MorgaUi  previous  to  his  abduction  ;  and 
from  one  of  its  printing  offices  was  first  issued  what 
has  been  denominated  the  secrets  of  masonry.  Th& 
excitement  produced  for  a  time  in  the  village,  and 
for  many  miles  around,  was  of  a  nature  the  most  ran- 
corous and  intolerant,  and  unworthy  the  character 
of  an  enlightened  people.  Illiberal  feelings,  how* 
ever,  have,  in  a  measure,  given  place  to  reason  ; 
and  with  the  exception  of  a  few  who  ever  delight  in 
fomenting  discords  and  riding  on  whirlwinds^ 
there  is  a  prevailing  disposition  to  establish  peace 
and  good  order. 

After  leaving  Batavia,  for  Buffalo,  the  country 
soon  assumes  a  less  populous  appearance  ;  and  the 
travelling  is  rendered  unpleasant  fiom  the  extensive 
causeways  which  intervene,  consisting  of  logs  placed 
transversely  in  the  road.  This  has  been  done  to 
avoid  the  deep  mud  on  the  low  grounds,  which  are 
subject  to  frequent  inundations  in  the  spring  and 
fall.  The  state  of  these  roads  has  induced  many  to 
prefer  the  ridge  road  or  alluvial  way,  from  Rochester 
to  Lewiston,  (which  is  noticed  in  a  subsequent  part 
of  this  volume.)  But,  in  visiting  Buffalo  as  well 
as  the  Falls,  the  latter  route  is  more  circuitous,  and 
can  be  taken  with  greater  convenience  in  re- 
turning. 

The  intervening  places  between  Batavia  and  Buf- 
falo, are  Pembroke,  14  miles — Clarence  8 — Will- 
iamsville  8 — from  which  to  Buffalo  is  10  miles. 
[For  a  description  of  the  latter  place,  see  "Canal 
Route."]  .        ,  '     :      ,       .;      ;.       /   :.     .. 


.'      "I 


Hi 


m 


ERIE  CANAL. 


i  ! 


lUi 


I 


-  ERIE  CANAL. 

This  magnificent  structure  was  commenced  UO' 
der  the  patronage  of  the  state,  on  the  4th  of  July, 
1817,  and  was  completed  in  1825,  uniting  the  wa- 
ters of  Erie  and  Hudson,  at  an  expense  of  less  than 
seven  millions  of  dollars,  a  sum  trivial  in  comparison 
with  the  immense  advantage  derived  to  the  state 
from  such  communication.  The  canal  beginning  at 
Albany  on  the  Hudson,  passes  up  the  west  bank  of 
that  river  nearly  to  Uie  mouth  of  the  Mohawk  ; 
whence  along  the  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  to  Schenec- 
tady, crossing  the  river  twice  by  2  aqueducts.  From 
Schenectady  it  fr.?fows  the  south  bairik  of  the  Mo- 
3ia«vk  until  it  reaches  Rome.  In  some  places  it  en- 
croaches so  near  as  to  require  embankments  made 
up  from  the  river  to  support  it  An  embankment  of 
this  description  at  Amsterdam  village,  is  5  or  6 
miles  in  extent  What  is  called  the  long  level,  be- 
ing a  distance  of  69  1-2  miles  without  an  interven- 
ing lock,  commences  in  the  town  of  Frankfort, 
about  8  miles  east  pf  Utica,  and  terminates  3-4  of  a 
mile  east  from  Syracuse  ;  from  thence  the  route 
proceeds  35  miles  to  Montezuma,  situated  on  the 
east  border  of  the  Caii/Uga  marches,  3  miles  in  ex- 
tent, over  which  to  f;he  great  embankment,  72  feet 
in  height  and  i:car  2  miles  in  length,  is  a  distance  of 
52  miles  ;  thence  8  1-2  miles  to  the  commencement 
of  the  Genesee  level,  extending  westward  to  Lock- 
port,  nearly  parallel  with  the  ridge  road,  65  miles. 
Seven  miles  from  thence  to  Pendleton  village  the 
canal  enters  Tonnewanta  creek,  which  it  follows  12 
miles,  and  thence  following  the  east  side  of  the  Ni- 
agara river,  communicates  with  Lake  Erie  at  Buffa- 
lo. The  whole  line  of  the  canal  from  Albany  to 
Buffalo  is  363  miles  in  lene:th.  It  is  40  feet  wide 
at  the  top  and  23  feet  wide  at  the  bottom.  The 
water  flows  at  the  depth  of  4  feet  in  a  moderate  de- 
scent of  half  an  inch  in  a  mile.  The  tow  path  is  el' 
evated  about  4  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  water, 
and  is  10  feet  wide.    The  whole  length  of  the  canal 


KKiE  Canal. 


153 


..,'■».''■ 


[iced  uQ' 
of  July, 
the  wa- 
less  than 
)ropari8on 
the  state 
/inning  at 
it  bank  of 
Mohawk ; 
Schchec- 
ct8.   From 
'  the  Mo- 
aces  it  en- 
lents  made 
mkment  of 
is  5  or  6 
level,  be- 
ll interven- 
FrankfoTt, 
es  3-4  of  a 
3  the  route 
ated  on  the 
ttiles  in  ex- 
tent, 72  feet 
I  distance  of 
imenccment 
ardto  Lock- 
1,  66  miles. 
i  village  the 
it  follows  12 
ie  of  the  Ni- 
i:rie  at  Buflfa- 
n  Albany  to 
10  feet  wide 
)ottoro.    The 
moderate  de- 
aw  path  is  el- 
jf  the  water, 
Ih  of  the  canal 


includes  83  locks  and  18  aqueducts  of  various  extent. 
The  locks  are  constructed  in  the  most  durable  man- 
ner of  stone  laid  in  water  lime,  and  are  90  feet  in 
length,  and  15  feet  in  width.  The  whole  rise  and 
fall  of  lockage  is  688  feet  ;  and  the  height  of  Lake 
Erie  above  the  Hudson  568  feet.  The  principal 
aqueducts  are,  one  crossing  the  Genesee  river  at 
Rochester,  804  feet  in  length  ;  one  crossing  the 
Mohawk  at  Little  Falls,  supported  by  3  arches,  the 
centre  of  70  feet,  and  those  on  each  side  of  50  feet 
chord ;  and  two  crossing  the  Mohawk  river  near 
Alexander's  bridge,  one  of  which  is  748  feet  and  the 
other  1188  feet  in  length.  Tlie  whole  workmanship 
evinces  a  degree  of  beauty  and  proportion  consistent 
with  the  greatest  strength.  In  many  places  the 
sides  of  the  canal  are  either  paved  with  small  stone 
or  covered  with  thick  grass,  designed  to  prevent  the 
crumbling  of  the  soil  by  the  motion  of  the  water. 
To  the  main  canal  are  a  number  of  side  cuts  or  late- 
ral canals  :  one  opposite  Troy  connecting  with  the 
Hudson  ;  one  at  Syracuse  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length 
to  Salina  ;  one  from  Syracuse,  (nearly  completed,) 
to  Oswego,  40  miles  in  length  ;  one  at  Orville  ; 
one  at  Chitteningo  ;  one  at  Montezuma,  extending 
to  the  Cayuga  lake,  5  miles,  and  from  thence  to  tbe 
Seneca  lake  at  Geneva,  a  distance  of  15  miles  ;  and 
one  at  Rochester  of  two  miles  in  length,  which 
serves  the  double  purpose  of  a  navigable  feeder,  and 
a  mean  of  communication  for  boats  between  the  ca- 
nal and  the  Genesee  river.  It  is  highly  probable 
that  these  lateral  cuts  will  increase  in  ratio  with  the 
enterprize  of  the  numerous  adjacent  villages  scatter- 
ed along  the  line  of  the  main  canal.  From  these 
and  various  other  improvements  which  public  enter- 
prize has  already  suggested,  the  state  of  New- York 
is  destined  to  reap  a  full  harvest  of  prosperity.  If 
her  national  glory  has  already  dawned  with  so  much 
lustre,  what  will  be  its  meridian  splendor — when 
her  magnificient  improvements,  uniting  with  her 
own  the  navigable  waters  of  her  sister  states,  shall 

I  5 


--^JWA*. -A^  te*4«w^ 


CANAL  PASSAGE 


151  — 

*o  f  A  hind  the  confederacy 

serve  as  sc  ^^^V  ^^f'^rS"  friendship  and  interest. 
In  the  indissoUible  bonds  of  fnends  P^  ^^^  ^^^ 
The  debt  contracted  for  the  Uiainp  ^^^^ 

ials, amount^\  i'5„%i  ^21^4,  explided  in  the 
S9,108,969,  in^^d'^if  »^^*  ;^  ^^J^^  dams,  &«• 
loistruction  of  f«f^/^*Ye8  of  the  commissioners 
and  in  the  payment  oj  «^^^^?„°\he  work.    The  an- 
and  other  oflacers  engag^  ^\^        ,  i827,  was 
«ual  interest  on  this  ^ebMor  ^nej         ^^^  ^^, 
$3^275^   The  -^^^^^^^^  ;  i- l^f '  J^ 

$151,099;    m  1824,  ^  ♦f^j^igo;  ia  1827,  W 
8500,000  ;  in    1826,   to   »<»  ^  estimated 

SaMi  088  ;  and  the  receipts  lot  lo*  .   .  ,   ggj  ,nd 

year,  includmg  tolls,  |i,^»  . 

CANAL  PASSAGE. 

Of  the  sources  of  Sra«n  to  J^^^^^^^ 
inc  the  canal  passr.ge,  that  ot  nove  y     \^^  ^^nsid- 
Sest    To  the  n?XlSed  with  incident  to 
Ired,  perhaps,  too  httle  diveismea  ^^.^ 

be  repeated  •,  but  to  t^,«  ™«"XS  c^^^^^^^^'^T 

to  will  FO^^^^^f  ^llf/aXpidity  ofthis  mode 
ofthe  convenience,  satety,  an      v^^^  ^^^  ^y 

of  conveyance.    The  passag  ^'^  ^^^^1,^ 

S,n.tructk  SO  feet  ^  length  ^n<J  J     ^^ 
and  draw  from  1  to  2  tfei  w  exceptKig  about 

cupies  the  vvhole  length  of  the  d^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^,^,   ^^a  4 
Q  or  10  feet  reserved  at  one  enu  i  ^   ^^^^j, 

1%  feet  at  the  othe;-d /»;*;£•,  ^  ^ed 

mediate  space  is  ""='="?'*  a  forf  in  height,  with  sm- 
ftom  the  deck  into  a  room  8  <^^^^^^,,  ^ecommo- 
gle  hirths  on  each  *f '^f„„tf  the  cabin,  separated 
date  30  persons.    A  portion  u. 


CANAL  ROUTE. 


155 


federacy 

interest. 

{ Erie  ea- 

1836,  to 

led  in  the 

iams,  &C' 
[nissioners 

The  an- 
1827,  was 
fboth  ca- 
in  1823, to 
I  182&,  to 
i  1827,  to 
5  estimated 

iterest  8»d 
id  not  only 
id  auctions. 
Qounted,  in 
:eipts  of  that 


5  tourist,  dur- 
19  perhaps  the 
viUbeconsid- 
th  incident  to 
ess  this  objec- 
considerations 
ly  of  this  mode 
are  generally 
feet  m  width. 
The  cabin  oc- 
Bxcepting  about 
the  cook,  and  4 
lot.    The  inter- 
ain,  constructed 
neight,  with  sin- 
ed  to  accommo- 
cabin,  separated 


i 


by  folding  doors,  is  set  apart  for  female  passengers. 
The  furniture  and  accommodations  are  not  inferior 
to  those  of  the  boats  on  the  Hudson,  and  the  great- 
est inconvenience  is  the  want  of  sufficient  room,  es- 
pecially when  the  boat  contains  a  full  complement 
of  passengers.  In  such  an  event,  resort  is  necessa- 
rily had  to  the  upper  deck,  where,  by  the  by,  with- 
out the  utmost  caution,  tliere  is  much  danger  of  in- 
jury in  passing  the  bridges  which  are  constructed 
over  the  canal,  and  occur  in  almost  every  mile,  and 
not  unfrequently  every  half  mile. 

The  packet  boats  are  drawn  by  three  horses,  one 
before  the  other,  and  move  day  and  night,  at  the 
rate  of  4  miles  an  hour.  Relays  arc  furnished  every 
8  or  10  miles.  Boats  with  conmiodities  proceed  at 
the  rate  55  miles  in  24  hours ;  and  boats  with  pas- 
sengers (including  delays)  about  S3  miles  in  the  same 
time. 

CANAL  ROUTE. 

The  several  places  and  distances,  as  they  occur  on 
the  canal  route  from  Albany  to  Buffalo  are  as  follows  : 


i¥ 


• 

DISTANCE 

FROM 

■  'r"ilii"'    '"'i^   ■•X-  '-,;?.  ■' 

1 

.  J  0 

'     'C  -.    ;    ' 

^    SJ 

o 

>> 

in 

• 

o 

V 

a 

_0 

i 

A 

}0 

o 

3 

15. 

< 

U 

» 

n 

Albany,    -    -    -    - 

-    0 

0 

110 

270 

363 

Troy, 

-     7 

7 

103 

263 

356 

Junction    -    -    -    - 

-     2 

9 

101 

261 

354 

Sdienectady,    -    - 

.     21 

30 

80 

240 

333 

Amsterdam,    -    -    - 

-    16 

46 

64 

224 

317 

Schoharie  Creek,    - 

-      7 

53 

57 

217 

310 

Cauglmawaga, 
Spraker's  Basin,     - 

-      4 

57 

53 

213 

306 

-      9 

66 

44 

204 

297 

Cansyoharie,    - 

o 

69 

41 

201 

294 

Bowman's  Creek,    - 

-     3 

72 

38 

198 

291 

i  i ' 

j 

il 


156 


CANAL  ROUTE. 


DISTADTCE  BROM 


.,M    [ 


Little  Falls,    .      -      -    16  8S 

Herkimek,    -    -    -    -       7  96 

Frankfort,      -     -    -    -    5  100 

Utica, 10  110 

Whitesboro',    -     -     -     4  114 

Oriskany,    -     -     -    -     3  117 

Rome,    -----    8  125 

Smith's, 7  132 

Loomis* 6  138 

Oneida  Creek,    -    -    -     S  141 

C^mistota,    ....     5  146 

New  Boston,    .     -    -     4  150 

Chitteningo,     ...    4  154 

Manlius, 8  162 

Orville, 3  165 

Syracuse,    --.-<?  171 

Geddes, 2  173 

Nine-Mile  Creek,    -    .     6  179 

Canton, 6  185 

Jordan, 6  191 

Weed's  Basin,     -    .    -    6  197 

Port  Byron,    -    -    -    -    3  200 

Montezuma,  (Lakeport,)   6  206 

Clyde, 11  217 

Lyons, 9  226 

Newark,     -     -     -     .     7  233 

Palmyra,    -     -     -    -      8  241 

Fullom*s  Bason,    -     .    13  254 

Pittsford,    -      -     -    -       6  260 

Rochester,    -    -    -    -      10  270 

Ogden,        -        -      -      12  282 

Adams' Basin,      -      -       3  285 


.a 

1 

1 

P 

» 

CQ 

22 

182 

275 

15 

175 

268 

10 

170 

268 

0 

160 

253 

4 

156 

249 

7 

158 

246 

15 

145 

288 

22 

138 

231 

28 

132 

S25 

SI 

129 

222 

36 

124 

217 

40 

120 

213 

44 

116 

209 

52 

108 

201 

55 

105 

198 

61 

99 

192 

63 

97 

190 

69 

91 

184 

75 

85 

178 

81 

79 

172 

87 

73 

166 

90 

70 

163 

96 

61 

Ibi 

107 

53 

146 

116 

44 

137 

123 

37 

130 

131 

29 

122 

144 

16 

109 

150 

10 

103 

160 

0 

93 

172 

12 

81 

175 

15 

78 

i:ANAL  ROliTK^SOHENECTADY.    15.7 


h 


«.-/,!   .■. 


■  'K 


.O- 


■f.'. 


DISTANCE 

FROM 

rs 

"a, 

a 

a 

CO 

< 

• 

1 
1 

o 

1 

P9 

5 

290 

180 

20 

73 

6 

295 

185 

25 

68 

10 

305 

195 

35 

58 

4 

309 

199 

39 

54 

5 

314 

204 

44 

49 

7 

321 

211 

51 

42 

12 

333 

223 

63 

30 

7 

340 

230 

70 

23 

12 

352 

242 

82 

11 

8 

360 

250 

90 

3 

3 

363 

253 

93 

0 

Brockport, 

Holley, 

Newport, 

Portville, 

Oak  Orchard, 

Middleport, 

Lockport, 

Pendleton, 

ToeawaRda, 

Black  Rock, 

Buffalo, 

SCHENECTADY, 

Is  15  miles  from  Albany,  and  22  from  Saratoga 
Springs ;  and  can  be  reached  twice  a  day  by  stage 
from  either  of  those  places.  *  The  city  is  situated  on 
the  Mohawk,  a  broad  and  beautiful  river,  which 
forms  its  northern  boundary.  It  was  burnt  by  the 
Indians  in  1690,  and  suffered  a  considerable  confla- 
gration in  1819,  since  which  event  the  antique  ap- 
pearance of  the  city  has  been  much  improved  by  the 
introduction  of  modern  architecture.  The  principal 
Hotel  is  Mr.  Givens',  in  the  south  east  part  of  the 
city  and  within  a  few  rods  of  the  Erie  canal.  The 
building  is  constructed  of  brick,  50  feet  front,  and 
with  its  wing,  2  stories  high,  exclusive  of  the  baser 
roent  story,  extends  back  150  feet.  The  main  build- 
ing is  3  stories  in  height,  besides  an  attic  story,  con- 

*  Owing  to  the  numerous  locks  between  Albany 
and  Schenectady,  no  packet  boats  run  between  the 
two  cities. 


.^  / 


15S  CANAL  ROUTE— SCHENECTADY. 


'    f 


I     II 


taining  an  apartment  for  a  billiard  room.    From  thii) 
elevated  spot  a  view  may  be  had  of  the  city  and  ita 
environs,  of  the  Mohawk,  and  of  the  canal  for  some 
distance^  and  of  the  rich  and  variegated  landscape 
which  spreads  on  the  south  and  west  of  the  city. 
The  Hotel  can  accommodate  130  guests.    It  is  fur- 
nished  throughout  in  a  very  superior  style,  and 
guests  receive  every  attention  and  accommodation 
that  can  contribute  to  their  convenience  and  amuse- 
ment.   Union  College  is  built  on  an  eminence, 
which  overloolrs  the  cily  and  the  Mohawk  for  a  num- 
ber of  miles.    The  college  consists  at  present  of  two  . 
brick  edtfices,  but  the  nlan  includes  a  chapel  and 
other  buildings  hereafter  to  be  erected,  in  the  rear, 
and  between  those  already  constructed.    At  this  in- 
stitution abont  200  students  are  educated  annually. 
The  expense  per  tnnum  is  $130.    In  numbers  and 
respectability  Union  College  will  soon  rival  the  most 
favored  seminaries  in  our  country.    A  handsome 
bridge  has  been  constructed  across  the  Mohawk,  at 
the  west  end  of  the  city.    This  bridge  is  997  feet  in 
length,  and  is  passed  by  the  stage  on  its  route  to 
Utica. 

Daily  post  coaches,  connected  with  the  western 
line  (tf  stages,  leave  Schenectady  every  morning  and 
arrive  at  Utica  the  same  day.  By  the  present  ar- 
rangement, boats  leave  Schenectady  every  morning 
and  evening,  reaching  Utica  in  24  hour^,  and  Buffa- 
lo in  4  days.  An  evening  boat  is  considered  prefer- 
able, as  it  passes  Little  Falls,  the  most  interesting 
part  of  the  canal  between  Schenectady  and  Utica,  by 
day-light;  and  gives  an  opportunity  of  remaining 
one  night  in  Utica,  from  whence  a  canal  boat  or 
stage  may  be  taken  the  next  morning.  The  price 
of  conveyazice  in  the  packet  boats,  including  board, 
is  4  cents  per  mile,  or  $3,50  from  Schenectady  to 
Utica ;  $6,40  from  Utica  to  tlochester  ;  $2^  from 
Bochcster  to  Lockport ;  and  $1,60  from  Loclqtort  to 
Buffalo.  Way  passengers,  3  cents  per  mile,  exclu- 
sive of  board. 


3 


>i 


n    ill 


this* 

dits 

lome 

tcape 

city. 

Bfur- 

,  and 

lation 

uuse- 

lence, 

num- 

af  two 

el  and 

e  rear, 

thisin- 

Qually. 

ers  and 

le  most 

odsoroe 

awk,  at 

r  feet  in 

route  to 

western 
ling  and 
Bsent  ar- 
moraing 
kd  Buffa- 
d  prefer- 
teresting 
Utica,by 
emaining 
boat  or 
The  price 
ing  board, 
ectady  to 
2^  from 
aockport  to 
lie,  exclu- 


CANAL  ROUTE-MOHAWK  CASTLE.  15& 

Amsterdam,  16  miles  west  of  Schenectady,  is 
situated  on  the  Mohawk  turnpike,  near  the  river.  It 
has  a  post  office,  a  church,  and  about  50  dwellings 
and  stores.  A  bridge  crosses  the  Mohawk  at  this 
place.  The  canal  with  its  embankments  made  up 
from  the  river  for  5  or  6  miles  in  extent,  is  opposite 
the  Tillage,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Mohawk. 

Schoharie  Creek,  7  miles.  The  ruins  of  Fort 
Hunter,  at  the  mouth  of  this  creek,  are  still  visible. 
It  was  an  important  post  during  the  early  wars  of 
this  country.  A  chapel  built  by  Queen  Anne,  for 
the  Indians,  is  also  to  be  seen  near  this  place,  called 
Queen  Anne*s  Chcgael.  The  canal  crosses  the  creek, 
by  means  of  a  dam  and  guard  lock. 

Caughxawaoa,  4  miles.    {See  p.  126.) 

Anthony's  Nose,  8  miles.  This  is  a  very  ab- 
rupt and  prominent  hill  on  the  south  side  of  the  ca- 
nal, having  on  its  top  a  cavern,  which  extends  to  a 
great  depth. 

Canajoharie,  5  miles.    {Seep.  126.) 

Fort  Plain,  4  miles.    {See  p.  126.) 

r 

'  East  Canada  Creek,  4  miles.  This  creek  en- 
ters the  Mohawk  on  the  north  side  ;  near  which, 
Capt.  Butler  was  killed  by  the  Indians  soon  after  his 
wanton  destruction  of  the  village  of  Cherry  Valley. 

Mohawk  Castle,  2  miles.  The  ruins  of  an  old 
chapel  erected  for  the  use  of  the  Mohawk  Indians 
are  still  visible  at  this  place,  and  also  some  slight 
remains  of  their  once  formidable  fortifications. 

3  miles  farther,  as  the  boat  approaches  Little  Falls, 
the  scenery  becomes  highly  picturesque  and  sub- 
lime, On  either  side  are  lofty  and  apparently  inacces*. 


\   )M 


1 


!  m 


!      ! 


1 00      CAXAL  KOUTK— WHITESBOliO'. 

siblc  mountains,  affording  a  narrow  pass  for  the  road, 
river  and  canal.  Indeed,  the  latter,  for  a  considerable 
distance,  is  formed  by  an  excavation  in  the  side  of 
the  mountain,  having  a  wall  of  20  or  30  foet  to  sup- 
port its  northern  embankment.  The  river  here,  for 
two  or  three  miles  in  extent,  descends  with  much 
rapidity  over  a  rocky  and  uneven  bottom,  and  ex- 
hibits, in  some  instances,  an  appearance  not  unlike 
the  rapids  above  the  falls  of  the  Niagara  ^ 

LiTTLK  Falls,  5  miles  from  Mohawk  Castle. 
{See  p.  126.) 

After  leaving  Little  Falls,  the  canal  enters  a 
smooth  and  delightful  level,  including  what  are  call- 
ed the  German  Flats,  passing  near  the  village  of 
Herkimer,  7  miles  from  the  Falls,  {see  p.  128 ;) 
from  thence  to  Frankfort,  5  miles ;  and  from 
thence  to  Utica,  10  miles. 

{For  a  description  of  Utica  and  Trenton  Falls t 
see  page  129  ^o  136.) 

Whitesborough,  4  miles  north-west  of  Utica, 
is  a  beautiful  and  wealthy  village,  located  on  a  rich 
and  fertile  plain.  The  principal  and  most  elegant 
.street  is  a  short  distance  from,  and  runs  parallel  with 
the  canal ;  from  which,-  through  branches  of  trees 
half  enshrouding  the  village,  may  be  seen  several 
elegant  country  seats.  It  may  be  considered,  in- 
deed, as  better  adapted  for  a  country  residence,  than 
as  a  place  of  business.  At  the  eastern  extremity  of 
the  village  is  shown  the  first  framed  house  erected 
in  the  county  of  Oneida;  half  a  mile  from'  which, 
the  canal  passes  over  the  Sauquait  creek.  Within 
11  miles  of  the  canal,  on  this  creek,  there  are  84 
mills  of  various  descriptions,  including  several  facto- 
ries, some  of  which  cost  rising  of  $120,000.  The 
York  mills,  or  cotton  factories,  half  a  mile  south  of 
the  canal,  are  considered  among  the  best  in  the  state, 
and  constitute  of  themselves,  with  the  houses  for  la- 
borers, a  compact  vilJos^e. 


le  road, 
iderable 
I  side  of 
to  sup- 
lere,  for 
Ih  much 
and  ex- 
t  unlike 


I  Castle. 

enters  4 
t  are  call- 
rillage  of 
p.  128 ;) 
and  from 

on  Falls  i 


[ofUtica, 
on  a  rich 
rt  elegant 
rallel  with 
s  of  trees 
Bn  several 
Jered,  in- 
ence,  than 
ttremity  of 
se  erected 
iDtt'  which, 
:.    Within 
lere  are  84 
veral  facto- 
,000.    The 
le  south  of 
in  the  state, 
)uses  for  la- 


CANAL  ROl  TE-.KOMJ::. 


161 


Uriskany,  8  miles  from  Whitesborough/ is  a 
flourishinff  village  of  60  or  70  houses.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Orlsicany  creek,  which  here  enters  the  canal 
as  a  feeder. 

Rome,  8  miles.  This  is  a  half  slure  town  of  the 
county  of  Oneida,  contains  a  court-house  and  jail, 
and  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  noith  side  ot  the 
old  canal,  connecting  Wood  creek  with  the  Mohawk, 
and  about  half  a  mile  north  of  the  Erie  canal.  It 
contains  between  100  and  160  houses,  principally 
located  on  one  street,  running  east  and  west.  The 
ruins  of  Fort  Stanwix^  near  the  village,  between 
Wood  creek  and  the  Mohawk,  are  still  visible.  This 
fort  was  erected  in  175S,  by  the  British,  was  suffer- 
ed to  decay,  and  was  afterwards  rebuilt  by  the  Amer- 
icans during  the  revolution.  15  or  1800  men,  includ- 
ing Indians,  were  sent  from  Montreal  by  Burgoyne, 
in  1777,  to  besiege  tlie  Fort.  They  were  command- 
ed by  the  Baron  St.  Leger.  Gen.  Herkimer,  com- 
mandant of  the  militia  of  Tryon  county,  (embracing 
tbe  present  counties  of  Montgomery  and  Herkimer,) 
was  gent  against  them  with  about  800  men.  On 
meeting  a  detachment  of  Leger's  forces,  the  militia 
mostly  fled  on  the  first  fire.  A  few,  however,  re- 
mained and  fought  by  the  side  of  Gen.  II.  who  was 
mortally  wounded  in  the  road  between  Whitestown 
and  Rome.  The  Americans  lost  160  killed  and  240 
wounded.  The  fort,  which  was  commanded  by 
Col.  Gansevoort,  was  afterwards  assaulted  by  Le- 
ger*s  army  ;  but  they  were  driven  off  by  a  sortie,  di- 
rected by  Col.  Willet,  and  their  camp  plundered. 
Subsequently,  the  fort  was  summoned  to  surrender ; 
but  through  a  stratagem  of  Gen.  Arnold,  who  sent 
two  emissaries  firom  the  camp  at  Stillwater,  an  Indi- 
an and  a  white  man,  to  inform  Leger  of  the  approach 
of  a  powerful  American  army  for  the  relief  of  the  be- 
sieged, he  ordered  a  precipitate  retreat  to  the  Onei- 
da lake,  leaving  all  his  baggage  behind . 


1       .0 

I 


162    CANAL  ROUTE— WEED'S  BASIN. 


i     :■ 


V  ■. 


:  vS 


iil  1 


'•'[ 


An  arsenal  belonging  (o  the  U.  S.  is  situate  about 
half  a  mile  west  of  the  village  and  300  yards  north 
of  the  canal.        -  ,  -.^        '^  ^  ^^   *  - 

16  miles  from  Rome  the  canal  crosses  the  Oneida 
Cr£ek  ;  and  5  miles  farther  it  passes  through  the 
new  and  pleasant  village  of  Canistota,  half  a  mile 
north  of  the  western  turnpike.  New  Boston  is  4 
miles  farther ;  from  which  to 

Cmitteningo  is  4  miles.  A  navigable  feeder 
enters  the  canal  at  this  place.  It  is  taken  from  the 
Chitteningo  creek  at  the  village  of  that  name,  1  1-2 
mile  distant.  From  Chitteningo  to  Manlius  is  8 
miles ;  from  thence  to  Orviixe  3 ;  and  from  thence 
to  Syracuse  6.  {For  a  description  of  these  villa- 
ges ^  seepages  138  to  141.) 

Geddes,  2  miles  from  Syracuse,  is  becoming  a 
place  of  some  importance,  in  consequence  of  the  re- 
cent discovery  of  several  valuable  salt  springs.  They 
are  mostly  within  a  few  rods  of  the  canal,  as  well  as 
numerous  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  salt. 
A  short  distance  west  of  the  village,  a  fine  prospect 
is  had  of  the  Onondaga  lake  and  we  villages  of  Liv- 
erpool and  Salina,  on  its  northern  and  eastern  shores. 

Nine  Mile  Creek,  6  miles  from  Geddes.  It  is 
a  stream  of  some  magnitude,  and  is  crossed  by  the 
canal,  over  two  arches. 

Canton,  a  small  village,  6  miles. 

Jordan,  6  miles.  A  short  distance  east  of  the 
village,  the  canal  crosses  the  Jordan  creek. 

Weed's  Basin,  6  miles.    A  thriving  village  of 
BO  or  60  houses.  A  stage  can  be  taken  here  daily  for 
1  Aubum,  7  miles  south.    {See  p.  141.) 


CANAL  ROUTE— PALMYRA.   IBS 

Port  BrRON,  3  miles.  The  canal  here  crosses 
the  Owasco  creek,  a  stream  issuing  from  a  lake  of 
that  name  2  miles  south  of  Auburn.  The  state  pris- 
on is  erected  on  the  bank  of  this  creek  ;  the  waters 
of  which  are  used  for  propelling  the  machinery. 

Five  miles  fartlier  are  the  Montezuma  salt  works, 
about  1-4  of  a  mile  north  of  the  canal,  with  a  lateral 
cut  leading  thereto ;  one  mile  from  which  is  the 
small  village  of 

Montezuma.  The  western  section  of  the  canal 
(Contradistinguished  from  the  middle  and  eastern 
sections)  commences  at  this  place.  From  Utica  to 
Montezuma,  the  mean  descent  of  the  canal  is  45 
feet ;  and  there  are  9  locks,  ascending  and  descend- 
ing, l^roiti  Montezuma  to  Lockport,  the  ascent  is 
185  feet,  and  the  number  of  intervening  locks  21. 

One  mile  from  Montezuma,  the  canal  enters  the 
Montezuma  marshes,  3  miles  in  extent.  These 
marshes  are  formed  by  the  outlets  of  the  Cayuga 
and  Seneca  lakes,  and  exhibit  a  most  dreary,  deso- 
late and  stagnant  appearance.  The  water  is  gener- 
ally from  4  to  8  feet  deep,  and  the  bottom  covered 
with  long  grass,  the  usual  growth  of  swamps,  ex- 
tending frequently  to  the  surface.  A  long  bridge  is 
used  for  a  tow  path  over  a  part  of  these  marges. 
Shortly  after  leaving  them,  the  canal  crosses  and 
unites  with  the  outlet  of  the  Canandaigua  lake,  a 
sluggish  stream,  which,  with  the  outlets  of  Cayuga 
and  Seneca,  soon  form  the  Seneca  river,  which  en- 
ters Lake  Ontario  at  Oswego. 

Clyde,  is  11  miles  from  Montezuma ;  from 
thence  to  Lyons,  is  9  miles  ;  and  frome  thence  to 
Newark  is  7  miles.  iThey  are  small  and  unimpor- 
tant villages. 

Palmyra,  8  miles  from  Newark,  is  a  thriving 
village  in  Wayne  county.     It  is  built  chiefly  on  a 


I* : 


1% 


f 


k 


i    W' 


t 


h 


hn 


164      CANAL  KOUTE— KOCHKSTEH 

Avide  street  along  the  suuth  bank  of  (he  canal,  and 
is  a  place  of  considerable  trade.  Mud  creek  runs 
eastward,  about  40  rods  north  of  the  main  street, 
and  the  canal  passes  between  the  creek  and  street. 
There  are  several  factories  and  mills  on  this  creek. 

FuLi.oM^s  Basin,  13  miles.  From  this  place  to 
Rochester,  by  canal,  is  16  miles ;  while  the  distance 
by  land  i^  but  7 1-2.  Travellers,  accordingly,  who 
have  seen  the  Great  Embankment  over  the  Iron- 
dequot  creek,  frequently  take  astage»  to  shorten  the 
excursion  ;  but  those  who  have  never  passed  over 
this  artificial  work,  should  continue  on  the  canal 
route.  The  embankment  is  reached  in  about  4 
miles  from  Fullom*s  Basin,  and  is  continued  for 
nearly  two  miles  at  an  average  height  of  about  70 
feet.  The  novelty  of  a  passage  at  so  great  an  ele- 
vation, is  much  increased  in  the  fine  prospect  afford- 
ed of  the  surrounding  country.  Two  miles  from  the 
embankment,  is  the  handsome  village  of 

PiTTSFORD,  containing  50  or  60  houses  and  seve- 
ral stores  ;  and  10  miles  farther,  is  the  flourishing 
and  important  village  of 

ROCHESTER. 

It  is  situated  on  the  east  and  west  side  of  the 
Genesee  river,  which,  at  this  place,  is  60  yards  wide, 
and  is  crossed  by  three  substantial  bridges  within 
the  limits  of  the  village.  On  the  norUi  side  of  the 
middle  bridge,  the  local  distinctions  of  East  and 
West  Rochester  have  been  in  a  measure  annihila- 
ted, by  the  erection  of  the  Market  and  Exchange 
buildings  over  the  Genesee,  making  the  twain  a 
continued  village.  Within  its  limits  are  two  of  the 
six  falls  on  the  river :  the  upper  a  small  fall  of  12  feet 
at  the  foot  of  the  rapids,  and  immediately  above  the 
canal  aqueduct  ;  and  the  other  the  great  fall  of  97 
feet,  about  80  rods  below.    Froiri  a  ccmiplete  wil- 


CANAL  ROUTE-ROCHESTER.      1(i5 


«ierues8,  this  thiving  village  has  been  redeemed,  in 
the  comparatively  short  perio<l  of  16  years,  the  first 
settlemeu^  having  been  made  in  1812.  Its  situation 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  canal,  connected 
with  the  many  natural  advantages  which  it  enjoys 
for  trade  and  manufactures,  destines  It  to  become 
one  of  the  most  important  places  in  the  interior  of 
the  state.  The  population  of  Rochester  at  the  cen- 
sus taken  in  the  fall  of  1827,  was  10,8lS,  making 
an  increase  of  more  than  8,000  within  the  preceding 
year;  and  die  number  of  buildings  was  1474,  352 
of  which  had  been  built  the  season  previous.  The 
Erie  canal  strikes  the  river  in  the  south  part  of  the 
village,  and  after  following  the  eastern  bank  for  half 
a  mUe,  it  crosses  the  river  in  the  centre  of  the  vill- 
age, in  a  splendid  aqueduct  This  aqueduct  is  con- 
structed of  red  free  stone,  and  from  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  its  parapet  walls  to  its  western  termina- 
tion,  is  804  feet  long.  It  is  built  on  eleven  arches  ; 
one  of  26 1  one  of  30,  and  nine  of  50  feet  chord ,  un- 
der which,  water  passes  for  flouring  mills,  and  other 
hydraulic  establishments.  The  piers,  which  are 
placed  on  solid  rock,  in  the  bed  of  the  river,  are  4 1-2, 
and  the  arches  resting  thereon  11  feet  high.  On 
the  north  wall,  which  is  of  sufficient  thicl^ness  for 
the  towing  path,  is  an  iron  railing  ;  and  at  the  west 
end,  the  whole  is  terminated  by  a  highway  and 
towing  path  bridge,  of  the  most  solid  and  elegant 
woikmanship.  The  canal  is  supplied  by  a  navigable 
feeder  from  the  Genesee,  through  which  boats  may 
enter  and  ascend  the  river  from  70  to  90  miles. 
The  height  of  the  caoai  at  Rochester  above  the  tide 
waters  of  the  Hudson,  is  501  feet ;  above  Lake  On- 
tario, 270  feet ;  and  below  Lake  Erie,  64  feet. 

Among  the  public  buildings  in  the  village,  are  a 
court  house,  jail,  16  churches  and  a  market.  The 
Olobe  buildings,  a  majestic  pile,  built  of  the  most 
durable  materials,  aurl  rising  from  the  water^s  edge, 

k2 


h 


I 


m 


li 


III 


i* 


106      CANAL  KOUTK-ROCHESTKR. 

are  5  stories,  exclusive  of  attics,  with  between  130 
and  140  apartments  suitable  for  workshops,  f  having 
a  sufficient  water  power  for  each,)  and  several  stores. 
The  principal  public  houses  are  the  Rochester  House, 
l^(ansioD,  Merchant's  Exchange,  Ea^le  Tavern,  and 
Franklin  House.  There  are  also  in  the  village,  a 
bank,  two  daily  and  several  weekly  newspapers. 
Its  whole  appearance  is  like  that  of  a  thriving  com- 
mercial city,  rather  than  a  country  village  ;  and 
should  its  increase  of  buainesa  and  population  con- 
tinue in  the  ratio  of  the  lasts  or  4  years,  it  will  soon 
be  the  Iarg|est  inland  town  in  the  ynlon. 

In  addition  to  the  natural  and  artificial  curiosities 
of  the  place,  including  the  great  fall  on  the  Genesee 
and  the  aqueduct,  there  is  a  Svjuphvr  Spring  in 
Buffalo  street  with  a  convenient  bathing  establish- 
inent  for  ladies  and  gentlemen. 
'  I^TAQxs  leave  RDchester  daily,  by  way  of  Palmy- 
ra, Weed's  Basin,  Syr«cu9e,  Cherry  Valley  and 
Schoharie  for  J3,lbmy,  217  mile'* ;  and  by  way  of 
Canandai^ja,  Geneva*  Auburn,  ^aneatelas,  On- 
ondaga, Utica,  Liule  Falls  and  Schenectady,  for 
Albany i  237  miles.  They  also  leave  daily,  by  way 
of  Lewiston  f passing  over  the  Ridge  Road)  and 
^fiagara  Falls,  for  Buffaht  1Q4  miles*  ;  and  by  way 
of  Caledonia,  Le  Roy  and  Batavia,  for  JBuffaio,  77 
miles.    Fare  3 1-2  cents  a  mile. 

T  I  II  ■  I  -        -■  II  -  III!  I      .  ■  I  |,||_ 

*This  is  the  route  usually  travelled  by  land  from 
Rochester  to  the  Falls,  the  ridge  road,  or  alluvial 
way,  commencing  21-2  miles  from  the  former  place. 
The  following;'  is  a  table  of  the  distances  : 


Milea 

Miles 

Carth^e  Falls, 

2 

Hartland, 

10 

P^ma, 

9 

Cambria, 

12 

Clarkson, 

7 

Lewiston, 

12 

Murray, 

<7 

Niagara  Falls, 

7 

Ridgeway, 

Kj 

Buffalo, 

r^  CARTHAGE. 


167 


Packkt  Woatw,  also,  leave  Rochester   every 
laoriiing  for  ButTuIo  and  for  Albany.  ;     > . 

The  Steam  Boat,  Ontario^  constantly  plies 
tiurinff  the  "ummer  season,  between  Lewiston  on 
the  Niagara,  and  Ogdensburgh  on  the  St.  Lawrence 
river,  touching  at  Hanford's  Landing,  3  miles  from 
Rochester,  by  which  passages  may  be  had  to  the 
Falls  or  Montreal  once  a  week.  [This  route  is  no- 
ticed more  fully  under  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario.] 

Before  leaving  Rochester,  (unless  the  Ridge  Road 
or  steam  boat  route  should  be  taken,)  the  traveller 
will  find  it  an  object  of  interest  to  visit 

Carthagk,  2  miles  north  of  Rochester.    Th'ia 
village  derived  its  consequence  from  an  elegant 
bridge,  which,  during  its  existence,  formed  the 
n)ost  eligible  route  to  the  western  part  of  the  state. 
The  bridge  was  erected  across  the  river  just  below 
the  basin  of  the  fails,  which  are  70  feet.     It  consist 
ted  of  a  single  arch,  whose  chord  measured  800  feet. 
The  distance  from  the  center  to  the  river  was  250  feet. 
This  stupendous  fabric  stood  a  short  time  after  its 
coostruclion,  and  at  length  fell  under  the  pressure  of 
its  own  wreight.    Since  then,  Carthage  has  been 
principally  deserted.    Sloops  from  the  lake,  5  miles 
distant,  ascend  up  the  river  to  these  falls  ;  where 
they  are  laden  and  unladen  by  means  of  an  inclined 
plane — the  descending  weight  being  made  to  raise 
a  lighter  one  by  its  superior  gravity. 


^ 


The  great  western  level  on  the  canal  commences 
two  miles  east  of  Rochester  ;  from  whence  to  Lock- 
port,  a  distance  of  65  miles,  there  is  no  lock.  Be- 
tween the  two  villages,  the  route  is  mostly  through 
a  wilderness.  Occasionally  a  new  village  is  seen 
springing  up  on  the  banks  of  the  canal ;  and  appear- 
ances indicate,  that  the  forests  on  the  whole  line, 
will  ere  long  give  place  to  cultivation  and  compact 

settlements.   •.-,.-  . 

K  3 


ill! 


lit 
'lii 


M)S       {  .\\\L  H<KJTL~LOCKP(>RT. 

Oghkn,  a  small  village,  [a  12  miles  from  Rochos- 
tci  j  and  from  thence  to 

Brock  PORT  is  8  miles.  The  village  contains  60 
or  0*0  houses  ;  and  the  number  is  rapidly  increasing. 

HoLLKY,  5  miles.  A  short  distance  east  of  the 
village  is  the  Holley  Embankment  and  culvert, 
over  Sandy  creek,  elevating  the  canal  87  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  creek. 


I .'. 


Newport,  10  miles  :  a  flourishing;  village  of 
80  or  100  houses.  Eight  miles  farther,  in  the  town 
of  Ridgway,  a  public  road  passes  tmdcr  the  canal, 
through  a  handsome  arch  ;  one  mile  from  which,  is 
the  vulage  of  -.    -  ..^  , 

Oak  Orchard,  on  the  bank  of  a  creek  of  that 
name.  The  canal  here  crosses  the  creek  over  the 
largest  arch  on  the  whole  route,  tliere  are  circu- 
l.ir  steps  leading  to  the  bottom  ;  from  whence  is  a 
foot  path  passing  underneath  and  leading  to  the  vil- 
lage. As  the  boi\t  **  waits  for  no  man,*'  passengers 
desirous  of  seeing  this  artificial  work,  should  go 
ashore  before  reaching  it,  and  gain  time  by  a  rapid 
walk.  They  can  be  received  on  board  again  at  the 
village,  where  the  boat  stops  to  land  and  receive 
passengers. 

MiDDLGPORT  is  7  miles  farther ;  from  whence  to 

LocKPORT  is  12  miles.  By  far  the  most  gigan- 
tic works  one  the  whole  line  of  the  canal,  are  at  this 
place.  After  travelling  between  60  and  70  miles  on 
u  perfect  level,  the  traveller  here  strike*  the  foot  of 
tlie  '*  Mountain  Ridge,"  whicli  is  surmounted  by  5 
magnificent  locks  of  12  feet  each,  connected  with  5 
more  of  equal  dimensions  for  descending — ^so  that 
while  one  boat  is  raised  to  an  elevation  of  60  feet. 


(JANAL  KOUTK— LOCKl'ORT.        Mif 

another  is  seen  Binking  into  the  broad  basin  below. 
The  locks  are  of  the  finest  imagiaable  workmanship, 
with  stone  steps  in  the  centre  and  on  either  side, 
guarded  with  iron  railings,  for  the  convenience  and 
safety  of  psMsengers.  Added  to  tliis  stupendous 
work,  an  excavation  is  continued  tlirough  the  moun- 
tain ridge,  composed  of  rock,  a  distance  of  three 
miles,  at  an  average  depth  of  20  feet.  When  view- 
ing this  part  of  the  canal,  we  are  amazed  with  the 
consideration  of  what  may  be  accomplished  by  hu- 
man means. 

The  village  of  Lockport  is  located  on  the  moun- 
tain ridge,  immediatelv  above  the  locks  ;  and  though 
"  founded  on  a  rock,"  surrounded  with  rocks,  and 
with  little  or  no  soil,  it  has  already  become  a  place 
of  importance.  In  1S21,  there  were  but  2  houses 
in  the  place  ;  now  there  are  between  2  and  800.  The 
canal  here  being  on  the  highest  suinmit  level,  and 
supplied  with  water  from  lake  Erie,  (distant  30 
miles,)  an  abundance  is  obtained  for  hydraulic  pur- 
poses, and  the  surplus  at  Lockport  has  been  sold 
for  $20,000. 

In  the  excavation  through  the  mountain,  several 
minerals  were  discovered  ;  among  which  were  some 
of  the  finest  specimens  of  dog  tooth  spar  ever  found 
in  the  U.  States.  At  first  they  were  easily  obtain- 
ed ;  but  they  have  lately  become  an  object  of  prof- 
it, and  are  sold  at  prices  corresponding  with  their 
beauty. 

Seven  miles  from  Lockport,*  at  Pendleton,  the 
canal  enters  the  Tonnewanta  creek,  and  continues 
therein  12  miles  to  its  mouth,  where  is  a  dam  4  1-2 
feet  high.  From  thence  it  is  continued  on  the  bank 
of  the  Niagara  8  miles  to  Black  Rock,  where  it 

'"Passengers  in  packets,  who  wish  -to  visit  the 
Falls,  generally  take  a  stage  at  Lockpwt,  and  pro- 
ceed directly  to  M.inchester  (the  American  Fall)  23 
miles  distant,  or  to  Lewiston,  7  miles  below  the 
Fulls  ;  visiting  the  latter  afterwards. 

k4 


h^ 


170 


CANAL  ROUTA^:— BUFFALO. 


t 


til 

nu 
m( 


unites  with  the  harbor,  and  from  thence  on  the  baniv 
of  the  river  3  miles,  to  Buffalo. 

".UB  •*%-^:mo-/i  iv      BUFFALO      •».■*'.;:     *.".' 

Is  situated  at  the  ^utlef  '  Lake  Erie.  It  is  a 
beautiful  and  thrivin<  <  .^D^r  «  and  with  the  advanta- 
ges of  both  a  natuti:  .>u  i  .  lificial  navigation,  it 
is  destined  to  become  vrr^  ^^  the  most  important 
places  in  the  state.  Its  preseni  ;  ">pulation  is  esti- 
mated at  about  6000,  and  the  nuUiber  of  buildings 
at  1000.  The  Erie  canal  commences  in  this  village, 
near  the  outlet  of  the  Buffalo  creek,  and  passes 
through  an  extensive  and  perfectly  level  plot,  equa- 
distant  from  the  shore  of  the  lake  and  the  high 
grounds  called  the  Terrace.  From  the  canal  are  cut, 
at  very  suitable'distances,  lateral  canals  and  basins,. 
rendering  the  whole  of  the  lower  town  contiguous 
(0  water  communication.  Stores  and  ware-houses 
are  so  constructed,  as  to  receive  the  boats  alongside. 
'*  Iti  its  location,  Buffalo  is  in  the  midst  of  the  enter- 
prize  and  business  of  this  new  world.  All  the  man- 
ufactures and  migrating  population  of  the  north  and 
east,  here  find  a  resting  place,  and  the  agricultu- 
ral products  of  the  weit,  coming  hither  from  the  long 
extended  lakes,  here  seek  a  new  avenue  to  the  At- 
lantic. The  lower  town,  will  som  be  spread  over 
that  part  below  the  Terrace,  where  begins  a  gentle 
arid  equal  rise  of  ground,  continuing  nearly  and  per- 
haps quite  two  miles,  and  then  falls  away  to  a  per- 
fect level  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  bounded  only 
by  the  horizori.  Upon  this  elevated  ground,  there 
is  a  charming  view  of  the  Lake,  Niagara  river,  the 
canal  ^ith  ail  its  branches,  the  Buffdo  creek,  the 
town  itse\f,  and  the  Canada  shore ;  a  prospect  from 
wL '"h  every  one  parts  with  reluctance.  The  streets 
are  very  broad,  and  passing  from  the  high  grounds, 
over  the  Terrace  to  the  water,  are  intersected  with 
cross  streets.    There  vet  3  public  squares  of  some 


ITALO. 

snce  on  the  bank 


;e  Erie.    It  is  a 

ith  the  advanta- 

lal  navigation,  it 

most  important 

pulation  is  esti- 

liiiber  of  buildings 

res  in  this  village, 

Jreek,  and  passes 

'  level  plot,  equa- 

ake  and  the  high 

I  the  canal  are  cut, 

anals  and  basins,. 

'  town  contiguous 

and  ware-houses 

le  boats  along  side. 

midst  of  the  enter- 

rid.    All  the  man- 

n  of  the  north  and 

and  the  agricultu- 

kither  from  the  long 

'  avenue  to  the  At- 

in  be  spread  over 

ire  begins  a  gentle 

ing  nearly  and  per- 

ills  away  to  a  per- 

ach,  bounded  only 

ated  ground,  there 

Niagara  river,  the 

Buff^o  creek,  the 

e ;  a  prospect  from 

aace.    The  streets 

the  high  grounds, 

e  intersected  with 

lie  squares  of  some 


BUFFALO. 


17f 


extent,  which  add  much  to  the  beauty  of  the  town. 
The  public  buildings  are  a  court-house,  situated  on 
the  highest  part  of  Main-street,  well  proportion- 
ed and  nandsomely  ornamented.  The  Presbyterian 
meeting  house,  standing  near  the  Episcoal  church 
upon  a  semicircular  common  on  Mam-street,  Is  an 
edifice  of  very  commanding  appearance.  There  are 
many  spacious  hotels,  for  tne  accommodation  of  the 
traveller ;  but  the  Eagle  Tavern,  kept  by  Mr.  Rath- 
bun,  surpasses  them  all.  Weary  with  care,  and  worn 
out  with  fatigue,  the  traveller  fuid.s  his  every  want 
anticipated,  and  in  the  entire  order  and  system  here 
observed,  he  finds  rest,  quietude  and  repose." 

The  Tillage  was  burnt  by  the  British  in  1814, 
when  there  was  but  one  house  left  standing.  This 
is  still  pointed  out  in  die  upper  part  of  the  town.  It 
was  not  until  considerable  time  had  elapsed  after 
this,  that  Buffalo  began  to  be  rebuilt,  nor  until  the 
canal  was  located,  did  it  rise  with  much  promise. 
'*  Great  improvements  have  recently  been  made  in 
the  harbor.  The  sand  imm  the  lake,  met  the  cur- 
rent of  the  Buffalo  creek,  and  formed  every  season 
a  bar  which  prejudiced  the  harbor  to  an  alarming  de- 
gree. By  an  erection  of  a  pier,  IS  feet  wide  and  80 
rods  long,  running  into  the  lake,  this  evil  is  over- 
come. The  lower  town  is  subject  to  another  evil  of 
some  magnitude.  Gales  or  tempests  from  the  south- 
west, cause  an  inundation  of  the  lake,  by  means  of 
which  great  losses  of  property  are  frequently  sus- 
tained. This  may,  and  probably  will  be  prevented, 
by  constructing  a  dike  at  a  suitable  place  near  the 
bank  of  the  lake." 

As  this  place  was  the  theatre  of  important  events 
during  the  last  war,  the  writer  had  expected  to  find 
in  the  village  church  yard  some  monuments  to  the 
memory  of  the  brave  who  fell  during  that  period. 
But  he  discovered  only  one.  ![t  contamed  the  fol- 
lowing inscription  :  **  To  the  memory  of  Mai.  Wm. 
Howe  Cuyler,  who  was  killed  at  Black  Rock  by 

k5 


I'll 
> 

i 


.id 
hi 


h 


i 


172 


BUFFAl.O— STAGES. 


i  a:  k  ft.  .r  \ 


a  shot  from  the  enemy,  on  the  night  of  the  9th  Oct^ 
1S12,  while  humanely  administering  to  the  relief  of 
the  wounded  soldiers,  who  intrepidly  crossed  to 
the  British  shore,  and  brought  over  the  Adams  fri- 
gate, that  had  been  surrendered  by  Gen.  Hull,  and 
the  Caledonia  ship  belonging  to  the  enemy.  He 
was  in  the  35th  year  of  his  age,  and  son  of  the  late 
Henry  Cuyler,  Esq.  of  Greenbush,  in  this  state." 

The  Seneca  Village^  settled  by  a  tribe  of  about 
300  Indians,  is  from  3  to  4  miles  S.  E.  of  Buffalo, 
and  is  usually  visited  by  strangerfl.  They  possess  a 
valuable  tract  of  land,  bordering  on  the  Buffalo 
creek ;  which,  under  the  management  of  the  whites, 
would  yield  luxuriantly;  but,  in  the  hands  of  its 
present  propiietors,  is  but  partially  improved.  Red 
Jacket^  a  celebrated  chief  of  this  nation,  was  depos- 
ed not  long  since  by  the  other  chiefs,  for  improper 
conduct ;  but  he  has  recently  been  restored. 


u 


LAKE  ERIE. 


Steam  boats  leave  Buffalo  every  other  day  for  De- 
troit,  stopping  at  Erie,  90  miles — Grand  River,  75 — 
Cleaveland,  30— Sandusky,  60— Detroit,  75— total 
330  miles.    Fare,  in  the^abin,  $15. 


K"  lit** -1**^/; 


STAGES, 


FROM  BUFFALO  TO  UTICA. 

'  Diligence  mail  coach,  through  by  day  light  in 
3  days — Leaves  Buffalo  every  morning  at  8,  reach- 
ing Avon  first  day,  Auburn  second,  and  Utica  third. 
Pilot  mail  coach ,  through  in  2  days — Leaves 
Buffalo  every  evening  at  S  o'clock,  reaching  Gene- 
va the  next  evening,  and  Utica  the  evening  after. — 
Fare,  {^6,50  in  either  Ime.    . 

■  A 

FROM  BUFFALO  TO  ROCHESTER. 

A  stage  runs  daily,  leaving  Buffalo  at  4  A.  M. 
and  reaching  Rochester  at  evening. 


BLACI^  HOCK. 


173 


FROM  BUFF/LO  TO  NIAGARA  FALLS, 

on  the  American  side. 
A  stage  leaves  Buffalo  eveiy  moraine  at  6  o'clock, 
fassing  through  the  Tillage  or  Black  Rock  8  miles, 
Tonnewanta  9  miles,  (where  the  canal  enters  the 

Tonnewanta  creek,)  Niagara  Falls  11  miles ^Fare 

$1. — ^This  line,  after  givine  pasuengers  an  opportu- 
nity of  witnessing  the  Falls  for  2  or  3  hours,  pro- 
ceeds to  Youngstown,  or  Fort  Niagara,  passing  thro' 
Lewistoo. 

On  the  Canada  side. 

A  stage  leaves  Buffalo,  daily,  at  8  A.  M.  passes 
through  Black  Rock  8  miles,  crosses  the  ferry  to 
Waterloo  1  mile,  proceeds  to  Chippewa  battleground 
15  miles,  Chippewa  village  1  mile,  Niagara  Falls 
2  miles.  Fare,  including  ferriage,  |1,12.  Stages 
leave  Niagara  at  3  P.  M.  for  Queenston  and  Fort 
George. 

STEAM  BOAT  LINE. 

The  steam-boat  ChippNewa  leaves  Bi^alo  every 
morning  at  8  o'clock,  passing  every  other  day  around 
Grand  Island,  and  reaches  the  village  of  Chippewa 
about  noon ;  from  whence  passengers  take  stages 
fo.  the  Falls.  The  boat  returns  to  Buffalo  at  7  P. 
M.    Fare  each  way  |1 .  ,  .,,  . 

Black  Rock,  3  miles  from  Buffalo,  is  a  village 
of  considerable  magnitude  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Niagara  river.  It  was  burnt  by  the  British  in  1814 ; 
but  has  been  rebuilt,  and  is  much  increased  from  its 
former  size.  A  pier  in  the  river,  about  2  miles  l<mg, 
affords  a  harbor  to  the  village,  and  is  used  as  a  part 
of  the  gcand  canal.  The  daim,  howe\'er,  has  been 
.  found  insufficient  to  withstand  the  force  of  the  cur- 
rent. Repeated  injuries  aie  sustained,  and  vessels 
now  seldom  enter  the  harbor.  The  river  is  here  one 
mile  wide,  and  is  crossed  in  a  horse  boat.    Opposite 


f'il- 


I 


171     CHIPPEWA  BAITLE  GROUND. 


!l  • 


[i 


II 


11:' 


I 


Blatk  Rock,  on 
lege  of 


the  Canada  side,  is  the  small  vil* 


Waterloo  ;  a  little  south  of  which  stand  the 
ruins  of  Fort  Erie,  rendered  memorable  as  the 
theatre  of  several  severe  engagements  during  the 
last  war.  The  last  and  most  decisive  battle  fought 
at  this  place,  was  on  the  night  of  the  15th  of  August, 
JS14.  The  fort  was  occupied  by  the  Americans ; 
and  its  possession  was  considered  an  object  of  im« 
portance  to  the  British.  Taking  advantage  of  the 
darkness  of  the  night,  they  made  repeated  and  furi- 
ous assaults,  and  were  as  often  repulsed  ;  until,  at 
length,  they  succeeded,  by  superior  force,  in  gain- 
ing a  bastion.  After  maintaining  it  for  a  short  time, 
at  the  expense  of  many  lives,  accident  placed  it 
again  in  the  hands  of  the  Americans.  Several  car- 
triges  which  had  been  placed  in  a  stone  building  ad- 
joining exploded,  producing  tremendous  slaughter 
and  death  among  the  British .  They  soon  retreated , 
leaving  on  the  field  221  killed,  among  whom  were 
Cols.  Scott  and  Drummond,  171  wounded,  and  186 
prisoners.  The  American  loss  was  17  killed,  56 
wounded,  and  11  missing. 

This  action  was  followed  by  a  splendid  sortie  near 
the  fort  on  the  17th  of  the  following  month,  which 
resulted  in  a  loss  to  the  British  of  nearly  1000,  in- 
cluding 8S5  prisoners,  and  to  the  Americans  of  511 
killed,  wounded  and  missing. 


;*i 


From  Waterioo  to  Chippewa  Battle  Ground 
is  15  miles,  over  a  tolerably  good,  though  sandy 
road. 

The  Battle  of  Chippewa  was  fought  on  the  5th 
of  July,  1814,  and  has  been  described  as  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  spectacles  that  could  well  be  conceiv- 
ed. '*  The  day  (says  a  writer)  was  clear  and  bright ; 
and  the  plain  such  as  might  have  been  selected  for  a 
parade  or  a  tournament ;  the  troops  on  both  sides, 


HRIDGEWATER. 


("K. 
iO 


though  not  numerous,  admirably  disciplined  ;  the 
generals  leading  on  their  coluirins  in  person  ;  the 
gh'tter  of  the  arms  in  the  sun  ;  and  the  precision  and 
distinctness  of  every  movement ;  were  all  calculat- 
ed to  carry  the  mind  bnck  to  the  scenes  of  ancient 
story  or  poetry — to  the  plains  of  Latium  or  of  Troy, 
and  all  those  recollections  which  fill  the  imagination 
wich  images  of  personal  heroism  and  romantic  valor." 

Chippewa  Village  is  one  mile  north  of  the 
battle  gfound.  It  contains  a  small  cluster  of  build- 
ings and  a  few  mills  situate  on  the  Chippewa  creek, 
which  runs  through  the  village.  The  8team*boat 
from  Buffalo  lands  |>assengers  at  this  place.  One 
mile  farther  is  ...,-. 

Bridoewate))  or  Lundv's  Lane,  celebrat- 
ed as  the  ground  on  which  an  important  battle 
was  fought,  20  days  after  the  battle  at  Chippewa. 
Th6  scene  of  action  was  near  the  mighty  cataract  of 
Niagara,  and  within  the  sound  of  its  thunders,  and 
was,  in  proportion  to  the  numbers  engaged,  the  most 
sanguinaiy,  and  decidedly  the  best  fought  of  any  ac- 
tion which  ever  took  place  on  the  American  conti- 
nent. The  following  letter,  written  by  a  surgeon 
of  one  of  the  regiments,  the  day  after  the  engage- 
ment, contains  many  interesting  particulars  : 

"  In  the  afternoon  the  enemy  advanced  towards 
Chippewa  with  a  [towerful  force.  At  6  o'clock  Gen- 
eral Scott  was  ordered  to  advance  with  his  brigade 
and  attack  theoL  He  was  soon  reinforced  by  Gen- 
eral Ripley's  brigade ;  they  met  the  enemy  below 
the  falls.  They  had  selected  their  ground  for  the 
night,  intending  to  attack  our  camp  before  djy-light. 
The  action  began  just  beiore  7,  and  an  uninterrupt- 
ed stream  of  musketry  continued  till  half  past  8, 
when  there  was  some  cessation,  the  British  falling 
back.  It  soon  began  again  with  some  artillery, 
which,  with  slight  interruptions,  continued  till  half 


17(> 


BRIDGE  WATEK. 


past  10,  when  there  was  a  charge,  and  a  tremendous 
stream  of  fire  closed  the  conflict.  Both  armies 
fought  with  a  desperation  bordering  on  madness; 
neither  would  yield  the  palm,  but  each  retired  a 
short  distance,  wearied  out  with  fatigue.  Such  a 
constant  and  destructive  fire  was  never  before  sus- 
tained by  American  troops  without  falling  back. 

"  The  enemy  had  collected  their  whole  force  in 
the  peninsula,  and  were  reinforced  by  troops  from 
Lord  W(>llingtca's  army,  just  landed  from  Kingston. 
For  two  hours  the  two  hostile  lines  were  within  20 
yards  of  each  other,  and  so  frequently  intermingled, 
that  often  an  officer  would  order  an  enemy's  platoon. 
The  moon  shone  bright ;  but  part  of  our  men  being 
dressed  like  the  Glengarian  regit.ient  caused  the  de- 
ception.   They  frequently  charged,  and  were  as 
often  driven  back.    Our  regiment,  under  Colonel 
Miller,  was  ordered  to  storm  the  British  battery, 
We  chained,  and  took  every  piece  of  the  enemy's 
cannon.     We  kept  possession  of  the  giCund  and 
cannon  until  12  o'clock  at  night,  when  we  all  fell 
back  more  than  2  miles.     This  was  done  to  secure 
our  campi  which  might  otherwise  have  been  attack- 
ed in  the  rear.     Our  horses  being  most  of  them  kill- 
ed, and  there  being  no  ropes  to  the  pieces,  we  got 
off  but  two  or  three.    The  men  were  so  excessive- 
ly fatifi;ued  they  could  not  drag  them.     We  lost  one 
howitzer,  the  horses  being  on  full  gallop  towards  the 
enemy  to  attack  them,  the  riders  were  shot  off  and 
the  hr    es  ran  through  the  enemy's  line.     We  lost 
one  piece  of  cannon,  which  was  too  much  advanced, 
every  man  being  shot  that  had  charge  of  it,  but  two. 
Several  of  our  caissons  were  blown  up  by  their  rock- 
ets, which  did  some  injury,  and  deprived  our  can- 
non of  ammunition.    The  lines  were  so  near  that 
cannon  could  not  be  used  with  advantage." 

The  British  loss  in  killed,  wounded  and  prisoners 
t\as  87S  :  and  ttio  American  loss  860. 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


177 


iiJ 


Burning  Spring. 


*(?.? 


About  half  a  mile  north  of  Lundy's  Lune,  and 
within  a  faw  feet  of  the  rapids  in  the  Niagara  river, 
is  a  Burnine  Spring.  The  water  is  warm  and  sur- 
char|;ed  wiUi  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas.  The  water 
rises  in  a  barrel,  which  is  covered,  and  the  gas  es- 
capes through  a  tube.  On  applying  a  candle  to  the 
tube,  tjhe  gas  takes  fire,  and  burns  with  a  brilliant 
flame  until  blown  out ;  and  on  closing  the  building 
fpr  a  short  time  in  which  the  spring  is  contained, 
^nd  afterwards  entering  it  with  a  lighted  candle,  an 
explosion  may  be  produced.  A  small  fee  for  the 
exhibition  is  required  by  the  keeper  of  the  spring. 

Half  a  mile  bxm  the  Burning  Spring  are  the  cele- 
brated ^.  ,vt  tnS 


M' 


■i 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 

They  are  situated  on  the  Niagara  River,  which 
unites  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie  and  the  upper  lakes 
with  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St  Lawrence.  The  riv- 
er is  35  miles  in  lengths  ^i^  from  1-2  mile  to  5  or  6 
in  width.  The  banks  of  the  river  vary  in  their 
height  above  the  Falls,  from  4  to  100  feet.  Imme- 
diately below  the  Falls  the  precipice  is  not  less  than 
300  feet,  $ind  from  thence  to  lake  Ontario  gradually 
diminishes  to  the  height  of  25  or  30  feet  The  Ni- 
agara river  contains  a  number  of  islands,  the  princi- 
pal of  which  is  Grand  Island,  which  was  ceded  to 
the  state  of  New- York  by  the  Seneca  Nation  of  In- 
dians, in  1S15.  For  tjie  grant  th.^  state  paid  $1000 
down,  and  secured  an  annuity  of  $500.  This  lal- 
and  is  12  miles  long,  and  from  2  to  7  broad. 

The  Falls  are  situated  below  Grand  Island,  about 
20  miles  distant  from  Lake  Erie,  and  14  from  Lake 
Ontario.  At  Cihppewa  creek,  2  miles  above  the 
Falls,  the  width  of  the  river  is  nearly  2  miles,  and  its 
current  extremely  rapid.  From  thence  to  the  Falls 
it  gradually  narrows  to  about  1  mile  in  width     The 


i 


9   ': 


t' 


ITS 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


H 


.<i 


descent  of  the  rapids  has  been  estimated  at  58  feet. 
Thecuurse  of  the  river  above  the  Falls  is  north-west- 
wardly,  and  below  it  turns  abruptly  to  the  north-east, 
and  flows  about  a  mile  and  a  hal^  when  it  assumes 
a  northern  direction  to  Lake  Ontario.  The  cataract 
pours  over  a  summit  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  ex- 
tendin|f  some  distance  up  the  stream.  The  sheet  of 
^ater  is  separated  by  Goat  Island,  leaving  the  grand 
fall  on  the  Canada  aide,  about  600  yards  wide,  and 
the  high  fall  on  the  American  side,  about  300.  The 
fall  on  the  American  side  drops  almost  perpendicu- 
larly to  the  distance  of  164  feet.  The  grand  or  horse- 
shoe fall,  on  the  Canada  sid<>,  descends  to  the  river 
below  in  the  form  of  a  curve,  168  feet,  projecting 
about  50  feet  from  the  base.  The  whole  height,  in- 
cluding the  descent  of  the  rapids  above,  is  216  feet. 

On  the  Canada  side. 
The  view  from  the  table  rock,  has  been  generally 
considered  preferable  ;  but  this  point  roust  be  de- 
cided by  the  different  tastes  of  visitors.  The  table 
rock  projects  about  50  feet,  and  between  it  and  the 
Falls  an  irregular  arch  is  formed,  which  extends  un- 
der the  pitch,  almost  without  interruption,  to  the 
Island.  The  passage  to  this  rock  was  recently  ob- 
structed I>y  the  fall  of  a  fragment  of  the  precipice, 
about  20  feet  in  length,  and  from  1  to  4  in  breadth. 
This  was  erroneously  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  the 
table  rock.  It  has,  however,  been  lately  removed, 
and  a  more  convenient  passage  formed  to  this  cele- 
brated spot  by  the  construction  of  a  stair  way,  which 
is  of  a  spiral  form,  and  being  encolsed,  fs  descended 
without  emotion.*  On  reaching  the  bottom,  a 
rough  path  winds  along  at  the  foot  of  the  precipice, 

*  Visitants  desirous  of  passing  in  the  rear  of  the 
great  sheet  of  water,  are  supplied  by  the  keeper  of 
the  stairs  with  dresses  for  thajt  purpose,  and  with  a 
oijjde— chjirge  50  cents. 


NIAGARA  l'ALL». 


kW 


lace,  over 


under  the  excavated  bank,  which,  in  one 
igs  about  40  feet.  The  entrance  into 
the  tremendous  cavern  behind  the  falling  sheet, 
should  never  be  attempted  by  persons  of  weak 
nerves.  The  humidity  of  the  atmosphere,  which, 
at  times,  almost  prevents  respiration  ;  the  deafening 
roar  of  the  foaming  torrent,  and  the  sombre  appear- 
ance of  surrounding  objects,  is  oftentimes  calculated 
to  unnerve  the  stoutest  frame.  The  farthest  distance 
thatcan  be  approached,  is  to  what  is  called  I'tmii- 
nation  Rock,  153  feet  from  the  commencement  of 
the  volume  of  water  at  Table  Rock.  Few,  howev- 
er, have  the  courage  to  proceed  that  distance  ;  and 
seldom  go  farther  than  100  feet. 

The  JPavilion,  kept  by  Mr.  Forsyth,  is  at  present 
the  only  public  liouse  on  the  Canada  side.  The 
Ontario  house  was  burnt  the  last  winter  ;  it  being 
the  second  accident  of  tlie  kind  which  has  happe^f 
ed  to  the  proprietor  within  a  short  time.  The  Pa- 
vilion is  on  a  lofty  eminence  above  the  Falls  ;  afford- 
ing, from  its  piazzas  and  roof  a  beautiful  prospect  of 
the  surrounding  scenery.  It  is  a  handsomely  con- 
structed building,  and  can  accommodate  from  100 
to  150  guests. 

How  boats  are  continually  crossing  the  river  about 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  below  the  falls.  The  rapidity  of 
tlie  current,  the  numerous  eddies,  and  the  agitated 
appearance  of  the  water,  are  calculated  to  impress  a 
.stranger  with  an  idea,  that  a  passage  is  hazardous. 
But  we  believe  few,  if  any  accidents  have  ever  hap- 
pened. The  boatmen  are  skilful,  and  the  crossing 
is  generally  effected  in  about  15  minutes.  It  is  not 
improbable  that  a  horse  boat  will  ere  long  supersede 
the  use  of  row  boats  ;  as  preparations  are  making  to 
construct  a  road  from  the  precipitous  bank  on  each 
fude  of  the  river,  to  the  water's  edge.  On  the  Brit- 
ish side,  this  has  already  been  partially  effected  ; 
hut  on  the  American,  the  task  will  be  far  more  ardu- 
ou?.     ATlowino;  a  descent  of  1  foot  in  10,.  it  will  re- 


j 

i 


180 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


quire  a  distance  of  one  fourlh  of  a  mile  to  reach  the 
bottom. 

Ilic  Falls  on  the  American  side. 
Though  less  gigantic,  are  ncvertlieless  beautiful ; 
and  would  alotie  be  considered  one  of  the  greatest 
natural  curiosities  in  the  world.  A  flight  of  stairs 
has  been  constructed  from  the  bank  a  few  rods  be- 
low the  fall  to  the  bottom.  In  consequence  of  a 
rocky  barrier  in  front  of  the  falling  sheet,  it  can  be 
approached  to  within  a  few  feet  ;  though  not  with- 
out encountering  a  plentiful  shower  of  the  spray. 
About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  above  the  fall,  a  bridge 
has  been  constructed  from  the  shore  to  Bath  Island  ; 
which  is  connected  by  means  of  another  bridge  with 
Goat  Island .  The  sensation  in  crossing  these  bridg- 
es, and  particularly  the  first,*  over  the  tremendous 

*Gen.  Peter  B.  Porter,  of  Black  Rock,  to  whom 
the  public  are  indebted  for  the  coup  ;ruction  of  thiK 
bridge,  informed  me  that  its  erection  was  not  eflect- 
ted  without  considerable  danger.  Two  large  trees, 
hewed  to  correspond  with  their  shape,  were  lirst 
constructed  into  a  temporary  bridge,  the  buts  fast :: 
ed  to  the  shore,  with  the  lightest  er^e  proje  ,  sfg 
over  the  rapids.  At  the  extremity  of  the  project^<jr<, 
a  small  butment  of  stone  was  at  first  placed  in  the 
river,  and  when  this  became  secure,  logs  were  sunk 
around  it,  locked  in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  a 
frame,  which  was  filled  with  stone.  A  bridge  was 
then  made  to  this  butment,  the  temporary  bridge 
shoved  forward,  and  another  butment  formed,  until 
the  whole  was  completed.  One  man  fell  into  the 
rapids  during  the  work.  At  first,  owing  to  the  velo- 
city w*}\  which  he  was  carried  forward,  he  was  un- 
able o  ^'old  uronthe  projecting  rocks  ;  but  through 
great  bouisy  'i  lertior r.  to  lessen  the  motion,  by  swim- 
ming againi:-:  the  current,  he  was  enabled  to  seize 
upon  a  !()ck,  f^o\r  which  he  was  tal  en  by  means  of 
ropes. 


I 


.^:^ 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


181 


rapkls  beuealli,  is  calculated  to  alarm  the  traveller 
for  his  safety,  ard  hasten  him  in  his  excursion  to  the 
Island.  On  Buih  Island,  mills  have  been  erected, 
contiguous  to  ^vhat  is  termed  the  race-way ^  which 
divides  Bath  i:om  Goat  Island.  The  latter,  which  is 
330  yards  broad,  is  principally  a  wilderness.  On  the 
southern  and  western  banks  an  expensive  view  is 
had  of  the  rapids  above  and  of  the  ^rand  fall  on  the 
Canada  side.  But  the  best  view  of  the  latter  is  ob- 
tained from  a  .small  bridge  which  has  been  erected 
from  the  island  to  the  Tertapin  rocksy  adjoining  the 
fulls,  800  feet  from  the  shoie.  From  the  end  of  this 
bridge,  which  is  placed  on  the  very  verge  of  the 
precipico,  the  frightful  abyss,  covered  with  a  foam 
of  snowy  whiteness  is  seen  beneath.  No  one  can 
witness  ir.  at  lirst,  without  involuntarily  shrinking 
back.  A  fear  that  the  frail  structure  on  which  he 
stands  pyay  possibly  give  way,  induces  him  to  retrace 
lus  steps  with  as  little  delay  as  practicable  ;  and  it 
is  not  until  after  repeated  visits,  that  this  alarm 
wholly  .subsides.* 

The  amoui^t  of  water  which  passes  over  the  res- 
pective fills,  has  been  estimated  by  Dr.  D  wight  at 
more  than  100  millions  of  tons  an  hour.  No  method 
can  be  devised  for  ascertaining  the  depth  at  the 
principal  fall ;  but  it  is  not  improbable  that  it  may 

*The  exact  height  of  the  British  falls  was  ascer- 
tained last  year  for  the  first  time,  by  Doct.  J.  C. 
Thompson,  of  Albany.  A  piece  of  scantling  was 
used,  projecting  from  the  railing  of  the  bridge  over 
the  edge  of  the  precipice,  from  which  was  suspend- 
ed a  cord  with  a  weight,  reaching  fairly  to  the  water 
in  a  perpendicular  line.  From  the  end  of  the  scant- 
ling to  the  commencement  of  the  purpendicular  fall, 
was  13  feet  1  inch,  and  from  thence  to  the  surface 
below,  158  feet  4  inches.  The  latter  may  therefore 
be  considered  the  precise  height  of  the  horse  shoe 
fall. 


^■i 


i 


I 


t 


Bi     ) 


182 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


. 


M 


be  6  or  SOO  feet ;  as  tlie  depth  of  the  stream  half  a 
mile  below  is  from  250  to  260  feet. 

To  a  stranger  who  shall  examine  the  rapids  above 
the  falls,  it  will  seem  incredible  that  Goat  Island 
should  ever  have  been  visited  previous  to  the  con- 
struction of  the  bridge.  Yet  as  early  as  1765,*  sev- 
eral French  officers  were  conveyed  to  it  by  Indians 
in  canoes,  carefully  dropping  down  the  river  ;  and  it 
is  but  a  few  years  since  Gen.  Porter,  of  Black  Rock, 
With  some  other  gentlemen,  also  made  a  trip  to  the 
island  in  a  boat.  They  found  but  little  difficulty  ir^ 
descending  ;  but  their  return  was  diificuU^and  haz- 
ardous. It  was  effected  by  shoving  the  boat  with 
setting  poles  up  the  most  shallow  part  of  the  current, 
for  half  a  mile,  before  making  for  the  shore. 

Fulling  into  the  current,  w  ithin  a  mile  of  the  falls, 
is  considered  fatal.  Several  accidents  of  the  kind 
have  happened  ;  and  no  one,  (save  in  the  instance 
mentioned  in  a  preccdin:^  page,)  has  ever  reached 
the  shore  Many  bodies  hdve  been  found  below 
the  falls — those  that  have  fallen  in  the  centre  of  the 
strem),  without  any  external  marks  of  injury  ;  and 
those  that  have  fallen  near  the  shore,  much  lacera- 
ted and  disfigured.  The  latter  has  probably  been 
occasioned  by  coming  in  contact  ^ith  rocks  in  shal- 
low water,  before  reaching  the  cataract.  It  is  but  a 
few  years  since  an  Indian,  partially  intoxicated,  in 
attempting  to  cross  the  river  near  Chippewa,  was 
forced  near  the  rapids ;  when  finding  all  efforts  to 
rer.>in  the  shore  unavailing,  he  lay  down  iu  his  ca- 
noe, and  was  soon  pli'.i  ged  into  the  tremendous 
vortex  below.     He  v^n-^  ner:r  3Pen  afterwards. f 


•Trees  marked  1765  and  176;V,  are  still  to  be  seen 
on  the  island. 

fDESCENT   OF  THE    SCHO<  NTER   MlCUlGAJV. 

The  following  is  »  xlracted  Ir  .'m  an  acco'jnt  Of  this 
exhibition  as  givey  at  the  time  by  the  editor  of  this 
Work,  who  was  ...■'  evf  witness  of  the  scene  : 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


1S3 


There  are  two  large  boaiding  establishments  on 
the  American  side,  in  what  is  called  tue  village  of 
Manchester.  The  Eagle  Tavern  kept  by  Gen. 
Whitney,  is  the  oldest,  and  is  entitled  to  a  full  share 


It 


Magara  Falh,  Sept.  8, 1827. 

**  It  was  announced  some  weeks  since  that  the 
schooner  Michigan,  of  150  tons  burthen,  would  pass 
over  the  grand  cataract  this  day.  Great  interest 
had,  in  consequence,  been  excited ;  and  an  immense 
multitude  from  di^ercnt  parts  of  the  country  had 
resorted  hither  to  b^  spectators  of  so  novel  an  exhi> 
bition.  The  shores  on  both  sid^s  of  the  Niagara^ 
for  three  fourths  of  a  mile  in  extent,  were  thronged 
with  the  citizens  of  the  adjoining  country,  nearly 
en  masse,  and  with  a  vast  many  strangers,  exhibit- 
ing, alone,  a  beautiful  spectacle  ;  but  when  there 
was  added  to  this,  one  of  the  greatest  wonders  of 
the  world,  the  descent  of  a  mighty  river,  in  an  un- 
broken sheet,  into  a  vast  abyss  below,  exhibiting  a 
foam  of  snowy  whiteness,  and  a  spray  tinged  with 
the  richest  of  colours,  frequently  in  the  form  of  a 
splendid  arch,  it  is  impossible  for  me  to  convey  an 
adequate  idea  of  the  sublimity  of  the  scene.  f) 

"At  3  o'clock,  the  Michigan,  which  had  been 
moored  to  the  foot  of  Navy  Island,  two  miles  above 
the  falls,  dressed  out  with  flags,  and  having  on  board 
several  animals,  including  a  buffalo,  two  bears,  two 
foxes,  a  raccoon,  a  dog  and  two  geese,  with  six  effi- 
gies, representing  a  man  at  the  hMm,  two  in  the 
main  and  fore  top,  lashed  to  the  stays,  and  three  on 
deck,  was  loosed  from  her  moorings,  and  conducted 
by  boats  to  within  a  mile  avA  a  half  of  the  falls  ; 
where,  her  helm  being  so  fastened  as  to  guide  her 
into  the  main  channel,  she  was  left  to  her  fate.  She 
descended  with  much  regularity  to  the  iBrst  cataract 
above  the  falls,  where  she  was  turned  in  a  quarter- 
ing position  and  lodged  on  rocks,  her  bow  towards 
the  Canada  shore.     The  bears  here  left  the  vessel, 

l2 


184 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


I 


I 


1  i 


i 

■ 

; 

ii ;  1 

i' ,  t 

:     ! 

■     i. 

ot  patronage.  The  other  has  been  recently  erected, 
and  is  a  handsome  building,  with  pleasant  and  airy 
apartments.  The  village  was  burnt  by  the  British 
in  1813  ;  but  it  has  been  rebuilt ;  and  though  small, 
is  larger  than  it  was  previous  to  that  event. 

In  ijiving  a  general  description  of  the  Falls,  we 
have,  m  ossing  to  the  American  side,  diverged 
from  our  v<'<?posed  route.     While  on  the  Canada 

and  swam  to  a  small  island  ;  from  which,  t  was 
told,  they  succeeded  in  reaching  the  shore.  Great 
fears  were  now  entertained  that  the  vessel  was  too 
firmly  grounded  to  be  removed  by  the  force  of  tiie 
current.  But  these  were  soon  dissipated.  She 
was  shortly  seen  to  glide  from  the  rocks  and  majesti- 
cally descend  the  cataract,  where  she  was  thrown 
on  her  beam  ends.  She,  however,  righted  ;  but  so 
greatly  had  she  been  strained  by  the  descent,  that 
one  other  masts  soon  went  by  the  board,  and  short- 
ly afterwards  the  other.  Being,  probably,  nearly 
filled  with  water,  she  was  not  again  easily  discema- 
ble  from  the  American  stiore,  until  she  bad  approach- 
ed within  a  short  instance  of  the  falls.  She  was 
then  seen  coming  down  with  great  rapidity,  stern 
foremost ;  and  finally  descended,  in  fine  style,  near 
the  centre  of  what  is  termed  the  horse  shoe,  bend- 
ing with  the  current,  without  a  separation  of  her 
hulk,  into  the  tremendous  gulf  below.  She  was 
dashed  in<o  a  thousand  pieces  ;  and  her  fragments 
were  soon  seen  floating  on  the  surges  beneath. 

**  The  buffhlo  descended  shortly  after  the  vessel  ; 
but  was  probably  dead  before  he  reached  the  preci- 
pice— as  was  doubtless  the  case  with  the  foxes,  rac- 
coon and  dog,  none  of  their  bodies  having  been  dis- 
covered below  the  falls.  The  geese  were  seen 
floating  and  were  picked  up  alive,  near  the  ferry 
below."  ;-\^'- 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


185 


cterf, 
airy 
ritish 
imall. 


was 
Great 

too 
f  the 

She 


shore,*  it  is  recommended  to  tourists,  to  proceed 
down  the  river,  through  Queenston  to  Fort  George 
or  Newark  ;  cross  over  to  Fort  Niagara  or  Youngs-  > 
town,  and  proceed  up  the  river,  through  Lewiston, 
to  Manchester.  For  a  short  excursion,  there  are 
many  objects  of  attraction  on  this  route,  which  are 
noticed  hereafter. 

*Another  place  of  resort,  while  on  the  Cana- 
da side,  and  which  will  amply  repay  an  excursion 
thither,  is  the  Deep  Cut,  composing  a  part  of  the 
Welland  canal,  eight  miles  west  of  the  falls.    "  This 
canal,  (says  the  New- York  Statesman,)  which  is  to 
admit  the  lar^st  class  of  lake  vessels,  is  about  thir- 
ty-five miles  m  length  ;  commencing  on  the  Lake 
Erie  shore  about  forty  miles  above  Buffalo,  and  en- 
tering Lake  Ontario  about  12  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  Niagara  river.    The  width  of  the  water  at  the 
surface  is  fifty  feet  y  and  its  depth  ten  feet.    At  the 
Deep  Cut,  where  it  is  necessary  to  remove  for  a 
number  of  miles  a  larger  quantity  of  earth  than  else- 
where, the  excavation  is  to  the  depth  oi  fifty  feet, 
while  the  banks  at  the  top  are  from  150  to  200  feet 
distant ;  and  as  the  spectator  stands  on  the  summit 
and  beholds  the  whole  of  this  great  artificial  valley, 
the  sight  is  extremely  imposing.    The  course  of  the 
canal  is  for  the  most  part  through  a  bed  of  compact 
clay,  which  yields  only  to  the  pick-axe,  and  ploughs 
drawn  by  more  than  twenty  oxen. 

The  Canadians  count  largely  upon  its  beneficial 
effects,  (which  will  no  doubt  be  felt,)  but  we  are 
strongly  inclined  to  the  opinion,  that  the  northern 
part  of  our  own  state,  will  d«irive  equal  of  not  great- 
er advantage  from  it  than  the  Canadians.  The 
town  of  Rochester,  in  particular,  will,  if  we  do  not 
greatly  err,  bless  the  day  when  it  was  commenced 
by  the  British  government  It  can  be  regarded  in 
no  other  light,  than  as  a  continuation  of  that  great 
system  of  internal  navigation,  so  brilliantly  commen- 
ced and  executed  by  our  own  state." 

1,3 


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BATTLE  OF  QUEExVSTON. 


..  QuEENSTON  is  7  miles  from  the  Falls  oo  the  Cafi' 
ada  side.  It  lies  on  the  bank  of  the  Niagara  ;  and, 
disconnected  with  military  events,  would  be  consid- 
ered unimportant. 

The  battle  of  Queenston  occurred  on  the  13th  of 
Oct.  1812.  Gen.  Van  Rensselaer,  who  had  com- 
mand cf  the  American  troops  at  Lewiston,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river,  determined  on  crossing 
over  and  taking  possession  of  Queenston  heights. 
The  crossing  was  effected  before  dny-light ;  and  the 
ascent,  which  was  up  a  precipitous  ravine,  rising 
nearly  300  feet  above  the  river,  was  accomplished 
amid  the  fire  of  the  enemy  from  his  breast  works  on 
the  heights.  As  the  Americans  approached,  the 
British  retreated  to  the  village  below  ;  where  their 
commandant.  Gen.  Brock,  in  forming  his  lines  to 
reascend  the  heights,  was  mortally  wounded  by  a 
random  shot.  His  aid,  Col.  M' Donald,  then  took 
command  and  ascended  the  heights,  where  he  was 
also  wounded  mortally.  The  Americans  continued 
in  possession  but  a  few  hours,  when  tliey  recrossed 
the  river.  Hie  pickets  and  breast  works,  though  in 
a  state  of  decay,  are  still  visible. 

The  spot  on  which  Brock  fell  is  pnin  ted  out  to 
strangers.  It  was  in  a  small  field,  >ince  called 
Brock's  lot  ;  and  is  reserved  for  the  erection  of  a 
church  at  a  future  period. 

BROCK'S  MONUMENT 
Is  on  the  heights,  one  fourth  of  a  mile  southwest 
of  the  vill.ige  of  Queenston.  It  is  composed  of  free 
stone  ;  and,  excepting  the  base,  is  of  a  spiral  form. 
It  is  a  fine  specimen  of  architecture  ;  and  from  its 
elevation,  is  seen  for  a  great  many  miles.  Its  height 
is  126  feet ;  and  the  heights  on  which  it  is  erected, 
are  270  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Niagara  river. 
The  ascent  to  the  top  of  the  monument,  is  bymeanr 
of  winding  steps,  170  in  number.  It  is  extremely 
fatiguing  ;  but  the  prospect  afforded  of  the  surround* 


V     k  T-^-iVV     '    *>    ■ 


t'ORT  GEORGfc. 


187 


Can- 
and, 
nsid- 

thof 


ing  country  for  50  miles  in  extent,  will  richly  repay 
a  tourist  for  the  time  and  trouble  in  visiting  its  pin* 
nacle.  No  inscription  yet  appears  on  the  raonu- 
but  the  following  has  been  selected,  and  is 
to  be  placed  in  the  niche  left  for  that  pur- 


ment ; 
shortly 
pose: 


(( 


Tlie  Legislature  of  Upper  Canada 
has  dedicated 
THIS  MONUMENT 
to  the 
many  civil  and  military  services       , . 
of  the  late 
Sir  ISAAC  BROCK. 
'  Knight,  Commander  of  the  most  honorable 

Order  of  the  Bath, 
Provincial  Lieut  Governor  and  Major  General, 
'"  Commanding  bis  Majesty's  forces 

therein. 

He  fell  in  action  on  the  13th  of  October,  1812, 

honored  and  beloved  by  those  whom  he  governed, 

and  deplored  by  his  Sovereign, 

to  whose  service  his  life  had  been  devoted . 

His  remains  are  deposited  in  this  vault,  as  also  his 

aid-de-camp, 

Lieut.  Colonel  John  M'Donald,    ■ 

who  died  of  his  wounds  the  14th  of  October,  1812, 

.    received  the  day  before  in  action." 

Fort  George,  or  Newark,  is  7  miles  north  of 
Queenston,  and  is  located  at  the  entrance  of  the  Ni- 
agara river  into  Lake  Ontario.  The  village  was  burnt 
during  the  last  war ;  which  event  was  followed  by 
the  burning  of  several  frontier  villages  on  the  Amer- 
ican shore,  as  retaliatory.  Fort  George,  near  the 
village,  is  the  most  prominent,  and  perhaps  the  on- 
ly object  of  interest  presented.  It  is  in  a  state  of 
tolerable  preservation,  and  has  generally,  since  the 
war,  been  occupied  as  a  garrison  by  a  small  number 
of  soldiers.    The  river  is  crossed  in  a  horse  boat,  to 

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188 


LEWISTON. 


YovsGSTOwiT,  contaitiiDg  from  40  to  50  houses , 
one  mile  north  of  which,  and  directly  opposite  New- 
ark, is  Fort  Niagara.  It  was  built  by  the  French 
in  1725,  passed  into  British  hands  by  the  conquest 
of  Canada,  and  was  surrendered  to  the  U.  States  in 
1796.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  by  surprise  dur- 
ing the  last  war,  and  abandoned  on  the  restoration  of 
peace.    The  works  are  now  in  a  state  of  decay. 

Lewiston  is  7  miles  south  of  Youngstown,  and 
is  directly  opposite  the  village  of  Queenston.  It  is 
located  at  the  foot  and  termination  of  the  Mountain 
Ridge,  or  alluvial  way,  (noticed  hereafter,)  and  at 
the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Niagara  river.  With 
the  other  frontier  villages,  it  was  laid  in  ruins  during 
the  late  war,  and  was  deserted  by  its  inhabitants, 
from  Dec.  1813,  to  Ainril,  1815 ;  but  it  is  now  in  a 
flourishing  condition,  and  its  buildings  exhibit  much 
taste  and  neatness.  A  ferry  is  established  between 
this  place  and  Queenston  ^  While  standing  on  the 
lofty  bank,  the  rapid  motion  of  the  river,  with  its 
various  eddies,  are  far  from  inviting,  and  seem  to  for- 
bid the  idea  of  a  pleasant  passage :  but  these  sensa- 
tions are  removed  soon  after  entering  the  boat.  It 
is  carried  down  for  a  considerable  distance  with  much 
rapidity,  but  without  danger. — Every  appearance 
confirms  the  supposition,  that  at  this  place  the  falls 
once  poured  their  immens'^.  volumes  of  water,  but 
by  a  constant  abrasion  of  the  cataract,  have  receded 
to  their  present  position,  7  miles  distant. 

Stages  leave  Lewiston  every  morning  at  4  o'clock 
for  llochester,  distant  80  miles,  passing  on  the  Ridge 
Road,  or  alluvial  way,*  and  reach  Rochester  at  eve- 

*  This  ridge  extends  along  the  south  shore  of  Lake 
Ontario,  from  the  Genesee  river  to  Nis^ra  river,  a 
distance  of  about  80  miles.  The  road  is  handsome- 
ly arched  in  the  centre,  and  is  ^nerally  from  4  ta 
8  rods  wide.    In  some  places  it  is  elevated  120  or 


LEWISTON. 


ItiP 


liihg.  Fare  $3,25.  Stages,  also  run  to  Lockport 
every  day,  distant  20  miles,  passing  through  the 
Ikiscarora  village,  occupied  by  a  tribe  of  Indians  of 
that  name.f 

In  pursuing  the  route  from  Lewiston  to  the  Falls 
Dn  the  American  side,  the  traveller  soon  begins  to 
climb  the  height  or  mountain  describing  the  differ- 
ence of  altitude  between  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie. 
The  ascent  is  somewhat  precipitous,  but  is  overcome 
without  difficulty.  At  the  distance  of  two  miles, 
the  top  is  gained,  and  affords  an  imposing  prospect 
of  the  almost  interminable  expanse  below.  The 
course  of  the  mighty  Niagara  is  easily  traced  to  its 

130  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake,  from  which  it 
is  distant  from  6  to  10  miles.  The  first  40  mil^s 
from  Lewiston,  of  this  natural  highway,  is  broken 
for  a  considerable  extent,  by  log  roads  or  causeways, 
bordered  by  impervious  forests,  occasionally  relieved 
by  the  temporary  huts  of  the  recent  settlers ;  but  the 
remaining  distance  is  unusually  level,  and,  with 
some  intermissiors,  bordered  by  a  line  of  cultivation. 
It  is  generally  believed  that  this  was  once  the  south- 
em  boundary  of  the  lake,  and  that  the  ridge  was  oc- 
casioned by  the  action  of  the  water.  The  gravel 
and  smooth  stones  of  which  the  ridge  is  composed, 
intermingled  with  a  great  variety  of  shells,  leave  lit- 
tle room  to  doubt  the  correctness  of  this  opinion.  It 
is  a  great  natural  curiosity,  and  should  be  travelled 
over  by  the  tourist  in  going  to  or  returning  from  the 
Falls. 

t  Doct.  Spafford,  in  his  Gazetteer  of  New- York, 
remarks,  that  Uiis  tribe  came  from  N.  Carolina  about 
1712,  and  joined  the  confederacy  of  the  Five  Na- 
tions, themselves  making  tlie  Sixth.  They  still  hold 
an  interest  in  a  very  large  and  valuable  tract  of  land 
in  N.  Carolina,  which  will  not  be  extinct  before  A. 
D.  1911.  They  also  own  a  very  considerable  tract 
of  land  in  this  state,  deeded  to  them  by  the  Holland 
Company.  l  5 


il 


180 


tAKE  OJJTARlO. 


ii 


1:. 


M  ! 


outlet ;  where,  from  their  prominence,  are  distinctly 
seen.  Forts  Niagara  and  George.  The  waters  of 
the  distant  lake  and  the  surrounding  plains  are  so 
charmingly  picturesque,  that  the  traveller  withdraw^ 
reluctantly,  even  to  participate  in  the  enj<^rment  of 
scenes  more  sublime.  Three  and  a  half  miles  from 
Lewiston  is  what  is  called  the 

Disviii's  Hole,  a  most  terrific  gulph,  formed  by 
a  chasm  in  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Niagara,  150  or 
200  feet  deep.  An  an^ie  of  this  gut)^  is  within  a 
few  feet  of  the  road ;  affording  to  the  passing  trav- 
eller, without  alighting,  an  oppotunity  of  looking  in- 
to the  yawning  abyss  beneath.  During  the  French 
war,  a  detachment  of  the  British  army,  while  retreat- 
ing fVom  Schlosser  in  the  night,  before  a  superior 
force  of  French  and  Indians,  were  destroyed  at  this 
place.  Officers,  soldiers,  women  and  children,  with 
their  horses,  waggons,  baggage,  &c.  were  all  precip- 
itated down  the  gulph.  Those  who  were  not 
drowned  in  the  river  were  dashed  in  pieces  on  the 
naked  rocks  ! 

The  Whirlpool  is  one  mile  fardier  south.  It  is 
formed  by  a  short  turn  in  the  river,  and  can  be  view- 
ed on  either  side  ;  though  the  best  view,  connected 
with  the  rapids,  is  on  the  American  shore.  One 
mile  farther,  is  a 

Sulphur  Spring,  used  principally  for  bathing. 

The  American  Fall  at  Manchester,  is  a  mile 
and  a  half  farther ;  and  has  been  already  noticed  in 
this  work. 


*A  LAKE  ONTARIO. 

This  Idee  is  in  length  171  miles,  and  in  circumfer- 
ence 467.  In  many  places  its  depth  has  not  been 
ascertained.    In  the  middle  a  line  of  350  fathoms 


FROM  NIAGARA  TO  MONTREAL.    191 


has  been  let  dovrn  without  finding  bottom.  Of  the 
many  islands  which  this  lake  contains,  the  principal 
is  Grand  Isle,  opposite  to  Kingston.  At  this  place 
the  lake  is  about  10  miles  in  width,  and  from  thence 
k  gradually  contracts  until  it  reaches  Brockville,  a 
distance  of  about  60  miles,  where  its  width  is  not 
over  2  miles.  About  40  miles  of  this  distance  is 
filled  with  a  continued  cluster  of  small  islands,  which 
from  their  number  have  been  distinguished  by  the 
name  of  the  Thousand  Islands. 

Though  inferior  in  its  extent  to  the  remaining  4 
great  western  lakes,  Ontario  is  far  from  being  the 
least  interesting.  The  north-east  shore  of  the  lake 
consists  principally  of  low  land,  and  is  in  many  pla- 
ces marshy.  On  the  north  and  north-west  it  is  more 
elevated,  and  gradually  subsides  towards  the  south. 
The  maigin  of  the  lake  is  generally  bordered  by  thick 
forests,  through  which  are  occasionally  seen  little 
settlements  surrounded  with  rich  fields  of  cultiva- 
tion, terminated  by  lofty  ridges  of  land  here  and 
there  assuming  Hie  character  of  mountains.  Some 
of  the  highest  elevations  of  land  are  the  cliffs  of  To- 
rente,  the  Devil's  Nose,  and  the  Fifty  Mile  Hill. 
Hie  principal  rivers  which  empty  into  the  lake  on 
the  south,  are  the  Genesee  and  0  iWego.  York, 
Kingston  and  Sacket's  Harbour,  all  situated  on  the 
borders  of  the  lake,  are  well  known  in  connexion 
with  the  history  of  the  late  war.   ,,.,,,  ^^   .iVMi 

ROUTE  FROM  lOAGARA  TO  MONTREAL. 

By  the  present  arrangement,  the  British  steam 
boats  leave  ti^ueenstcm  for  Prescott,  on  Lake  Onta< 
rio,  every  Thursday  and  Sunday  at  8  A.  M.  touching 
at  York,  Kingston  and  Brockville.  From  Prescott 
a  stage  is  taken  for  Cornwall,  50  miles  ;  from  thence 
a  steam-boat  to  Coteau  dn  Lac,  86  miles;  from 
thence  a  coach  to  the  Cascades,  16  miles;  from 
thence  a  steam-boat  to  Lachine,  23  miles ;  and  from 
thence  n  coach  to  Montreal,  9  miles. 


i 


ill 


tl 


:1ii 


I 


! 


192 


OSWEGO. 


The  American  boat  leaves  Lewiistoa  once  a 
week  for  Ogdensbui^h,  distant  268  miles,  touching 
at  Grenesee  river,  Oswego,  Sacket's  Harbor  and  Cape 
Vincent.  From  Ogdensburgh,  a  stage  is  generally 
taken  for  Montreal ;  though  passage  boats,  which 
descend  as  far  as  Lachine  are  sometimes  preferred. 

From  Lewiston  to  Montreal  is  385  miles,  and  the 
intervening  distances  are  estimated  as  follows : 


Miles. 

Mies* 

Fort  Niagara,            7 
Genesee  River,       74 

Ogdensburgh, 

12 

Gallop  Islands, 

5 

Great  Sodus  Bay,    35 

Hamilton, 

19 

Oswego  River,       28 

St.  Regis, 

89 

Sacket's  Harbor,     40 

La  Chine, 

58 

Cape  Vincent,        20 

Montreal, 

7 

Morristown,            50 

Fort  Niagara,  7  miles  from  Lewiston.  {See 
p.  188.) 

Charlottic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Genesee  river, 
74  miles  from  Lewiston,  is  a  port  of  entry.  The 
river  is  navigable  to  the  Carthage*  falls,  4  miles ; 
from  whence  to  Rochester*  is  2  miles  ;  to  which 
place  passengers  can  always  be  conveyed  by  stages 
in  readiness  on  the  arrival  of  each  boat. 

Great  Sodus  Bay,  35  miles.  This  embraces 
East,  Port  and  Little  Sodus  Bays,  and  has  3  isla^xds 
of  considerable  size.  The  whole  circumference  of 
the  bay,  with  its  coves  and  points  is  about  15  miles. 
Its  waters  are  deep  and  clear,  and  its  shores  have 
several  elegant  sites  for  buildings. 

OslvEGo,  28  miles.  This  village  is  situate  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Oswego  river ;  and,  within  2  or  3  years 

t-    *  For  a  description  of  these  places,  see  poges  164 
to  167.  -%*'-^i!tt^-,j#!rT4a^'ic  .us.ms'.Hm  w'^wmj 


12 
5 
19 
85 
53 
7 


MORKISTOWN. 


198 


has  rapidly  increased  in  size  and  population.  The 
falls  in  the  river  at  this  place  aiToitl  extensive  facil- 
ities for  manufacturing  operations  ;  added  to  which, 
a  canal  is  nearly  finished,  uniting  with  the  Erie  ca- 
nal at  Syracuse,  40  miles  distant.  It  is  not  improb- 
able that  the  completion  of  this  and  the  Wetland  ca- 
nal, (previously  noticed,)  may  divert  some  of  the 
trade  of  Lake  Erie  from  its  present  channel  to  Lake 
Ontario  and  the  Oswego  canal. 

Forts  Oswego  and  Ontario  are  at  this  place.  The 
first  was  erected  in  1727,  and  the  latter  in  1755. 
Both  were  besieged  by  Gen.  Montcalrn  in  1766, 
with  3000  troops  and  two  vessels.  Fort  Ontario 
was  soon  evacuated  by  the  English,  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  surrender  of  Fort  Oswego,  with  a  large 
quantity  of  stores,  cannon,  2  sloops  and  nearly  200 
boats.  The  position,  however,  having  been  held  a 
short  time  by  the  French,  was  abandoned. 

During  the  last  war,  the  place  was  taken  by  the 
British,  after  a  loss  c;f  about  100  men  ;  but  was  evac- 
uated immediately  atilerwards. 

Sacket's  Harbor,  4<0  miles.  This  was  an  im- 
portant military  and  naval  station  during  the  last 
war.  The  Barracks  are  situate  about  400  yards 
north-easterly  of  tlie  village  on  the  shore.  They 
are  a  solid  range  of  stone  buildings,  and  add  much 
to  the  appearaitce  of  the  place.  Two  forts  erected 
dtiring  the  war  are  now  in  ruins.  On  Navy  Point, 
wtucH  forms  the  harbor,  there  is  a  large  ship  of  war 
on  the  stocks ;  but  which,  probably,  will  never  be 
finished. 

Caf£  Vincent,  20  miles.  Kingston,  in  U. 
Canada,  is  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Lake,  11 
miles  distant,  with  Grand  Island  intervening. 

MoRRisTOWN,  50  miles.  The  river  here  is  but 
a  mile  and  a  quarter  wide  ;  on  the  opposite  side  of 
which,  is  the  village  of  Brockville. 


194 


OGDENSBURGH. 


! 


!!  ; 


i  ' 


Ogdensburgh,  ^hich  terminates  the  passage  of 
the  steain-buat,  is  12  miles  farther,  and  is  situated 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Oswegatche  river,  at  its  con- 
fluence with  the  St.  Lawrence.  This  is  a  thriving 
little  village,  containing  about  160  houses,  including 
the  court'house  of  the  county.  Its  population  is  not 
less  than  800.  A  military  fortification,  consisting  of 
two  stone  buildings  and  a  number  of  wooden  bar- 
racks was  formerly  erected  here  by  the  British  gov- 
ernment, but  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  in 
1796. 

A  regular  stage  leaves  Ogdensburgh  three  times  a 
week  tor  Plattsburgh  ;  from  whence  a  steam-boat 
can  be  taken  on  Lake  Champlain  for  St.  John's  or 
Whitehall. 

Stages  also  arrive  and  depart  every  week,  to  and 
from  Montreal.     Passage  boats,  also,  leave  Ogd 
burgh  about  every  day,  and  descend  the  river 
Bs  I<a  Chine,  7  miles  above  Montreal,  inSc  ^i,. 
The  boats  are  usually  furnished  with  every  necessa- 
ry implement  for  their  good  management,  and  with 
skilful  pilots.     The  latter  are  more  particularly  re- 
quisite, as  the  current  of  the  St.  Lawrence  is  gener- 
ally very  rapid,  and  obstructed  by  numerous  shoals 
and  islands,  which  by  an  inexperienced  navigator 
could  not  without  difficulty  be  avoided.     The  prin- 
cipal rapids  are  three  in  number — the  Longue  Sault, 
the  Rapids  uf  the  Cedars,  and  the  Cascades  of  St. 
Louis.     The  first  of  these  is  9  miles  in  length,  and 
is  usually  passed  in  20  minutes,  which  is  at  the  rate 
of  27  miles  an  hour.    The  rapids  of  the  Cedars  ter- 
minate about  3  miles  from  the  Cascades,  which,  after 
a  broken  course  of  about  2  miles,  pour  their  foaming 
wateis  into  Lake  St.  Louis.*    Lake  St.  Francis,  on 


^  In  1810,  a  barge  was  wrecked  on  these  rapids, 
and  several  lives  lost  An  English  gentleman,  Mr. 
M — ,  w^ith  six  others,  left  Fort  George  in  the  monUi 
of  April  in  a  sctiooner  for  Kingston ;  from  whence 


.Ji'.Ti"  .(■ 


Mi 


on 


•; 


St.  LAWRENCE  RIVER. 


m 


the  St.  Lawrence,  is  25  miles  long,  and  its  greatest 
breadth  15.  The  borders  of  the  lake  are  so  low  that 
they  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  in  passing  along 
its  centre.  At  the  northern  extremity  of  Lake  St. 
Francis,  on  its  south  side,  is  situated  the  village  of 
St.  Regis,  through  which  passes  the  boundary  line 
between  the  Canadas  and  the  United  States. 

The  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence  exhibit  a  country 
remarkably  fertile,  and  in  many  places  l^lder  good 
cultivation.  '  ^' 

they  proceeded  in  a  barge  down  the  river  to  Point 
du  Lac.  Here  the  bargemen  returned  up  the  river ; 
and  M —  with  his  party  went  on  board  another  barge, 
which  was  old  and  leaky,  and  deeply  laden  with  pot* 
ashes,  luggage  and  passengers.  On  arriving  at  the 
village  of  the  Cedars,  where  are  three  dangerous 
rapi(b,  (the  Cedars,  the  Split-Rock  and  the  Cas- 
cades,  about  one  mile  apart,)  it  is  customary  to  take 
a  pilot ;  but  the  captain,  a  daring,  rash  man,  refused 
to  employ  one.  After  passing  the  Cedar  rapid,  not 
without  hazard,  the  captain  became  partially  intoxi* 
cated,  and  soon  entered  the  Split-rock  rapids  by  a 
wrong  channel.  The  barge  was  here  precipitated 
down  a  pre'^ipice,  and  nearly  filled.  The  passen- 
gers, however,  continued  their  hold,  and  succeeded 
in  bailing  out  most  of  the  water ;  when  they  were 
hurried  on  to  what  the  Canadians  call  the  **  grand 
bouillon,**  or  great  boiling.  In  approaching  this 
place,  the  captain  let  go  the  helm,  and  gave  up  all 
for  lost.  The  barge  was  immediately  overwhelmed 
in  the  midst  of  immense  foaming  breakers,  which 
rushed  over  the  bows,  carrying  away  plainks,  oars, 
&c.  Each  man  caught  hold  of  something  ;  and  3 
were  rescued  by  a  canoe  which  came  to  their  assist- 
ance, just  where  the  Split-rock  rapids  terminate. 
The  canoe  put  off  the  second  time,  and  was  ap<* 
proaching  near  to  Mr.  M —  and  iwo  others,  who 
were  holdins:  on  a  trunk  :  when,  terrified  with  the 


! 


if 

I 


1 

i; 

I: 

ir 

1 

1: 

{ 

i 

I 


I   I 


i  '  I 


I  ;i 


':> 


i! 


i  I    • 


196 


<MLLOP  ISLANDS. 


The  first  settlements  in  this  region,  commenced 
in  1783,  and  though  scarcely  50  years  have  elapsed, 
it  now  exhibits  many  of  the  embellishments  incident 
to  a  numerous  population  and  succeesful  improve- 
ment. The  perpetual  varying  scenery  alone  its 
banks,  occasionally  diversified  with  smiling  fields 
and  iloiirishing  villages,  together  with  the  islands 
and  rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  present  a  success- 
ion of  novelties  with  which  the  traveller  cannot  fail 
to  be  gratified.  .;,„....    .  , 

Gaijlop  IsiiAitDS,  6  miles  from  Ogdensburgh. 
The  river  is  here  divided  into  two  currents,  the  com* 


appearance  of  the  Cascades,  to  which  they  were  ap- 
proaching, the  oarsmen  put  bade,  notwithstanding 
the  intreaty  of  the  sufferers.    M —  and  one  of  his 
companions,  had  barely  time  to  seize  the  boom, 
which  had  been  detached  from  the  barge,  when  they 
were  hurried  into  the  Cascades  and  nearly  suffocat- 
ed.    They  rose,  however,  and  after  descending 
them,  M-—  succeeded  in  getting  hold  of  the  barjge, 
which  was  floating  bottom  upwards.    For  two  miles 
below  the  Cascades,  the  channel  continues  in  an 
uproar  and  foam  like  a  storm  at  sea.    In  ps^ising 
through  it,  M —  repeatedly  came  near  being  swept 
from  his  hold  by  the  violence  of  the  current ;  but 
through  great  exertions  he  succeeded  in  maintaining 
his  position,  though  with  scarcely  a  ray  of  hope  that 
he  should  ever  reach  shore.    In  this  perilous  condi- 
tion, and  while  completely  benumbed  with  cold,  he 
discovered  and  opened  a  trunk,  which  contained  a 
bottle  of  rum  and  provisions,  which  served  as  a  sea- 
sonable repast.    The  trui^,  also,  he  used  as  a  seat, 
to  keep  his  body  out  of  the  water.    He  continued 
in  this  situation  for  several  hours,  vainly  attempting 
to  reach  the  shore,  or  to  give  a  signal  of  distress, 
which  should  be  seen  by  the  thinly  scattered  popu- 
lation en  the  banks.    Night  approached,  and  from 


ST.  KEGIS. 


197 


menccment  of  the  great  rapids  below.  From  these 
rapids,  the  river  descends  231  feet  in  280  miles. 
On  Stoney  Island,  (one  of  the  Gallop  cluster,)  the 
French  had  a  strong  fortress,  which  was  taken  and 
deinoHshed  by  Gen.  Amherst,  in  1760. 

St.  Regis,  64  miles,  a  village  bcciipied  by  a  tribe 
of  Indians  of  that  name,  who  have  a  reservation  of 
land  here  of  considerable  extent.  One  of  their  chiefs, 
aged  nearly  90,  remarked  to  a  gentleman  of  our  ac- 
quaintance a  short  time  since,  that  he  visited  the 
High  Rock  Spring  at  Saratoga  between  60  and  70 

the  swiftness  of  the  current,  he  became  convinced 
that  the  dreadful  rapids  of  La  Chine  were  near,  and 
that  his  destruction  was  inevitable.  Finding  sig- 
nals  unavailing,  he'set  up  a  cry  or  howl,  which,  ft- 
vored  by  the  wind,  reached  the  ears  of  some  inhabi- 
tants a  mile  distant.  A  boat  was  despatched  for  his 
relief;  and  he  was  taken  off  and  conveyed  to  the 
village  of  Lachine,  21  miles  below  where  the  acci- 
dent happened.  Had  darkness  approached  before 
reaching  this  village,  he  must  have  beeto  destroyed 
in  the  rapids  a  short  distance  below.  Hie  six  gen- 
tlemen of  Mr.  M — 's  party  were  all  saved — 4  hav- 
ing left  the  bar^e  at  the  Cedar  village  above  the  ra- 
pids, and  2  having  been  picked  up  by  a  canoe  :  but 
the  barge's  crew,  though  accustomed  to  labor,  were 
all  lost ;  abd  of  the  ei^t  men  who  passed  down  the 
Cascades,  none  but  Mr.  M —  were  saved. 

It  was  at  tills  place  that  Gen.  Amherst's  brigade 
of  300  men,  coming  to  attack  Canada,  were  lost. 
The  French  at  Montre  <tl  received  the  first  intelli- 
gence of  the  invasion,  by  the  dead  bodies  floating 
past  the  town .  The  pilot  who  conducted  their  first 
batteaux  committing  the  same  error  iis  the  one 
above  mentioned,  ran  for  the  wrong  channel,  and 
the  other  batteaux  following  close,  all  were  in  vol  v* 
c<l  in  the  same  destruction. 


186 


MONTREAL. 


years  ago,  when  the  water  flowed  aver  the  top  of 
the  aperture,* 

Lachine,  63  miles.  From  thence  to  Moutreal, 
^hich  is  7  miles  farther,  the  river  road  is  generally 
preferred  ;  from  which  a  charming  view  of  the  rap* 
ids  and  of  several  islands  is  enjoyed. 

MONTREAL, 
Is  situated  on  the  south  flide  of  the  island  of  the 
same  name,  131  miles  from  Ogdensburgh,  and  170 
from  Quebec.  The  length  of  the  island  is  30  miles, 
its  mean  breadth  7,  and  its  circumference  about  70. 
The  city  extends  along  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  2 
miles  iu  length,  and  half  a  mile  in  width.  The 
buildings  are  mostly  constructed  of  stone,  and  ar* 
ranged  on  regularly  disposed  but; narrow  streets.  A 
stone  wall  formerly  encircled  the  city,  which,  by  the 
sanction  of  the  government,  was  some  years  ago 
totally  demolished.  Montreal  is  divided  into  the 
upper  and  lower  towns.  The  latter  of  these  con- 
tains the  Hotel  Dieu,  founded  in  1644,  and  under 
a  superior  and  thirty  nuns,  whose  occupation  is  to 
administer  relief  to  the  sick,  who  are  received  into 
that  hospital.  The  French  government  formerly 
contributed  to  the  support  of  this  institution.  But 
since  the  revolution  which  occasioned  the  loss  of 
its  principal  funds,  then  vested  in  Paris,  its  resour- 
ces have  been  con^ned  to  the  avails  of  some  proper- 
ty in  land.  The  upper  town  contains  the  Cathedral, 
the  English  Church,  the  Seminary,  the  Convert  of 
Recollects,  and  that  of  the  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame. 
The  general  hospital,  or  Convent  of  the  Grey  Sis- 
ters, IS  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 

*  No  one  living  near  the  Spring  remembers  to 
have  seen  the  water  rise  higher  than  within  8  or  10 
inches  of  the  top  of  the  rock.  At  present,  it  is  con- 
siderably lower. 


)er  the  top  of 

to  Montreal, 

it)  generally 

w  of  the  rap- 


island  of  the 
)urgh,  and  170 
nd  is  30  miles, 
;nce  about  70. 
frence,  about  2 
width.    The 
stone,  and  ar- 
ow  streets.     A 
,  which,  by  the 
ome  years  ago 
vided  into  the 
of  these  con- 
144,  and  under 
:cupation  is  to 
B  received  into 
ainent  formerly 
istitution.    But 
led  the  loss  of 
>ari8,  its  resour- 
of  some  proper- 
18  the  Cathedral, 
the  Conveutof 
)f  Notre  Dame. 
)f  the  Grey  Sis- 
e  St.  Lawrence, 

ng  remembers  to 
m  within  8  or  10 
iresent,  it  is  con- 


MONTREAL. 


199 


t  little  distance  from  the  town,  from  which  it  is  sep- 
arated by  a  small  rivulet  This  institution  was  es- 
tablished in  1758,  and  is  under  the  management  of 
a  superior  and  nineteen  nuns. 

The  prevailing  religion  here,  as  well  as  at  Que- 
bec, is  the  Roman  Catholic.  The  clergy  derive  a 
revenue  from  ^nts  of  land  made  to  them  under 
the  ancient  regime,  and  from  contributions  ordain- 
ed by  the  church.  Besides  these,  a  principal  source 
of  revenue  is  from  the  fines  for  alienation,  which 
amount  to  about  8  per  cent,  paid  by  the  purchaser  of 
real  estate,  every  time  the  same  is  sold,  and  which 
extends  to  sales  of  all  real  estates,  in  the  seignoiy 
or  island  of  Montreal. 

The  city,  including  its  suburbs,  contains  26,000 
inhabitants. 

The  mountain  of  Montreal,  from  which  the  city 
takes  its  name,  rises  about  2  1-2  miles  distant.  It 
is  elevated  700  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river,  and 
extends  from  north  to  south  2  miles.  This  spot  has 
already  been  selected  fimr  the  residence  of  some  pri- 
vate gentlemen,  whose  ele^pant  white  mansions  ap- 
pear beautifu]  in  contrast  with  the  surrounding  f(U- 
The  island  of  St  Helena,  immediately  oppo- 


pear 
lage 


site  the  city,  is  a  delightful  little  spot,  from  whence 
is  had  a  fine  view  of  Afontteal,  with  its  lofty  moun- 
tain in  the  back  ground,  (he  settlements  of  iJongueil, 
St.  Lambert  and  La  Prairie  de  la  Madalene,  on  the 
eastern  side  of  the  river,  and  the  waters  of  the  St 
Lawrence,  dashing  over  the  rocks  of  La  Chine,  and 
sweeping^  their  course  around  a  variety  of  islands. 

The  principal  Dublic  houses  in  the  city  are.  Ma- 
sonic Han,  m  tne  north  part ;  Goodenough's,  St. 
Paul  street ;  and  Mansion  House,  do. 

The  St.  Lawrence,  from  Montreal  to  Quebec,  is 
navigated  by  a  number  of  steam  boats,  all  of  which 
possess  every  necessary  accommodation  to  render 
the  passage  pleasant.  The  finest  boat  in  the  line, 
is  said  to  be  the  lady  Sherbrook,  which  is  much  the 

M 


K  I 


II  11- 


h  I 


ill 
If 


200 


WILLIAM  HENftV. 


!iirge8t»  auC  of  about  800  tons  burthen.  A  joume}'' 
to  Quebec^andback  again,  which  10  or  12  years  since 
was  the  labor  of  some  weeks,  may  now  be  accom- 
plished, by  means  of  the  steam  boats,  in  less  than  4 
days.  The  distance  between  the  two  cities  is  170 
liuiles. 

From  Montreal,  the  boat  first  passes  near  the 
Fort  on  St.  Helen's  Island,  and  soon  enters  the  rap- 
ids of  St.  Macy';  in  returning  up  which,  steam  boats 
are  often  drawn  by  cattle.  Proceeding  down  the  riv- 
er, the  villages  of  Longueil,  Longue  Pointe,  Ver- 
cheres,yarennes.  Point  aux  Trembles,  Contrecoeur, 
Repentigny,  St.  Sulpice,  La  Morage,  Berthier,  and 
Machiche  are  successively  passed,  before  reaching 
the  town  of  ^,  .^       ...4,    . -.  r 

William  Henry,  which  is  45  miles  from  Mont- 
real. It  stands  en  the  scite  of  an  old  fort,  built  in 
1665,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  Sorel,  at  its  cen> 
fluence  with  the  St-  Lawrence.  The  present  town 
was  commenced  in  1785.  It  is  regularly  laid  out 
Ti'ith  streets,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles, 
leaving  a  space  in  the  centre  about  500  feet  square. 
The  number  of  dwellings  does  not  exceed  200.  Its 
population  is  about  1500.  Near  the  town  is  a  seat 
which  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  Governc  * 
General  of  Canada,  during  the  summer  montilis. 
Opposite  the  town,  the  river  Sorel  is  about  250 
yards  broad,  and  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  150  tons 
for  12  or  14  miles.  On  this  river,  which  unites  the 
waters  of  Lake  Champlain  with  the  St.  Lawrence, 
are  two  considerable  forts,  the  one  at  St.  John's  and 
the  othe>  at  Ch;imbly.  Sorel  was  occupied  in  May, 
1776,  by  a  part  of  the  American  army,  under  Gene- 
ral Thomas,  on  their  retreat  from  Quebec. 

Lake  St.  Peter,  some  miles  below  the  town  of 
Sorel,  is  formed  by  an  expansion  of  the  river  St. 
Lawrence,  to  15  or  20  miles  in  width,  and  21  in 
length.    The  waters  of  the  lake  have  but  little  cur- 


■  .it- 


THREE  RIVERS. 


&01 


"tent,  and  are  from  8  to  11  feet  deep.  At  the  upper 
«nd  of  the  lake  a  variety  of  small  islands  are  inter- 
spersed, which  are  the  only  ones  that  occur  in  the 
St.  Lawrence  till  you  reach  the  island  of  Orleans,  a 
distance  of  117  miles.  On  tlie  north  side  of  this 
lake  is  the  town  of 

V  Threx  RivERs.atthe  mouth  of  the  St.  Maurice, 
which  is  divided  by  two  small  islands  into  three 
branches.  This  town  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the 
Colonial  Government,  and  is  now  considered  the 
third  in  importance  in  the  province.  It  contains 
about  320  houses,  including  a  Roman  Catholic  and 
an  Episcopal  Church,  and  a  convent  of  Ursulines. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  is  estimated  at  2600. 
Some  miles  up  the  St.  Maurice  are  the  celebrated 
falls  of  Shawinnegame,  a  beautiful  cataract  of  about 
100  feet  descent. 

Seven  miles  below  Three  Rivers,  the  Richelieu 
lapids  commence.  The  river  is  compressed  within 
jess  than  half  a  mile  in  width,  and  the  water  moves 
with  great  velocity  for  three  or  four  miles  ;  but  be- 
ing deep  and  the  current  unbroken,  except  at  the 
shores,  the  descent  is  made  by  steam  boats  without 
danger,  except  in  the  night,  when  a  descent  is  never 
attempted. 

The  population  of  Lower  Canada  is  principally 
found  oi;  the  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  M early 
the  whole  distance  from  Montreal  to  Quebec  exhib- 
its a  cultivated  tract,  extending  from  the  shores  back 
about  a  mile,  boimded  by  thick  forests,  and  studded 
with  numerous  white- washed  residences,  which  are 
generally  erected  in  the  vicinity  of  a  church  dediaa- 
ted  to  some  patron  saint. 

The  sceoeiy  of  the  St.  Lawrence  is  occasionally 
relieved  by  tne  prospect  of  the  distant  mountains, 
the  highest  of  which  does  not  exceed  2000  feet,  but 
rising  in  the  back  ground  of  the  cultivated  vales 
along  the  borders  of  the  river,  give  an  additional  de« 

m2 


"• -  rv, 


. .'. .ii  iiiMn   iii'iimf 


I  ! 


202 


QUEBEC. 


gree  of  beauty  and  ooveltv  to  many  of  its  landscapes , 
The  alternate  Tariety  of  the  waters  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, now  reposing  in  stillness  on  the  bosom  of  an 
expanded  lak6,  and  now  rushing  with  the  rapidity 
of  a  cataract,  added  to  the  pleasing  effect  of  the 
landscape  scenery,  afford  an  agreeable  repast  to  the 
tourist;  until  he  reaches  the  classic  scenes  of  Que- 
bec Soon  after  leaving  Cape  Rouge  and  the  little 
Tillage  of  St.  Nicholas,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chau- 
diere  river,  the  towers  and  citadel  of  this  famous 
ci^  open  to  view,  situated  on  a  rock  of  845  feet  in 
height.  In  approaching  the  city,  you  pass  Sillery 
River  and  Cove«  and  life's  Cove,  where  he  land- 
ed his  army  to  gain  the  beigihts  of  Abraham,  about 
1 1-2  miles  from  Quebec.  Point  Levi  spears  on 
(he  rl^t,  a  rocky  precipice,  covered  with  white 
dwellings,  and  commanding  the  citadel  of  Quebec 
from  the  opposite  shore.     ,,  ,, 

QUEBEC. 

This  city  has  nothing  to  claim  on  the  score  of 
beauty,  though  it  presents  much  to  gratify  the  curi- 
osity of  the  stranger.  Between  the  base  of  the  rock 
and  the  river,  just  sufficient  room  is  left  for  a  narrow 
street,  on  which  is  built  the  Lower  Town,  extend- 
ing around  the  promontorjr  for  nearly  two  miles. 

The  Upper  Town  is  situated  on  the  summit  of 
the  rock,  and  overlooks  the  Lower  Town  at  the 
height  of  345  feet.  Here  are  situated  the  principal 
religious  edifices,  the  military  fortifications,  and  Uie 
Governor's  house,  surrounded  by  a  solid  wall  of 
about  3  miles  in  circumference. 

The  Lower  Town,  as  its  appearance  indicates,  is 
exclusivly  devoted  to  commerce,  and  to  the  details 
of  a  navy  establishment.  The  southwestern  extrem- 
ity of  the  Low^r  Towa  was  the  point  of  attack  of  the 
American  army  in  177&,  which  terminated  in  the 
death  of  General  Montgomery.  The  co-operating 
attack  of  General  Arnold  was  made  at  the  other  ^x* 


QUEBEC. 


203 


letails 


tremity  of  the  town,  and  resulted  in  his  defeat.    He 
was,  with  his  party,  taken  prisoners. 

The  Upper  Town  is  approached  on  the  north- wes- 
tern side,  through  a  foot  passage  of  stairs,  terminat- 
ing in  Mountain- street,  and  leading  through  the 
Grand  Prescott  (xate,  within  the  walls  of  the  city. 
The  houses  are  principally  constructed  of  stone, 
which  is  almost  the  onlv  material  for  building,  and 
are  of  very  unequal  height.  A  great  part  of  the  city 
is  taken  up  by  the  religious  and  military  estahlish- 
mants,  which,  with  their  courts  and  gardens,  leave 
the  streets  very  irregular,  and  uneven,  and  give  rath- 
er an  unfavorable  impression  of  the  taste  and  ele- 
gance of  its  inhabitants. 

The  castle  of  St.  Louis  stands  on  the  verge  of  the 
precipice  towards  the  St.  Lawrence,  supported  by 
lofty  pillars,  built  up  from  the  rock  below.    The 
building  is  a  plain  yellow  structure  of  stone,  62  feet 
long,  45  broad,  and  3  stories  high.     It  contains  the 
residence  of  the  Governor  General  of  Canada,  and 
several  apartments  occupied  as  offices  for  the  civil 
and  military  branches  of  the  government.    Seven 
thousand  pounds  were  voted  in  1808,  for  the  repair 
and  embellishment  of  the  structure.    The  furniture 
it  is  said,  descends  as  private  property,  and  is  to  be 
paid  for  by  each  successive  Governor. 

Of  the  several  charitable  Catholic  institutions  in 
Quebec,  the  principal  are  the  Hotel  Dieu,  founded 
in  1637,  for  the  sick  poor,  under  the  management  of 
a  superior  and  43  nuns — and  the  General  Hospital, 
on  the  bank  of  the  St.  Charles,  about  one  mile  from 
the  city,  founded  in  1693,  for  poor  sick  and  mendi- 
csmts,  and  under  the  control  of  a  superior  and  37 
sisters.  ,.»:        .     .;. 

The  Catholic  establishments  consist  of  a  spacious 
Cathedral;  a  Seminary,  founded  in  1668,  for  the 
instruction  of  male  Ca^olic  members  ;  and  the  Ur- 
suline  Convent,  founded  in  1539,  and  devoted  ex- 
clusively to  the  education  of  females.  This  last  is 
possessed  by  a  superior  and  36  nuns. 

m3 


/ivwriiTir 


t  w 

I 


ii!    ^! 


J  ; 


204 


GKNERAL  MONTGOMERY. 


The  Monastery,  or  college  of  the  Jesuits,  founded 
in  1635,  was  once  considered  as  the  first  institution 
on  the  continent  of  North  America,  for  the  instruc- 
of  young  men.  After  the  declension  of  that  frater- 
nity it  devolved  on  the  British  Crown,  and  has  re- 
cently been  converted  into  a  commodious  barrack  for 
the  troops. 

The  artillery  barracks  were  built  by  the  French, 
in  1750,  and  occupy  a  space  of  527  feet,  by  40. 
They  contain  arms  in  constant  readiness  for  not  less 
than  20,000. 

Tlie  Bishop's  Palace  is  situated  near  the  commu- 
nication with  the  Lower  Town,  and  m  now  occu- 
pied by  the  Provincial  Pariiament,  and  for  various 
public  offices  and  a  library. 

The  best  specimens  of  modern  structure  in  the 
city,  are  the  court  house,  the  new  gaol,  and  the 
Protestant  Cathedral,  all  built  of  stone,  and  exhibit- 
ing a  handsome  and  regular  appearance.  The 
Place  d'Armes  and  Parade  will  also  be  deemed  wor- 
thy of  notice  to  a  stranger. 

Quebec  is  situated  from  Montreal  170  miles,  820 
miles  from  the  ocean,  400  from  Albany,  and  647 
from  the  city  of  New- York.  Its  population  amounts 
to  20,000. 

Near  the  citadel  of  Quebec,  which  stands  on  the 
highest  part  of  Cape  Diamond,  were  deposited  the 
remains  of  '-"  ^ 

GENERAL  MONTGOMERY. 
Who  fell  in  the  attempt  to  take  the  city  by  assault, 
on  the  fatal  night  of  the  31st  December,  1775.  This 
gallant  soldier  was  a  native  of  Ireland.  In  early  life 
he  entered  the  British  service  as  a  captain  of  infant- 
ry, and  served,  with  distinguished  credit,  in  the 
war  which  ended  in  1763.  In  1759  he  was  particu- 
larly distinguished  whilst  fighting  under  the  banners 
of  General  Wolfe,  almost  en  the  very  spot  where  his 
life  was  terminated  in  the  defence  of  freedom.    He 


GENERAL  MONTGOMERY. 


205 


afterwardt  resigned  his  commission,  and  devoted 
himself  to  the  service  of  America,  his  adopted  coun- 
try. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  Mont- 
gomery was  appointed  to  lead  the  American  army  to 
Uie  conquest  of  the  Canadas.  Having  succeeded  in 
taking  Montreal,  he  with  his  little  army,  in  the  midst 
(^winter,  pressed  forward  to  the  reduction  of  Que- 
bec. Here  **  he  was  joined  by  General  Amold> 
with  whom  was  concerted  the  plan  of  the  assault, 
and  who  afterwards  assisted  in  its  execution.  The 
armies,  under  their  respective  commanders,  were  to 
commence  a  simultaneous  attack  at  two  different 
points  ;  that  of  Montgomery  being,  as  has  been  ob- 
served, at  the  south  western  extremity  of  the  Low^ 
er  Town,  at  Cape  Diamond,  and  that  of  Arnold  at 
the  opposite  extrenuty,  about  2  miles  distant.  When 
Mon^^omery  was  leading  on  the  attack,  the  enemy 
retreated  before  him.  In  passing  round  Cape  Dia- 
mond, the  ice  and  projecting  rocks  rendered  it  ne» 
cessary  for  the  Americans  to  press  forward  in  a  nar- 
row file,  until  they  arrived  at  the  block  house  and 
picket.  The  General  was  b'jaself  in  front,  and  as- 
sisted with  his  own  ''t  nds  to  cut  down  and  pull  up 
the  picket.  The  roughness  of  the  way  had  so 
lengthened  his  line  of  march,  that  he  was  obliged  t  > 
wait  for  a  force  to  come  up  before  he  could  proceec:. 
Having  re-assembled  about  200  men,  he  advanced 
boldly  and  rapidly  at  their  head  to  force  tlie  barrier. 
One  or  two  of  the  enemy  had  by  this  time  ventured 
to  return  to  the  battery,  andseemg  a  match  standing 
by  one  of  the  guns,  touched  it  otf,  when  the  Amer- 
ican force  was  within  40  paces  of  it.  This  single 
and  accidental  fire  struck  down  General  Montgome- 
ry, his  aids.  Captain  MTherson  and  Captain  Chees> 


man. 


it 


The  remains  of  Montgomery  were  removed,  in 
1818,  from  Quebec  to  New- York,  where  they  were 
deposited  In  St.  Paul's  Church,  beneath  a  monument 


M  '1 


206       THE  PLAINS  OF  ABRAHAM. 


1  1 

■ 

I 

i 

i 

1 

i! 

A'' 
m 

I 


erected  to  his  memoiy  by  the  United  States.  The 
identity  of  the  remains  were  established  by  an  old 
soldier,  who  was  present  when  Montgomery  fell, 
and  who  assisted  in  his  burial. 

THE  PLAINS  OF  ABRAHAM, 
Lie  south  and  west  of  Quebec,  and  commence 
immediately  on  leaving  the  Gate  of  St.  Louis.  It 
is  not  without  the  most  peculiar  sensations  that  the 
stranger  casts  his  eye  over  this  classic  spot.  He  be- 
holds nothing  at  present  but  an  extensive  plain » 
which  the  pr(^press  of  improvement  or  military  pru- 
dence has  rid  of  its  forests,  glowing  in  all  the  ver- 
dure of  summer  ;  butheremembers  the  deeds  which 
have  made  it  a  scene  of  inteiest  to  the  admirers  of 
heroic  valour  and  military  prowess.  Here  the  Mar- 
quis de  Montcalm  and  General  Wolfe,  with  the 
respective  armies  under  their  command,  fought  the 
famous  battle  which  resulted  in  tiie  death  of  both 
commanders,  and  terminated  the  empire  of  the 
French  in  NorUi  America.  Never  did  the  ^Icry  of 
the  soldier  shine  with  greater  lustre,  or  his  hero- 
ism command  a  greater  tribute  of  applause,  than  did 
that  of  Wolfe  on  the  memorable  plains  of  Abraham. 
In  1759,  Wolfe  was  intrusted  with  the  command 
for  the  reduction  of  Quebec,  and  arrived  in  the  St. 
Lawrence  the  Slst  of  June,  in  the  same  year.  He 
found  the  city  strongly  garrisoned  by  the  French 
troops,  under  the  command  of  the  Marquis  de  Mont- 
calm. The  natural  defences  of  the  place,  which 
were  much  strengthened  by  artificial  fortifications, 
forbade  any  other  approach  than  by  repelling  the  en- 
emy without  the  walls.  For  this  purpose  a  disad- 
vantageous attack  was  made  on  the  French  army  at 
Montmorenci,  where  the  British  were  defeated  with 
considerable  lora,  and  driven  back  to  their  former 
position  at  Point  Levi.  After  some  days,  the  troops 
were  again  embarked,  and  conveyed  8  leagues  above 
the  city.    About  midnight  of  the  12tl^  of  September^ 


THE  PLAINS  OF  ABKAHAM.        207 

General  Wolfe,  with  his  army,  left  the  ships  la  boats, 
with  a  view  of  landing  about  one  league  above  Cape 
Diamond,  and  thus  to  gain  the  heights  of  Abraham. 
But  in  consequence  of  the  rapidity  of  the  current, 
they  fell  below  their  intended  place,  and  disembark- 
ed at  Wolfe's  Cove,  a  mile  and  a  half  above  the  city. 
They  were  frequently  challenged  by  the  sentinels 
posted  along  the  shore ;  but  owing  to  the  deception 
of  the  boatmen  they  were  permitted  to  pass  unmo- 
lested, and  to  gain  a  landing.  The  precipice  at  the 
Cove,  from  150  to  200  feet  m  height,  and  full  of  pro- 
jections of  rocks  and  trees,  seemed  to  be  rendered 
almost  inaccessible.  General  Wolfe,  however,  with 
unparalleled  fortitude,  led  the  way  through  a  narrow 
paw  winding  obliquely  up  the  hill,  which,  with  the 
assistance  of  boughs  and  stumps,  enabled  him  and 
his  troops  io  gain  the  summit.  Here,  by  day-light 
the  next  day,  they  were  formed  m  line  of  battle,  in 
readiness  to  meet  the  enemy. 

General  Montcalm,  on  receiving  information  that 
the  British  had  possession  of  the  heiglu3,  broke  up 
hiscamp  at  Beaufort,  crossed  the  St.  Charles  river, 
and  at  about  10  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  12th 
September,  commenced  the  attack.  The  numbers 
engaged  on  eadi  side  were  nearly  equal.  The  want 
of  artillery,  on  the  part  of  the  English,  gave  to  Mort- 
calm  an  advantage  which  for  a  time  seemed  to  de- 
cide the  fate  of  the  contest  in  his  favor.  This  mis- 
f(wtune,  however,  instead  of  dispiriting,  inspired  the 
British  with  greater  ardor  and  resolution.  Aftc  r  a 
desperate  struggle  of  about  two  hours,  in  which  hoth 
commanders  had  been  mortally  wounded,  the  French 
gave  way,  and  left  the  field  in  the  possession  of  the 
victors. 

Wolfe  fell  at  the  ciitical  moment  that  decided  the 
victory.  He  was  wounded  in  the  early  part  of  the 
engagement  by  a  bullet  in  his  wrist — soon  after  by  a 
ball  which  passed  through  his  groin — and  it  was  not 
till  a  third  had  pierced  his  breast,  that  he  suffered 

m5 


I 


V! 

m 


i^        FALLS  OF  MONTMOHENCi. 


i  I 


1 1 


i!l 


1 1 


himself  to  be  carried  from  the  field.  **  I  die  hi^y," 
was  his  exclamation,  when  in  the  anus  of  death  be 
heard  the  joyful  shouts  of  victory.  A  loose  stone,  4 
or  5  feet  in  length,  and  2  or  3  in  breadth,  now  marks 
the  spot  where  Wolfe  expired.* 

The  Falls  of  Moxtmorsnci,  axe  situated 
about  5  miles  north  of  Quebec,  on  die  river  of  the 
same  name,  near  its  junction  with  the  St.  Law- 
rence. These  falls  pour  over  a  perpendicular  preci-^ 
pice  220  feet  in  hei^t,  and  may  almost  ciwapere  va 
beauty  and  grandeur  with  the  cataract  of  Ni^ara.f 

*  A  subscription  for  the  erection  of  a  monument  at 
Quebec  to  the  memory  of  Wolfe  and  Montcalm  is 
nearly  filled.    Tlie  following  is  to  be  the  inscription : 

HUNG  I^PIDEM  * 

"  MOirUMENTI  IN  MBMORIA.M*  i 

VIRORVM  lULUSTRXITM 

WOLFE  ET  MOl^TCALM, 

p.  c. 

GE0RGIU8  COMES  DE  DJlLHOU^IE, 

IS  SEPTENTRIONALIB  AMX!RICJE  PAHITIBUS 

AD  BRITANNOS  PERTIirSNTIBUS  ^*i 

SUMMAM  RERITM  ADMINIBTRAIfS  ; 

OPUS  PER  MXTIiTOS  ANNOS  PRJGTERMISSUM, 

(quid  DUCI  EOREOIO  CONVENIEMTKUS  !) 

AUCTORITATE  PROMOVBNS,  BXEMPLO  8TIMU- 

LANS,  MUmFIJKNTIA  FOVENS. 

Bit  JVovenibric  XVa. 
A.S.  MDCCCXXVIL 

GEOKGIO  IV.    BIVITANNIARUM  REOE.     •>       ' 

V 

t  Remains  of  entrenchments  and  fortifications 
erected  during  the  French  war,  are  still  to  be  seen 
near  the  falls.  A  battery  occupied  by  Gen.  Wolfe, 
in  June,  1759,  on  the  precipice  north-east  of  the 
falls,  is  yet  visible .    The  French  occupied  the  opt 


FROM  QUEBEC  TO  MONTREAL.    2»» 


*l 


The  Chaudiere  falls  are  formed  by  the  waters  of  t\w 
river  Chaudiere^which  at  the  precipice  are  240  yards 
in  breadth,  and  are  precipitated  about  100  perpendic- 
ular feet.  These,  together  with  the  scenery  of  Or- 
leans, a  beautiful  island  6  miles  down  the  river, 
Beaufort  and  Point  Levi,  will  always  afford  a  pleas- 
ingexcursion  to  the  tourist  at  Quebec. 

The  passage  up  the  St.  Lawrence  is  more  arduous 
than  its  descent.  The  steam-boats,  of  which  there 
are  no  less  than  8  or  10,  leave  Montreal  and  arrive 
at  Quebec  after  a  passage  of  two  nights  and  one  day. 
In  returning  they  are  generally  two  days  and  three 
nights,  though  the  passage  is  frequency  performed 
in  much  less  time.  The  regular  fare  is  |10,  to  Que- 
bec—returning, $12. 


posite  bank ;  and  Wolfe  attempted  to  storm  their 
works  by  fording  the  river  below  the  falls  and  as- 
cending the  heights.  Without  forming  in  a  regular 
manner,  and  wiUiout  waiting  for  additional  reinforce- 
ments which  were  on  their  way  from  Point  Levi, 
Wolfe's  men  rashly  ascended  the  hill,  eager  for  the 
onset ;  and  were  cut  down  by  the  French  artillery 
and  musquetry,  and  obliged  to  retreat.  The  Eng- 
lish loss  was  about  500 ;  while  that  of  the  Frendi 
was  trifling.  A  storm  coming  on,  further  attempts 
to  disloJge  the  French  were  abandoned.  The  Brit- 
ish afterwards  ascended  the  river,  and  the  action  on 
the  Plains  of  Abraham,  which  has  already  been  no^ 
ticed,  took  place  in  the  month  of  September  loU 
lowing. 


<t  I' 


'i\-:l. 


''/•*-\'  *,  .^W 


.•      •■         f  ,.'1 

■*■■    -.,/ 


ir* 


210 


St.  JOH^S. 


FROM  MONTREAL*  TO  WHITEHALL,  ' 

Is  181  miles,  and  the  intervening  distances  are  as 
follow  : 

Miles.  Miles. 


Longueil, 

2 

Burlington, 
Split  ^k, 

11 

Chambly, 

13 

12 

St.  Johns, 

12 

Essex, 

2 

Isle  Aux  Noix, 

14 

Basin  Harbor, 

12 

Rouse's  Point, 

10 

Crown  Point 

12 

Chazy, 

12 

Ticonderoga, 

15 

Plattsburgh, 

15 

Whitehall, 

24 

Port  Kent, 

15 

From  Montreal  the  St.  Lawrence  is  crossed  in  a 
horse  boat  to  Longueil,  a  distance  of  two  miles.  Af- 
ter leaving  Longueil,  the  country  becomes  remarka- 
bly level,  until  you  reach 

CHAMiitY,  13  miles  distant.  This  is  i  cti^M^x- 
able  town,  on  the  river  Sorel,  containing  extensive 
barracks  and  some  troops.  In  the  vicini^  is  High 
Mountain,  which  confines  between  its  conical  sum- 
mits a  lake  of  pure  Water.  The  fort  is  built  ef  stone, 
in  a  quadrangular  form,  and  resembles  in  its  appear- 
ance an  ancient  castle.  From  this  place  the  road 
follows  the  river,  until  you  arrive  at  ,,  ,, .  . 

St.  Johns,  a  distance  of  12  miles.  This  place 
was  an  important  post  during  the  French  and  Revo- 
lutionary Wars.     In  the  latter  it  was  taken,  after  a 

*  At  Montreal  a  stage  can  be  taken  twice  a  week 
for  Danville,  Vt.  distant  100  miles  ;  from  thence  to 
the  Notch  in  the  White  Mountains,  28  miles  ;  from 
thence  to  Concord,  N.  H.  75  miles ;  and  from  thence 
to  Boston,  68  miles.  The  whole  route  is  performed 
in  four  days.  [For  a  description  of  the  Jf%ife 
Mountains,  see  Concordy  JV.  if.] 


LAKE  CHAMPLAIN 


an 


Miles. 

11 
12 
2 
12 
12 
15 
24 


gallant  defence,  by  General  Montgomery,  as  was 
also  Chauibly.  It  contains,  at  present,  about  100 
houses  and  800  inhabitants.  Though  a  place  of  con  - 
siderablc  business,  it  possesses  nothing  in  its  appear- 
ance or  accommodations  inviting  to  a  stranger.  Here* 
tofore  steam-boats  have  left  St.  Johns  for  Whitehall 
only  twice  a  week ;  but  as  there  are  now  three  on  the 
Lake,  it  is  probable  thit  a  passage  may  hereafter  be 
taken  as  often  as  every  other  day.  The  boats  touch 
at  all  the  intermediate  places ;  and  the  fare  through 
is  ,)6.  Proportional  deductions  are  made  for  the  in- 
termediate distances. 

LAKE  CHAMPLAIN, 

Forms  part  of  the  boundary  line  between  the  states 
of  Ne«T-York  and  Vermont.  Its  length  is  140  miles, 
and  its  greatest  breadth  14.  A  great  proportion  of 
the  lands  on  the  margin  of  the  lake  are  still  unre- 
deemed from  a  state  of  nature,  and  in  some  places, 
particularly  at  the  north  end,  are  low  and  marshy. 
After  entering  the  territories  of  the  United  States, 
the  country  is  more  populous,  and  under  a  better 
state  of  improvement.  The  villages  seen  from  die 
lake  sU  exhibit  a  cheerful  and  tlmving  appearance. 
The  lake  properly  terminates  at  Mount  Independ- 
ence ;  from  whence  to  Whitehall,  a  distance  of  SO 
miles,  it  assumes  the  appearance  of  a  river,  in  which 
little  more  than  room  is  left,  at  any  point,  to  turn  the 
boat.  The  history  of  Champlain  involves  many  in- 
teresting events  associated  with  the  French  and 
Revolutionary  wars.  During  those  periods  several 
fortifications  were  constructed,  which  have  since  un- 
dergone some  re|)airs,  but  are  now  in  a  state  of  de- 
cay. The  ruins  of  the  ancient  fortresses  at  Ticonde- 
roga  and  Crown  Point  are  still  visible. 

Uhx  xux  Noix,  14  miles  from  St.  Johns.  This 
is  a  strong  military  and  naval  post  possessed  by  Uie 
English.    The  works  are  generally  in  good  preser- 


I 


f. 


f 


212       VILLAGE  OF  PLATTSBURGH. 

vntion  ;  and  are  occupied  by  aj^Htall  military  corps. 
In  t\te  expedition  against  Canada  in  1775,  the  troops 
under  Generals  S<rhuyler  and  Montgomery  went 
down  the  lake  in  rafts  and  landed  at  this  island ;  from 
whence  they  soon  proceeded  to  St.  Johns.  The 
other  detachment,  under  G^n.  Arnold,  marched 
by  land  through  the  present  state  of  Maine,  (then  a  * 
wilderness)  to  Quebec. 
» 

Rouse's  Point,  at  the  entrance  of  the  river  Sorel 
into  Lake  Champlain,  and  10  miles  from  the  Isle  aux 
Noix,  contains  strong  stone  fortifications,  erected  by 
the  United  States,  but  which,  by  the  recent  deci;)- 
ion  of  the  comraissioners  appointed  to  settle  the 
bovmdary  line  between  the  American  and  British 
governments,  fell  within  the  tenitories  of  the  latter. 

The  Village  of  Plattsihurgh,  27  miles  far- 
ther,  is  handsomely  located  a  the  mouth  of  the  Sar- 
anac  river,  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Champlain.    It 
contains  about350  dwellings,  besides  the  court-house 
and  prison  for  the  county.    The  number  of  inhabit- 
ants is  about  1600.     This  pbce  is  rendered  celebrat- 
ed by  the  brilliant  victory  of  M'Donough  and  Ma- 
comb, over  the  British  land  and  naval  forces  under 
Sir  George  Prevost  and  Commodore  Downie.    The 
naval  engagement  took  place  in  front  of  the  village, 
which  overlooks  the  extensive  Bay  of  Platlsburgh 
for  several  miles.    Here  the  Aoterican  Commodore 
waited  at  anchor  the  arrival  of  the  British  fleet, 
which  appeared  passing'  Cumberland  Head,  about  8 
in  the  morning  of  the  llth  of  September,  1814.  The 
first  sun  from  the  fleet  was  the  signal  for  commenc- 
ing tlie  attack  on  land.     Sir  George  Prevost,  with 
about  14,000  men,  furiously  assaulted  the  defences 
of  the  town,  whilst  the  battle  raged  wi^  increasing 
ardor  between  the  fleets,  then  contending  in  full 
view  of  the  respective  armies.    G«ieral  Macomb, 
with  his  gaUant  little  army,  consisting  ef  about  8000 


DOWNIE'S  MONUMENT. 


213 


corps. 
I  troops 
r  went 
1 ;  from 
The 
narched 
(then  a  - 


rer  Sorel 
Isle  au% 
BCted  by 
nt  decis- 
jttle  the 
I  British 
he  latter. 

niles  fi»r- 
f  the  Sar- 
iplain.    It 
lurt-house 
i  inhabit- 
i  celebrat- 
and  Ma- 
rcos under 
lie.    The 
le  village, 
lattsburgh 
omniodore 
tish  fleet, 
d,  about  8 
1814.  The 
coramenc- 
vost,  with 
defences 
increasing 
ingin  full 
Macomb, 
about  8000 


men,  mostly  undiciplined,  foiled  the  repeated  as- 
saults of  the  enemy,  until  the  capture  of  the  British 
fleet,  afhNT  an  action  of  t^ro  hours,  obliged  him  to  re- 
tire, vr'tOk  the  less  of  2600  men,  tegetber  with  con- 
siderable bagigage  and  ammunition.  The  American 
force  on  the  lake  consisted  of  86  guns,  and  820  men ; 
and  was  opposed  to  a  force  of  95  guns,  and  lOSO 
men.  Thus  ended  the  affair  at  Plattsburgh,  no  lees 
honorable  to  American  valor  than  derogatoi^r  to  th€ 
British  ims.  Commodore  Downie  wm  killed  in 
the  engM|ement.  He  was  reprecented  as  a  brave 
and  skilful  officer ;  but  was  opposed  to  the  method 
of  attack  on  the  American  flotilla.  Both  fleets  are 
now  dismanded,  and  moored  at  Whitehall 

The  monument  erected  to  the  memory  of  Com- 
modore Downie,  in  the  church-yard  at  Plattsburgh, 
contains  the  foUowing  inscription  :   ,. ^  ..    , 


BACRSD 

To  the  memory  of 
GEORGE  POWNIE,  Esq. 
Post-Captun  in  the  Royal  British  Navy, 
who  gloriously  fell  on  board 
His  B.  M.  S.  the  Confiance, 
while  leadmg  the  vessels      .. '. ,; 
under  his  command 
to  the  attack  of  the  American  Flotilla 
at  anchor  in  Cumberland  Bay, 

off  Plattsburgh, 
on  the  11th  September,  1814. 


,.f  f 


r .' 


To  mark  the  spot  where  the  remains  of  a  gal- 
lant officer  and  sincere  friend  were 
• '  honorably  interred, 

This  stone  ha^  been  erected 

by  his  affectionate  Sister-in-Law, 

Mary  Downie 


a 


'    )! 


The  remains  of  a  number  of  officers  of  both  ar- 
mies, who  fell  in  the  engagement,  repose  near  the 


...  i 


-Hc-^ 


214 


PORT  KENT. 


'!.    1|; 


Commodore,  with  no  monument  to  inform  the  stran- 
jger,  and  with  no  record  but  tradition  to  denote  the 
spot  of  their  interment.  East  of  Downie  are  five 
graves,  occurring  in  the  following  order :  Commenc- 
ing south — Capt.  Copeland,  an  American  officers- 
Lieut.  Stansbury,  of  the  American  navy — Lieut. 
Kunk,  of  the  American  army — Lieut,  uamble,  of 
the  American  navy — and  a  British  Sei^eont.  On 
the  north  side  of  Downie  are  the  remains  of  the 
British  Lieut.  Col.  Wellington — on  the  south,  two 
British  Lieutenants — on  the  west,  Captain  Purchase 
and  4  other  officers,  3  of  whom  were  British. 

The  traveller  will  find  many  objects  of  interest 
at  Pittsburgh,  which  will  warrant  his  continuance 
there  for  one  or  two  days.  A  short  distance  firom 
the  village  are  the  cantonement  and  breast  works 
occupied  by  Gen.  Macomb  and  his  troops  during  the 
last  war.  A  mile  north  is  shown  the  house  possess- 
ed by  Gen.  Prevost  as  his  head-quarters  during  the 
siege  in  1814 ;  between  which  and  the  village,  the 
marks  of  cannon-shot  on  trees  and  other  objects,  are 
still  visible.  Farther  onward,  about  Smiles,  on  a 
hill  overlooking  the  village  of  Beekmantown,  is 
shown  the  spot  where  a  sanguinary  engagement  took 
place  between  the  American  and  British  troops, 
which  resulted  in  the  death  of  the  British  Col.  Wel- 
lington, and  several  men  of  both  armies.  Col.  W. 
was  killed  in  the  centre  of  the  road,  about  equa-dis- 
tant  from  the  summit  and  foot  of  the  hill. 

AfDonougVsfamif  granted  by  the  legislature  of 
Vermont,  lies  on  Cumberland  head,  nearly  east  of 
Plattsburgh  ;  a  ride  to  which,  around  the  bay,  in 
the  warm  season,  is  refreshing  and  delightful. 

Port  Kent,  15  miles  from  Plattsburgh,  is  a  spot 
selected  on  the  lake  shore  for  a  new  town  or  village, 
17  miles  southerly  of  Plattsburgh,  by  land,  and  15 
miles  by  water.  There  are  a  few  buildings,  and  a 
wiiai'f  erected,  at  which  passengers  are  landed  from 


;;  ^t 


BURLINGTON. 


21B 


the  steadi-boat.  From  this  place  may  be  seen,  on 
the  north,  the  Isle  La  Mott,  26  miles  distant.  Grand 
Isle,  the  Two  Sisters,  Point  La  Roche,  Cumberland 
Head,  and  Belcore  and  Macomb's  Islands.  On  the 
east.  Stave,  Providence  and  Hog  Islands,  Colches- 
ter Point,  and  Uie  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont. 
On  the  south,  the  village  of  Burlington,  about  11 
miles  distant,  with  the  high  peak  called  the  Camel's 
Rump ;  the  whole  forming  a  most  delightful  and 
pleasant  landscape,  not  excelled  at  any  other  point 
of  the  lake  passsage.  Three  miles  west  fiom  Port 
Kent,  are  the  celebrated 

Adgate'b  Falls.  They  are  situated  on  the  river 
Asauble,  and  take  their  name  from  a  person  residing 
there,  and  who  is  the  proprietor  of  some  valuable 
mills  in  the  vicinity.  The  water  pours  over  a  preci- 
pice about  80  feet  in  height,  into  a  narrow  channel 
of  the  river,  the  banks  of  which  consist  of  rock,  rising 
perpendicularly  to  the  height  of  from  60  to  100  feet. 
At  what  is  called  the 

High  Ridge,  about  half  a  mile  below  the  falls, 
the  channel  is  narrowed  to  27  feet.  The  height  of 
the  rocto  here,  which  are  perpendicular,  is  93  feet, 
and  the  water  35  feet  deep.  Over  this  chasm  a 
bridge  was  once  erected,  by  throwing  timbers  across; 
but  it  is  now  principally  in  decay.  The  sensations 
produced  on  looking  into  this  gulf  are  terrific,  and 
the  stoutest  heart  involuntarily  shrinks  from  the  con- 
templation. There  is  an  indifferent  road  from  the 
falls  to  the  High  Bridge,  but  with  this  exception  the 
spot  is  yet  a  wilderness. 

BiTRLiNGTON,  is  situatod  on  the  east  side  of  Lake 
Champlain,  about  24  miles  south-east  of  Plattsburgh. 
This  is  one  of  those  beautiful  villages  which  so  often 
attract  the  notice  of  a  stranger  in  the  New-England 
states.    The  ground  rises  with  a  moderate  ascenf 


216 


CROWN  POINT. 


from  the  lake,  and  presents  a  slope  covered  witli 
handsome  houses  and  trees.  On  the  highest  part 
of  the  eminence,  which  is  330  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  lake,  stands  the  University  of  Vermont  This 
summit  commands  a  noble  view  of  the  lake,  and  the 
adjacent  country,  for  many  miles.  Tbrre  are  here 
200  houses  and  stores,  besides  a  bank,  court-house, 
gaol,  and  two  churches.*  About  12  miles  from  Bur- 
lington, in  the  town  of  Willsborough,  (N.  Y.)  is 
wl^t  is  called  the     ,,  ^,  ,   ,        ,     ^^.  ..,    ,. 

Split  Rock.  This  curiosity  is  a  part  of  a  rocky 
promontory  projecting  into  tlie  lake,  on  the  west 
side,  about  150  feet,  and  elevated  above  the  level  of 
the  water  about  12  feet.  The  part  broken  off  con- 
tains about  half  an  acre,  covered  with  trees,  and  is 
separated  from  the  main  rock  about  20  feet.  The 
opposite  sides  exactly  fit  each  other — the  prominen- 
ces in  the  one  corresponding  with  the  cavities  in  the 
other.  Through  this  fissure  a  line  has  been  let  down 
to  the  depth  of  500  feet,  without  finding  bottom. 

Crown  Poim',  is  situated  86  miles  from  Bur- 
lington, ODr  the  west  side  of  Lake  Champlain.  It  is 
formed  by  an  extensive  deep  bay  on  the  west,  skirt- 
ed by  a  steep  mountam,  and  on  the  north  and  east 
by  the  body  of  the  lake.  This  elevated  plain  was 
&st  occupied  by  the  French,  in  1731,  as  a  military 
position,  and  abandoned  by  them  in  1759,  when 
General  Amherst  took  possession  of  it,  and  built  Fort 
Frederick.  The  ruins  of  this  fort  may  still  be  traced, 
being  situated  directly  opposite  to  Chimney  Point 
on  the  south  side  of  the  bay.  After  the  peace  of 
1763,  it  was  occupied  by  a  subaltern  and  a  mere  safe 
g^uard,  until  it  was  burnt  by  accident  some  time  pre- 

*  Travellers  designing  to  visit  Boston,  frequently 
take  a  stage  at  this  place,  on  a  route  w|iich  is  noti);^ 
ed  in  subsequent  pages  of  this  work.  -  ,  " 


'   WHITEHALL. 


217 


trered  with 
ighest  part 
I  the  \efti 
iODt  This 
£6,  and  the 
re  are  here 
Durt'house, 
s  from  Bur- 
(N.Y.)is 


;  of  a  rocky 
Q  the  west 
the  level  of 
ten  off  con- 
trees,  and  is 
>feet.  The 
B  prominen- 
ivities  in  the 
)en  let  down 
ghottom. 

18  from  Bur- 
(dain.    It  is 
west,  skirt- 
fth  and  east 
d  plain  was 
as  a  military 
1759,  when 
Qd  built  Fort 
ill  be  traced, 
imney  Point 
the  peace  of 
da  mere  safe 
me  time  pre- 

i,  frenquenUy 
hich  is  notice 


vious  to  the  American  R^vohition.  In  1775  it  fell 
ifito  the  bands  of  the  Americans,  and  was  afterwards 
evacuated  by  thetn,  on  the  advance  of  fiureovne,  in 
1776.  A  few  years  since,  a  number  of  British  guin- 
eas were  found  here,  from  the  accidental  crumbling 
of  the  earth  from  thb  banks,  where  they  had  been 
deposited. 

TicoNDXTRodA,  which  has  already  been  noticed, 
(see  p.  121,)  is  situated  16  miles  from  Crown-Point, 
and  24  miles  north  of  Whitehall. 

One  mile  from  Ttconderoga,  is  Motrirr  Iiroi:- 
PCNDENCE,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Lake  ;  near  the 
foot  of  which,  the  remains  of  a  small  battery  are  still 
to  be  seen.  What  was  called  the  House-Shoe  batte- 
ry Was  on  an  elevation  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in 
the  rear. 

Nine  miles  farther,'the  lake  is  contracted  into  four 
narrow  channels,  bounded  on  the  west  and  east  by 
lofty  mountains.  ;,  . 

SoiTTH  and  East  Bays  are  soon  reached,  each 
of  about  5  miles  in  extent.  The  former  was  taken 
by  €ren.  Dleskau  and  his  army,  in  their  route  to- 
wards Fort  Edward  iik  1755.  From  the  latter  bay 
to  Whitehall,  the  passage  is  extremely  narrow,  and 
of  a  serpentine  course ;  and  cannot  be  pursued  in 
safiety  during  a  dark  night. 

WHiTBikALXi  terminates  the  steam-boat  naviga^- 
tion  of  Lake  Champlain.  It  is  an  incorporated  vil- 
lage situated  on  the  west  bank  of  Wood  Creek  at  its 
entrance  into  the  lake,  73  miles  north  of  Albany,  and 
contains  about  100  dwellings  and  stores  and  800  in- 
habitants. The  situation  of  this  place  is  low  and  un- 
pleasant ;  and  it  derives  its  principal  consequence 
from  the  navigation  of  the  lake,  which  iis  passable 
for  sloops  of  80  tons  burthen,  and  from  (he  nor(h- 


1 1 

M 


I 


I 


218 


NORTHERN  CANAL, 


era  canal,  which  here  enters  the  lake.  Burgoyne 
occupied  this  place  for  a  short  time,  preparatory  to 
his  march  to  Saratoga ;  and  on  the  heights,  over 
tl:e  harbor,  are  the  remains  of  a  battery  and  block- 
house. :.i 

A  regular  line  of  of  stages  runs  from  Whitehall*  to 
Albany,  every  day  in  the  week,  passing  through 
Fort  Ann,  Sandy  Hill,  Foit  Edward,  Saratoga,  Still- 
water and  Waterford.  Regular  packet  boats  also 
depart  for  Albany  every  Tuesday  and  Saturday  at 
8  A.  M.  The  fare  is  4  cents  per  mile,  including 
board.  On  the  arrival  of  the  packet  boat  at  Fort 
Edward,  stages  are  always  in  readiness  to  start  for 
Albany,  Saratoga  and  Ballston  Springs.    ^<^^^v  *.... 

:;  THE  NORTHERN  CANAL, 

Commencing  at  Whitehall,  proceeds  5  1-2  miles, 
when  it  enters  Wood  Creek,  a  narrow  sluggish 
stream,  averaging  15  feet  ^n  depth.  This  creek  is 
connected  with  the  canal,  and  is  rendered  navig;*- 
ble  for  the  boats,  for  a'uout  6  1-2  miles,  to  Fort  Ann 
village.  From  ttience  the  canal  proceeds  through 
parts  of  Fort  Ann  and  Kingsbury,  to  Fort  Edward. 
At  the  latter  place,  boats  descend  by  locks  into  the 
Hudson  riyer,t  and  after  a  distance  of  8  miles  pasts 
around  the  Fort  Miller  Falls,  by  a  canal  1-2  mile  in 
length,  entering  the  river  again  on  the  west  side. 
From  thence  the  river  is  made  navigable  3  miles  to 
Saratoga  falls,  where  the  canal  is  taken  out  of  the 
river  on  the  west  side,  and  proceeds  through  Sarato- 
S:a,  Stillwater  and  Halfmoon,  to  Waterford,  where 

*  A  route  from  this  place  to  Boston  is  noticed  a^i 
page  225.  ,.    ,        ,  ,  ,.    ,,. 

f  A  canal  is  now  constructing  on  the  bank  of  the 
river  between  Fort  Edward  and  Saratoga  Falls,  and 
will  shortly  be  used  instead  of  the  river  between 
those  places.     ':  \  /  v.; 


FORT  ANNE. 


219 


Burgoyne 
>aratoiy  to 
rhts,  over 
and  block- 

litehall*  to 
g  through 
toga,  Still- 
boats  also 
laturJay  at 
including 
at  at  Fort 
to  8tart  for 

■j  ,-».*■»*¥/''  *■■'•  " 

5  1-2  miles, 
,w  sluggish 
his  creek  is 
sred  navig?!- 
to  Fort  Ann 
eds  through 
art  Edward, 
icks  into  the 
8  miles  pasis 
1-2  mile  in 
west  side, 
e  3  miles  to 
n  out  of  the 
►ugh  Sarato- 
rford,  where 

is  noticed  a« 


bank  of  the 
a  Falls,  and 
rev  between 


I 


a  enters  the  Hud'son,  and  by  a  branch  canal  enters 
the  Mohawk,  which  it  crosses  by  a  dam,  and  after 
passing  3-4  of  a  mile  joins  the  Erie  canal  in  the  town 
of  Watervleit.  The  whole  length  of  the  Champlain 
canal  is  63  miles.  The  cost  to  the  state,  exclusive 
of  the  proposed  feeder  from  above  Glen's  Falls,  was 
^75,000. 

The  intervening  distances  on  the  canal  between 
Whitehall  and  Albany,  are  as  follows  : 

Miles.  Miles. 


Fort  Ann,     ,  .    » 

12 

Stillwater  V.         2  1-2 

Sandy-Hill,        '/ 

8 

Mechanics  Ville,         3 

Fort  Edward, 

2 

Waterford,                   8 

Fort  Miller  Falls, 

8 

Watervleit,         r-^^fi't 

Saratoga  Falls, 

3 

Gibbon's  Ville,           2 

Schuylerville, 

2 

Albany,                      6 

Bemus*  Heights, 

121-2 

>-n?''>'^»«v»'  ■'  i    '  • 

Half  a  mile  north  of  Fort  Anne,  where  an  elbow 
is  made  by  Wood  Creek  at  the  foot  of  a  precipitous 
lull,  a  severe  engagement  took  place  in  1777,  be- 
tween a  detachment  of  Bui^oyne's  troops  and  a  par- 
ty of  Americans,  under  the  command  of  Col.  Sterry, 
who  were  on  their  retreat  from  Ticonderoga.  The 
America  ns  were  on  the  plain  south  of  the  hill ;  while 
the  latter  served  as  a  cover  to  the  British.  Their 
lire  on  Sterry's  forces  below  was  destructive,  and 
compelled  him  to  abandon  his  position. 

The  village  of  Fort  Anne  is  on  the  scito  of  the 
eld  Fort  erected  during  the  French  war.  It  was  lo- 
cated at  the  north  part  of  the  village  on  the  bank  of 
tho  creek. 

Burgoyne*s  road,  commencing  about  2  miles 
south  of  the  village,  and  nearly  pursuing  the  course 
of  the  present  road,  is  still  visible.  It  was  a  cause- 
way, formed  by  logs  laid  transversely,  a  labor  which 
became  necessary  in  conveying  his  cannon  and  bag- 
gage waggons  to  Saratoga. 

.N2 


I'ii; 


220 


ROUTES  TO  BOSTON. 


From  Fort  Anne  to  Albuiy,  the  intervening  plac' 
cs,  Sandy-Hiil,  Saratoga,  &c.  have  already  been  no- 
1f\ced,    {SeeJndet;.) 

ROUTES  TO  BOSTON. 


'•'VS 


These  are  so  various,  that  the  traveller  may  al- 
ways be  governed  by  his  own  taste  and  jud^entin 
aMtectioli.  The  route  from  Albany  has  been  cho- 
sen by  many  on  account  oi  enjoing  in  the  ^izcuEsion 
a  vidt  to  the  Lebanon  brings ;  while  others  have 
tueferred  a  course  which  should  embrace  the  rich 
mountain  scenery  of  Vermont  and  Ne  w-Hao^p^uce : 
commencing  their  excursions  either  atBuiiington» 
Whitehall,  or  at  Saratoga  Springy.  These  routes 
are  delin/eated  hereafter ;  but  without  glrbag;  Aem 
in  strict  geographicd  older,  we  commence  with  <hat 
from  Saratoga  Springs,  as  pasouag  oper  Ihe  <nost  in- 
teresting ground  connected  with  the  histOKic  events 
9f  t^revolutipn.  ,.„„ 

FROM  MRATO(^A  SPRINQS  TO  BOSTON. 

,   161  miles,    hvtavemng  distances  Mfoliowa : 


Scbuyter-ViUe^ 
Union  Village, 
Cambridge, 
Arlington, 
Manchester, 
Landsgrove,  ^'  '^ 
Chest€fr.        ' ''  * 
Bellows  Fallt), 
Walpole  Village, 
Walpole, 
Keene, 
Marlborough, 


-,M»; 


Mies.  "■ '  *•" 

12  Jeffrey, 

5  New  Ipswich, 

8  Townsend, 

12  Pepperei, 

12  Grotoo, 

15  Littleton, 

15  Acton,  ■'' 

14  Concord, 

4  Lexington, 

4  Cambridge, 

14  Boston, 
5 


Miles^ 
5 

10 
12 

--^-  ' 


(Uv 


A  stage  leaves  Saratoga  Spungs  eveiy  momin; 
(Sundays  excepted)  at  5  o'clodc,  reachiiag  Manches- 
ter the  first  day,  Keene  the  second,  and  Boston  the 
^hird,  todinr^.     Fare  ^7,50. 


MANCHESTER— CHESTER. 


221 


Schuyler- ViLLE,  12  miles.  {See  p.  97.) 
Passing  across  the  vale  where  the  surrender  of  Bur- 
goyne  took  place  to  the  river,  (on  the  bank  of  which, 
in  a  field  adjoining  the  road  on  the  north,  are  seen 
the  remains  of  an  intrenchment, )  the  stage  crosses 
in  a  horse-boat. 

UmoN  ViLiiAGE,  6  miles.  The  Battenkill  river 
passes  throu^  the  village,  on  the  banks  of  which 
are  several  mills  and  factories.  There  are  about  100 
houses  in  the  place ;  and  the  number  is  constantly- 
augmenting. 

Cambridge  and  Arlington  are  good  agricultural 
townships.  In  the  latter  place,  the  route,  for  a  con- 
siderable distQUce  is  on  the  bank  of  the  Battenkill, 
near  which  are  several  valuable  and  extensive  quar- 
ries of  white  marble. 

Manchester,  12  miles  from  Arlington ,  is  a  neat 
village,  located  near  the  foot  of  the  Green  Moun- 
tains, which  are  seen  stretching  to  tne  north  and 
south  as  £fir  as  the  eye  can  extend .  Lenving  the 
village,  the  stagr^  soon  comrc:»ices  ascending  the 
great  natural  barrier  which  separates  the  eastern  and 
western  sections  of  Vermont.  No  exertions  have 
been  spared  to  improve  the  road ;  and  it  may  be 
considered  by  far  the  best  of  any  which  crosses  the 
mountain.  The  ascent,  which  is  not  precipitous, 
continues,  with  occasional  descents,  for  10  or  12 
miles  before  the  summit  i$  reached.  During  the 
first  six  miles,  a  most  extensive  snd  variegated  pros- 
pect at  the  west  is  enjoyed ;  and  after  attaining  the 
greatest  elevation,  this  is  suddenly  exchanged  for  a 
prospect  nearly  co-extensive  at  the  east. 

Chester,  30  miles  from  Manchester,  is  a  pleas- 
ant village,  situated  on  a  handsome  plain,  and  con- 
tains two  churches,  an  excellent  academy,  and  about 
60  dwellings  and  stores. 


\ 


IJKLLUWS  KALLS, 


■I 

I 
j 

.  i 


Bellows  Falls,  14  miles,  lies  on  the  western 
bankof  Connecticut  river.  The  village  is  flourish- 
ing, contains  some  very  pleasant  houses^  a  number 
of  manufacturing  establishments,  and  a  beautiful 
church,  which  stands  on  an  eminence,  and  is  seen 
for  some  miles  distant. 

A  canal,  having  9  locks,  and  affording  water  for  a 
number  of  mills,  has  been  constructed  around  the 
falls.  It  is  about  half  a  mile  in  length.  The  whole 
descent  of  the  river  for  this  distance  is  about  50  feet, 
and  assumes  the  appearance  of  rapids  rather  than  a 
cataract.  Over  the  geatest  descent,  where  the  wa- 
ter is  compressed  by  ledges  of  rocks  to  a  very  narrow 
space,  a  handsome  toll  bridge  is  erected,  50  feet  in 
height,  from  which  the  water  is  seen  rushing  through 
the  pass  with  great  rapidity,  and  dashing  upon  the 
rocks  in  the  wildest  disorder — presenting  a  scene 
truly  sublime  and  interesting. 

A  short  distance  below  the  falls  are  two  rocks  con- 
taining specimens  of  Indian  workmanship.  On  one 
of  the  rocks  are  the  indistinct  traces  of  a  number  of 
human  faces,  represented  by  marks  in  the  stone,  and 
probably  intended  as  a  memorial  rf  their  deceased 
friends  or  chieftains.  That  this  place  was  once  the 
haunt  of  our  savage  predecessors,  is  evident  from  the 
arrow  points,  and  bits  of  their  earthen  pots,  and  frag- 
ments of  other  utensils,  which  may  be  found  in  a 
short  walk  over  the  adjacent  fields.* 

On  the  New-Hampshire  side  is  a  chain  of  lofty 
mountains,  which  leave  but  a  narrow  passage  be- 
tween their  base  and  the  river.   Around  one  of  these 


*  From  Bellows  Falls,  stages  can  be  taken  every 
day  for  Concord,  N.  H.  and  for  Hartford,  Conn. 
On  the  latter  route,  the  course  is  generally  near  the 
bank  of  the  Connecticut  river,  and  through  a  most 
delightful  country,  interspersed  with  |  several  ele- 
gant villages  and  country  seats. 


WALPOLE— LEXINGTON. 


m 


westei'ti 
flourjsh- 
1  number 
beautiful 
id  is  seen 

rater  for  a 
:ound  the 
rhe  whole 
ut  50  feet, 
ler  than  a 
re  the  wa- 
erynanow 
50  feet  in 
ng  through 
■  upon  the 
Ig  a  scene 

)  rocks  con- 
p.  On  one 
number  of 
5  stone,  and 
lir  deceased 
Bs  once  the 
jnt  from  the 
tSjandfrag- 
j  found  in  a 

,ain  of  lofty 
passage  be- 
one  of  these 

taken  every 
ford.  Conn. 
lUy  near  the 
lough  a  most 
fseveral  ele- 


impending  barriers  the  road  winds  its  course  to  tht 
pleasant  village  of 

Walpole,  which  contains  about  60  houses,  in- 
cluding some  very  handsome  mansions.  This  place 
was  the  scene  of  many  savage  incursions  during  the 
French  war.  It  was  once  in  the  entire  possession 
of  the  Indians,  and  retaken  from  them  by  Col.  Bel- 
lows, who  made  the  first  settlement  in  this  part  of 
the  country.  The  scenery  in  this  vicinity  is  remark- 
ably striking  and  romantic.  Ten  miles  farther  is  tlie 
flourishing  village  of  >    ■       ^         '  /i 

Keenb.  This  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  handsom- 
est villages  in  New-England,  and  is  situated  a  few 
miles  east  of  the  Connecticut  river.  It  contains 
about  150  dwellings,  a  bank,  a  court-house  and  gaol, 
and  a  population  of  about  2000.  For  a  distance  of 
40  miles  from  this  place,  no  village  of  importance 
intervenes,  though  many  handsome  dwellings  and 
rich  farms  are  discovered  on  tlie  route. 

Oroton,  41  miles  from  Keene,  is  a  pleasant  vil- 
lage, containing  about  100  houses  and  an  academy  ; 
seven  miles  from  which  is  the  town  of 

Concord,  rendered  memorable  as  the  place 
where  the  first  efficient  opposition  was  made  to  the 
British  troops,  in  1776.  It  is  a  large  town,  and  con- 
tains many  handsome  dwellings.  Eight  miles  from 
which  is  the  town  of  *^.i  ^-^ 

Lexington,  containing  a  few  plain  houses  ;  but 
celebrated  in  history  as  the  spot  where  the  first 
American  blood  was  shed  in  the  struggle  for  Inde^ 
pendence.  This  occurred  on  the  19th  of  April,  1775. 
A  quantity  of  military  stores  had  been  collected  at 
Concord,  which  the  British  General  Gage  proposed 
to  destroy.    Though  secret  in  His  operations,  and 

n4 


224 


BATTLE  OF  LEXINGTON. 


though  precaution  had  been  takoo  the  evening  pre- 
vious to  scour  the  roads  and  secure  such  citizens  M 
the  British  officers  fell  in  with,  yet  the  plan  was  dis- 
covered by  Doctor  Warren,  of  Boston,  who  sent  out 
messengers  to  alarm  the  inhabitants  and  prepare 
thenn  for  resistance.  On  Ijbe  arrival  the  next  r*or- 
ning  at  Lexington  of  the  British  troops,  8  or  900 
strong,  it  was  found  that  the  militia  of  the  towoi  to 
the  Buniber  of  70,  were  in  vzaS.  M^or  Pitcairn, 
who  led  the  British  van,  ordered  the  **  rebels"  to 
disperse.  Some  scattering  guns  were  fired,  which 
were  followed  by  a  general  discharae,  and  <!ontinu- 
ed  till  the  militia  disappeared.  Eight  men  were 
killed  and  several  wounded.*  -.'v 

The  detachment  then  proceeded  to  Concord,  a 
part  of  which  took  poaseasion  of  two  bridges  beyond 
the  town,  while  tiiie  remainder  destroyed  Ae  milita- 
ry stores.  A  number  of  militia,  who  had  collected 
in  the  vicinity,  but  with  orders  not  to  give  the  first 
fire,  aiten  pted  to  pass  one  of  the  bfidgea  in  tho 
character  of  travellers.  Tbey  w««  fired  on>  and 
two  men  killed.  Tho  fire  was  returned  and  a  skir- 
mish ensued,  which  resulted  in  tho  discomfiture  of 
the  regulsffs,  and  a  precipitate  retreat.  Skirmisliing 
continued  during  the  day,  and  though  tho  British  re- 
ceived reinforcements,  they  were  harrassed  in  tlieir 
retreat,  to  Bunker's  Hill,  where  tboy  renainod  se- 
cure under  the  protecticm  of  their  ship*  of  war. 

The  loss  of  the  British,  during  this  day,  in  killed, 
wounded  and  prisoners,  was  273 ;  while  \Mt  of  tho 
provinciaJists  did  not  exceed  90. 

The  blow  thus  struck  was  the  precurser  of  more 
important  events,  and  was  soon  followed  by  tho  bat- 
tle of  Breed's  or  (as  it  is  generally  denominated) 
Bunker's  Hill ;  which  is  noticed  in  subsequent  pa- 
ges. 

*  A  handsome  monument  now  marks  the  s^t 
where  this  action  was  fought,  beneath  which  are  in- 
tened  the  remains  of  the  Americans  who  were  slain. 


FROM  WIHTKHALL  TO  HUSTON.    2>,» 


ening  P««" 
citizws  a» 
m  was  dis- 

M  BCD*  <*^* 
ad  pr«p»r» 

>  next  ror- 
«,  8  or  900 
le  towotto 
lor  Pitc«im, 
» rebels"  to 
gfed,wbict» 
nd  continu- 
it  men  were 

>  Concord,  ft 
4gef  boyoud 
^  ^e  raiUU- 
^  coUectod 
^te  tho  fttt^ 
'igw  ia  the 

^ed  on,  aod 
sd  and  a  skir- 
i§co»fttwe  of 

Skirioiahing 
aiBritisbre- 
issed  intlieir 
reoiftined  ee- 

ofwwr. 

i»y,  in  killed, 
[le  U»t  of  the 

Purser  of  more 

tdhytJ»«*aJ- 

lenomiitatea) 
ab^equewt  p»- 

tiksie  s^t 
\  which  are  in- 
hiowereelain. 


Cambrid»e,  is  situated  7  miles  from  Iiexin«;ton. 
It  is  a  large  and  handsome  town,  but  derives  itn  im- 
portance from  Harvard  University,  which  is  located 
here,  and  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  celebrated 
literary  institutions  in  the  United  States.  It  takes 
its  name  from  the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  who  died  in 
1638,  leaving  to  the  institution  a  legacy  of  779/. 
17;?.  2d.  sterlmg.  The  edifices  belonging  to  the 
University  are  Harvard,  Massachusetts,  Hollis, 
Stoughton,  Holworthy  and  University  Halls,  Hol- 
den  Chapel,  3  College  houses,  besides  that  for  the 
President.  These  buildings  are  all  situated  in  a 
spacious  square,  and  are  handsomely  shaded  with  a 
variety  of  trees.  There  are  annually  educated  here 
about  800  students.  The  amount  of  property  be- 
longing to  the  institution,  it  is  said,  falls  little  short 
of  ^00,000.  It  contains  an  extensive  philosophic- 
al aparatus,  and  a  library  of  about  25,000  volumes. 

Two  miles  from  Cambridge  is  the  city  of  Boston. 
The  two  places  are  connected  with  a  bridge  3846 
feet  long  and  40  wide,  with  a  causeway  of  3344 
feet.     The  cost  of  the  whole  was  !i^76,700. 

[For  a  description  of  Boston,  see  subsequent 
pages.} 

FROM  WHITEHALL  TO  BOSTON. 

178  miles. 

A  stage  leaves  Whitehall  three  times  a  week, 
passing  through  the  villages  of  Castleton  and  Rut- 
land, connecting  at  Chester  with  the  route  from 
Saratoga  Springs,  and  reaches  Boston  the  third  day. 

Fair«aven,  9  miles  from  Whitehall,  contains 
several  mills  and  manufactories  of  iron,  and  about 
50  houses. 

CASTLETorf,  5  miles  farther,  is  a  handsome  vil- 
lage of  50  or  60  houses,  and  contains  the  Rutland 

N  5 


i|,;; 


n 


I 


22(> 


RUTLAND. 


Kl 


W"     'r 


county  Bcademy  and  a  medical  college ;  ivhicb  are 
liberally  patronized. — About  half  a  mile  nor^  of  the 
village,  at  the  junction  of  the  Hubbardtua  with  the 
main  road,  are  slight  remains  of  a  fort  and  breast 
work,  which  were  occupied  during  the  rerolutiona- 
ry  war ;  two  miles  north  of  which,  the  Hjbbardton 
road  passes  over  the  ground  where  a  severe  action 
was  fought  between  a  detachment  of  Burgoyne's 
army  and  a  body  of  American  troops.  The  latter 
composed  the  rear  guard  of  the  Americans  which 
evacuated  Ticonderoga  in  July,  1T77,  and  were 
ceamianded  by  Col.  Warner.  They  were  about 
1000  strong ;  and  were  overtaken  by  a  force  of  near- 
ly the  same  number  under  Gen.  Frazer.  A  long, 
severe,  and  obstinate  conflict  ensued ;  when  tlM  ar- 
rival of  Oen.  Keidisel,  with  his  divieion  of  Germane, 
compelled  the  Americans  to  give  way  in  all  direc- 
tions. The  British  loss  was  stated  by  Gen.  Bus- 
goyne  at  85  killed  and  144  wounded  ;  and  die  A- 
merican  loss  was  estimated  by  Gen.  St.  Clair  at  50 
killed  and  wounded.  It  is  generally  supposed  diat 
the  loss  of  both  armies  was  much  greater. 

The  Americans  retreated  to  tlie  south,  and  (ook 
part  in  the  Bennington  battle  on  the  16th  of  Au- 
gust, and  in  the  capture  of  Burgoyne  at  Sa  ~''>ga 
in  October  following. 

RyTLAND,  10  mi)^  from  Castletoo,  is  the  c;apl- 
itol  Qf  Rutland  county.  It  is  situated  3  miles  west 
of  the  Green  Mountains,  in  view  of  Killington  Peak, 
and  for  beauty  of  local  situation  is  not  surpassed  by 
imy  village  in  the  northern  states.  It  contains  up- 
wards of  100  houses,  a  bunk,  a  court  house,  and  a 
gaol. 

Ten  miles  from  Rutland,  in  the  town  of  Shrews- 
bury, the  road  reaches  the  foot  of  the  Green  raosn- 
tain^)  which  are  crossed  in  travelling  12  miles  far- 
ther.   No  part  of  the  passage  is  precipitous  ;  though 


FROM  BURLINGTON  TO  BOSTON.    227 

the  road  is  less  pleasant  than  that  leading  from  Man- 
chester,   {tSeep.  221.)  .         .^ 

Chester  is  40  miles  from  Rutland  ;  from  whence 
the  route  to  Boston  is  the  same  as  that  noticed  at 
page  222. 

FROM  BURLINGTON  TO  BOSTON, 

itiirough  Windsor,   Vt.) 

From  Burlington,  Vt.  where  the  Champlatn 
steam-boats  toudi  in  their  passage  up  and  down  the 
lake,  stares  depart  for  Boston  three  times  a  week, 
passing  mrough  Moaipelier  and  Windsor,  Vt.  CUur- 
eraont  and  Amherst,  N .  H.  Billerica  and  Medfiord, 
Mass.  and  reach  Boston  on  the  third  day.  Distance 
206  miles — Fare  06.  The  intervening  distances 
are  as  follows : 


Williston, 

Bicbroond, 

BoItoD, 

Waterbury, 

Moretown, 

Montpelier, 

Williarastown, 

BrooJ(field, 

Randolph, 

Royalton, 

Barnard, 

Woodstock, 

Windsor, 

Claremont, 


Miles. 

8  Lempster, 

9  Washington. 

r    2  Hillsborongn, 

'    8  Francistown, 

4  Mount  Vernon, 

7  Amherst, 
10  Merrimack, 

8  Dunstable, 

12  Tyngsborough, 

5  Cbemisford, 

6  Billerica, 
'      8  Wobum, 

14  Boston, 


»,  \ 


JUiles. 
12 

t 

9 
9 

:  I 
«r 

6 
.   1 

■  4 


BvRUNGTON.    {See page  2\h,) 

MoNTrsiiUBR,  is  situated  on  the  Onion  River,  a 
little  nor^  of  Uie  centre  of  the  state,  38  mile?  from 
Burlington.  It  is  at  pceient  t^e  seal  of  government. 


H: 


w 


'228 


KANDOLPH— WINDSOR. 


^    I 


Vi     'i 


I 


1 1 


M 


and  has  a  state-house,  court-house,  gaol,  and  a 
houso  of  public  worship  worship,  besides  a  number 
of  manufacturing  establishments.  It  contc'ins  aboat 
2000  inhabitants. 

With  the  exception  of  a  narrow  vale,  through 
which  the  river  passes,  the  village  is  surrounded  by 
lofty  hills  and  mountains,  which  give  it  the  appear- 
ance of  seclusion  from  the  rest  of  the  world.  The 
road  for  several  miles  previous  to  reaching  the  vill- 
age, and  after  leaving  it,  is  on  the  bank  of  the  river, 
and  the  mountain  scenery  is  unusually  romantic. 

In  passing  from  Montpelier  to  Randolph,  the 
route  is  on  what  is  termed  the  gulph  road.  This  gulph 
is  six  miles  in  extent,  between  lofty  mountains, 
with  barely  a  sufficient  space  for  a  road  and  the 
White  river,  a  beautiful  and  transparent  stream,  ex- 
hibiting, in  most  instances,  a  bottom  of  beautiful 
white  gravel. 

Randolph,  30  miles  from  Montpelier,  is  dn  a 
lofty  ridge  of  land,  affording  some  of  the  finest  faimi^ 
in  the  state.  The  village  is  small,  but  much  admir- 
ed for  its  location  and  neatness. 


RoYALTON,  3  miles.    A  pleasant  village. 


1/^ 


Woodstock,  14  miles,  the  capitol  of  Windsor 
county,  is  a  place  of  considerable  business.  The 
principal  village,  called  Woodstock  green,  is  on  the 
bank  of  the  Queechy  river,  and  contains  a  court 
house,  jail,  church  and  a  marble  factory — also  an  ex- 
tensive manufactory  of  scythes. 

Windsor,  14  miles,  is  a  beautiful  town  on  the 
banks  of  the  Connecticut.  The  houses  exhibit  a 
very  neat  and  handsome  appearance,  and  stand  in  a 
/ertile  and  richly  cultivated  tract  of  country.  It 
contains  a  flourishing  Fenale  Seminary,  with  a 
ai  limber  of  churches,  and  the  Vermont  PeniteotiarV' 


HANOVEK. 


,  and  a 
number 
OS  abocit 

through 
anded  by 
e  appear- 
Id.    The 
r  the  vill- 
the  river, 
lantic. 
)lph,    the 
:his  gulph 
louDtains, 
I  and  the 
tream,  ex- 
beautiful 


ar,  is  on  a 
Best  fai-m? 
uch  admir- 

■~  -^.<, 

■;\  V: 
EG.  ,       , 

Windsor 
ess.  The 
,  is  on  the 
IS  a  couit 
also  anex- 


The  bridge  built  across  the  Connecticut  at  this  place 
us  one  of  the  handsomest  on  the  river.  Ascutney^ 
a  mountain  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  town,  is 
1732  feet  in  height,  and  is  well  worthy  the  atten- 
tention  of  those  who  take  delight  in  the  rich  and  di- 
versified prospects  afforded  from  its  summit. 

At  Windsor,  the  route  crosses  the  Connecticut 
river  into  New-Hampshire,  and  proceeds  through  a 
fertile  country,  occasionally  interspersed  with  a 
pleasant  village,  to  Boston. 


Ml 


ROUTE  FROM  BURLINGTON  TO  BOSTON, 

{through  Hanover  and  Concord^  J^.  H.) 

A  stage  leaves  Burlington  three  times  a  week, 
passing  through  Montpelier  and  Randolph,  Vt 
Hanover  and  Concord,  N.  H.  and  Andover,  Mass. 
and  reaches  Boston  on  the  third  day.  Distance, 
210  miles— Fare  $8.  [The  first  part  of  this  route  to 
Randolph  is  noticed  in  the  two  preceding  pages.] 

Hanover  is  25  miles  from  Randolph.  The 
village  is  located  on  a  handsome  plain,  half  a  mile 
from  the  Connecticut  river,  and  contains  the  build- 
ings of  Dartmouth  college  and  about  80  dwelling 
houses.  The  college  derives  its  name  from  Will- 
iam, Earl  of  Dartmouth,  one  of  its  principal  bene- 
factors. It  was  founded  in  1769,  by  the  late  Doct. 
Eleazer  Wheelock,  and  is  in  a  flourishing  condtion. 
A  medical  institution  is  connected  with  the  college, 
and  is  accommodated  with  a  brick  edifice,  contain- 
ing, besides  rooms  for  students,  a  laboratoy,  ana- 
tomical museum,  mineralogical  cabinet,  library  and 
lecture  rooms.  The  number  of  students  educated 
at  this  college  annually  is  between  2  and  300.  The 
whole  number  who  had  been  educated  in  1822,  was 
J, 341,  of  whom  1,067  were  then  living. 


ill 


U 


iiSi 


Ifif^ni'' '  ■  "ii  1 ;  *w-  I't . ,  'W-^r.  .■ff  ■  ■ '  I 


<% 


230 


WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


I! 


■:!   !■ 


Concord,  55  miles  from  Hanover,  is  tlie  capital 
of  New-Hampflhire.  The  village  is  priDcipally  com- 
posed of  two  streets  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Merri- 
mack river,  and  contains  a  state  house,  state  prison, 
town  house,  bank,  several  churches,  4  or  5  printing 
olfices,  and  rising  of  200  dwelling  houses.  The 
state  house  located  near  the  centre  of  the  village,  is 
an  elegant  building  of  hewn  granite,  100  feet  long, 
with  a  large  hall  on  the  first  floor,  and  the  senate 
and  representatives*  chambers  on  the  second.  The 
building  is  surrounded  by  a  spacious  yard,  which  is 
enclosed  with  a  handsome  wall  The  state  prison, 
a  strong  building,  is  a  short  distance  from  the  state 
house. 

The  Merrimack  river  is  navigable  for  large  boats 
from  Concord  to  Chelmsford  ;  from  whence  to  Bos- 
ton the  communication  is  continued  in  the  Middle- 
sex canal,  28  miles  long.   •"■  -  •' 

VISIT  TO  THE  WHITE  MOUNTAINS.    * 

From  Concord,  a  stage  runs  twice  a  week  to  Fran- 
conia,  near  the  White  Mountains,  distant  75  miles  ; 
and  passing  through  the  JVotch,  continue?  on  to 
Danville,  Vt.  28  miles  ;  and  from  thence  to  Mont- 
real, 100  miles.* 

After  leaving  Concord,  the  first  object  of  attrac- 
tion is  the  Winnipiseogee  Lake  ;  which,  at  Centre 
Harbor,  is  80  n)iles  distant.  This  lake  is  23  miles 
long,  from  6  to  14  miles  in  width,  and  is  remarkable 
for  its  beautiful  and  sublime  scenery.  From  the  top 
of  Red  Mountain,  in  Centre  Harbor,  1500  feet 
high,  and  which  is  accessible  for  about  two  thirds  of 
the  way  in  a  caniage,  there  is  an  extensive  prospect. 
At  the  distance  of  TO  miles  to  the  south  west,  may 
•  be  seen  Mount  Monadnock  ;  at  the  west,  the  Ky- 
arsage  and  Simson  mountains  \  at  the  north  west 
the  Moosehillock  ;  at  the  north,  the  Sandwich 
mountains,  with  the  Sullivan  lake  intervening  ;  at 

*See  page  210.     See  also  Portland,  Maine,  fot 
ajRother  route  to  the  White  Mountarins. 


WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


2ai 


capital 
y  com- 
Meni- 
prison, 
>riiiting 
.    The 
lage,  is 
i%  long. 
Q  sent^te 
d.     The 
which  is 
)  prison, 
he  state 

■ge  boats 
e  to  Bos- 
,  Middlc- 

VINS. 

I?  to  Fran- 

iniles  ; 

les  on  to 

to  Mbnt- 

of  attrac- 
at  Centre 
s  23  miles 
emarkable 
Dm  the  top 
1500  feet 
o  thirds  of 
prospect, 
west,  may 
t,  the  Ky- 
[nortb  west 
Sandwich 
ening ;  at 

iMaine,  fot 


the  sQQtb  east,  the  W««itwortb  lake,  with  its  numer- 
ous iabgads,  bay^,  wd  the  mouotaios  which  rise 
from  ks  bwders,  iitdudiog  Ossippee  oa  the  fi.  £. 
Gupatoek  on  the  S.  and  a  seoii-circular  mountain  at 
the  i«rQ)ination  of  the  lake  at  the  S.  £. 

From  Centre  Harbor,  the  route  lor  a  conudeiable 
distance  is  Ihroud^  a  valley,  bordered  withlolty 
mountains  on  eimer  »i»,  oocaaioiu%  eidiFeneid 
with  tbia  appearance  of  a  compact  aettl^ment. 

THE  WHITE  MOUIffTAINS, 
are  tb«  loftiest  w  ihe  U.  <Statea«  east  of  the  Soctgr 
Mountains.  Their  heigbtei  above  the  level  of  the 
Connecticut  rivier  at  liancaster,  have  been  eathnated 
as  follows  :  Waahington,;^U>Oit. ;  Jefiecaon,  5261 ; 
Adani0,  6BS$i  Madiaao,  5039;  MooroA,  4JN)2 ; 
Qiuincy,  4479.  Mount  Waahiogton  is  ususiUy  asp 
cended  from  the  aoudi  oast«  oommeBcing  m  the 
town  of  Goniway,  and  /olio wing  Ihe  cours  of  <hir 
Saco  i;iver,  wbiob  ihas  ite  origin  lu^  in  Htm  msmm- 
tain.  On  ita  sumout,  the  Atlantic  ocean  is  seen  at 
Ponlland,6$milosS.  £. ;  (be  ^tabdin  mountains 
to  (he  N.  K .  near  the  aouncas  of  die  Benobscoft  riv- 
er ;  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont  on  the  wert ; 
A^KouotMonadnock,  120  miles  to  the  S.  W. ;  and 
numerous  lakes,  rivers,  &c.  within  a  less  circuinfer- 
ence. 

The  JSTateh  or  Oap  is  on  the  west  sideoftiie 
mountains,  and  is  a  deep  and  narrow  defile,  in  one 
pa^^  only  22  feet  wide.  A  soad  passes  through, 
which  is  crossed  by  the  river  Saco  ;  into  which  sev- 
eoal  tributary  stceams  enter  from  the  mountain 
hei^^,  forming  many  beautiful  cascades. 

The  ibllowiag  description  of  these  mountains  is 
given  by  a  writer  in  the  Boston  Daily  Advertiser, 
who  had  recently  visited  them  : 

Lafayette  Mountain  is  situated  in  the  northeast 
part  of  the  township  of  Franconia,neariy  equidistant 


r^; 


232 


WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


from  Mount  Washington  in  the  northeast,  and 
Moose-Hillock  in  the  south  west»  being  about  2|c) 
miles  from  each  :  and  it  is  obviously  more  elevated 
than  an^  other  summit  in  sight  except  the  White 
Mountains.  It  was  formerly  known  by  the  name  of 
the  Great  Haystack  ;  and  so  it  is  represented  on 
Carigain's  map  of  New-Hampshire  ;  but  on  the  17th 
of  October,  1S24,  the  anniversary  of  the  battle  of 
Yorktown,  it  was,  with  appropriate  ceremonies, 
named  Lafayette. 

At  the  Franconia  Notch,  a  footh  path  has  been 
cleared  out  from  the  road  to  the  top  of  the  mountain. 
The  point  where  the  path  commences  is  six  miles 
from  the  Franconia  iron  works,  and  the  length  of  it 
from  the  road  to  the  summit  is  three  miles  ;  and 
throughout  this  distance  it  is  almost  uniformly  steep. 
The  ascent  for  the  distance  of  about  two  miles  is 
through  a  thick  forest  of  hemlock,  hackmetack, 
spruce,  &c.  Higher  up,  tl  e  mountain  is  encom- 
passed with  a  zone,  about  half  a  mile  in  width,  cov- 
ered with  stunted  trees,  chiefly  hemlock  and  spruce. 
Above  the  upper  edge  of  this  zone,  which  is  about 
half  a  mile  from  the  top,  trees  and  shrubs  <^.isappear. 
The  summit  is  composed  chiefly  of  bare  rocks,  part- 
ly in  large  masses,  and  partly  broken  into  small 
pieces. 

The  view  from  the  top  is  exceedingly  picturesque 
and  magnificent.  Although  it  is  not  so  extensive 
as  that  from  the  summit  of  Mount  Washington,  yet 
owing  to  the  more  advantageous  situation  of  Lafay- 
ette, being  more  central  as  it  respects  this  mountain- 
ous region,  it  is  not  inferior  to  it  in  either  beauty  or 
grandeur.  The  view  to  the  northeast,  east,  south, 
and  southwest,  is  one  grand  panorama  of  mountain 
scenery,  presenting  more  than  fifty  summits,  which, 
when  viewed  from  this  elevation,  do  not  appear  to 
differ  greatly  in  height.  Some  of  these  mountains 
are  covered  with  verdure  to  tho  top,  while  the  sum- 
mits of  others  are  composed  of  naked  rocks;  and 


:,  and 
out  2P 
evated 
White 
lame  of 
ted  on 
tie  17th 
ittle  of 
Donies, 

as  been 
luntain. 
X  miles 
;th  of  it 
is  ;  and 
y  steep, 
miles  is 
metack, 

encora- 
th,  cov- 

spruce. 
is  about 
sappear. 
:8,  part- 
o  small 

:uresque 
xtenSive 
on,  yet 

Lafay- 
ountain- 
sauty  or 

south, 
lountain 
,  which, 
jpear  to 
ountains 
he  sum- 
ks  ;  and 


WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


233 


\ 


down  the  sides  of  many  of  them  may  be  seen  slides 
or  avalanches  of  earth,'  rocks  and  trees  more  or  less 
extensive,  which  serve  to  diversify  the  scene.  The 
only  appearance  of  cultivation  in  this  whole  com- 
pass  is  confined  to  a  few  farms  seen  in  a  direction 
west  of  south,  on  the  road  to  Plymouth,  extending 
along  the  Pemigewasset  branch  of  the  Merrimack. 
To  Uie  west  is  seen  the  territory  -'atered  by  the 
Connecticut  and  the  Ammonoosuck. 

At  the  place  in  the  road  through  the  Notch  where 
the  path  up  the  mountain  commences,  is  exhibited 
to  the  view  of  the  traveller,  on  the  mountain  oppo- 
site to  Lafayette,  the  Profile  or  the  Old  Man  of  the 
Mountain^  a  singular  Ivsus  naturae,  and  a  remarka> 
ble  curiosity.  It  is  situated  en  the  brow  of  the  peak 
or  precipice,  which  rises  almost  perpendicularly 
from  the  surface  of  a  small  lake,  directly  in  front, 
to  the  height  (as  estimated)  of  from  600  to  1000  feet. 
The  front  of  this  precipice  is  formed  of  solid  rock, 
but  as  viewed  from  the  point  where  the  Profile  is 
;jeen,  the  whole  of  it  appears  to  be  covered  with 
trees  and  vegetation,  except  about  space  enough  for 
a  side  view  of  the  Old  Man's  bust.  All  the  princi- 
pal features  of  the  human  face,  as  seen  in  a  profile, 
are  formed  with,  surprising  exactness.  The  little 
lake  at  the  bottom  of  the  precipice,  is  about  a  half  a 
mile  in  length,  and  is  one  of  the  sources  of  the 
Pemigewasset  river.  Half  a  mile  to  the  no:th  of 
this,  there  is  another  lake,  surrounded  with  roman- 
tic scenery,  nearly  a  mile  in  length,  and  more  than 
half  a  mile  in  breadth.  This  is  one  of  the  sources 
of  the  southern  branch  of  the  Ammonoosuck,  which 
flows  into  the  Connecticut.  These  lakes  are  both 
situated  in  the  Notch,  very  near  the  road,  and  near 
to  the  p^'rt  where  the  steep  ascent  of  Mount  Lafay- 
ette commences.  The  northern  lake  is  900  feet 
above  tlie  site  of  the  Francouia  iron  works,  and  the 
highest  point  in  the  road  through  the  Notch  is  1029 
feet  above  the  same  level.  Other  curiosities  in  this 
vicinity  are,  the  Basin  and  the  Pufpil, 


I  •! 


•' 


284 


WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


1 


The  road  through  the  Francoau  Notch  was  much 
improved  in  1826,  aod  is  now  tolerable.  A  few 
yeirs  8ince>  the  mail  was  carried  thrctip^h  il:**i 
Notch  on  a  mm's  back  i  but  now  a  star^  passes 
through  irom  Concord,  N.  H.  in  one  day,  twice  a 
week,  and  is  continued  on  to  Danville  an^  Montreal . 
Good  acccMnmodationa  ar6  found  at  the  Franconia 
Hotel,  k'jpt  by  Mr.  Oibb,  and  all  necessiry  facilities 
for  visiting  the  curiositiei^  in  the  neij^br  rhood. 

The  number  of  visitors  to  the  White  Bffountains 
hkd  of  tote  been  considerably  increased,  on  account 
of  ^  intetest  excited  by  tike  tremendous  sHdeB  or 
malanehit  of  the  28th  of  August^  1826.  The  most 
flublitte  views  of  these  slides,  (several  of  which  are 
nearly  equal  to  the  mtaoor^le  one  whi^  swept 
away  die  unfortunate  Willey  family,)  may  be  seen 
aUalbngfor  several  miles,  in  passing  tlwou^i  the 
Notbbk  They  are  also  observed  from  va^ious  points 
in  Ae  conntira^  round,  extoiding  down  die  sides  of 
many  of  the  elevated  mountains ;  and  the  astonish- 
ing effcets  of  this  extraordiaaiy  inunda^on  are  also 
witnessed  in  the  great  etlai^ment  of  the  clumnels 
of  the  streams  which  rise  in  this  duster  of  moun- 
tains. This  is  the  hot  especially  with  regard  to  the 
channel  of  the  principal  branch  of  the  An&onoo^ck, 
which  rises  near  die  summit  df  Mount  Washington. 

The  camp  wbich  was  built  by  Mr.  Crawford  for 
the  aoeommodation  of  viviiovs  over  night,  two  miles 
and  « quarter  from  the  summit  of  Mmint  Washing- 
ton* was  stiuated  near  this  branch,  and  was  carried 
awayby^cheswelliLg  of  the  stream.  A  small  camp 
has  Deen  erected  in  its  i^afce,  but  it  is  of  little  use, 
Mid  affiMds  no  accommodatione  for  loc^g  visitors 
over  ilight 

The  distance  from  Crawibrd'o  house  to  the  sum- 
mit of  JMount  Washington,  is  nine  miles.  Through 
tlutee  nriles  of  this  distance,  a  carriage  road  is  now 
made,  and  Mr.  Crawford  expects  to  extend  this  road, 
within  a  year  from  iUs  time,  three  miles  further. 


'¥■ 


18  much 
Afew 

»  passes 
twice  a 
[ontreal. 
tanconia 
faciUties 

od. 

Jountains 
i  account 
«2uied  ot 
rbe  most 
vhkh  are 
ich  Bwejpt 
r  be  seen 
rough  the 
ouspdnts 
le  sides  of 
I  astonish- 
ID  are  also 
channels 
of  moun- 
{ard  to  the 
onoo^ck, 
ashiftgton. 
vawford  fot 
^  two  mil^s 
;  Waihing- 
^fiM  carried 
miaU  camp 
little  use, 

ng   fisitOTS 

the  sum- 
Through 
oad  is  now 
)d  this  road, 
lies  further. 


FROM  CONCORD  TO  BOSTON.       235 

leaving  only  three  miles  to  be  ascended  on  foot. 
Visitors  now  usually  ride  three  miles  and  walk  and 
climb  six ;  and  the  time  commonly  occupied  in  as- 
cending the  mountain,  reckoning  from  the  time  of 
leaving  Crawford's  house  to  the  time  of  returning  to 
it  agam,  is  from  ten  to  fourteen  hours;  and  the 
shortest  time  in  which  the  enterprise  has  been  per- 
formed, is  about  eight  hours. 

The  whole  number  of  ladies  who  have  ascended 
this  mountain  is  said  to  be  thirteen — enough  to  vin- 
dicate the  claim  of  the  sex  to  enterprise,  liberal  cu- 
riosity, and  a  taste  for  sublime  scenery.  During  the 
late  visit  of  the  writer,  several  ladies,  and  among 
them  one  from  one  of  the  southern  states,  arrived  at 
Crawford's,  who  came  with  the  expectation  of  as- 
cending, but  they  thought  proper  to  abandon  the  de- 
sign. One  of  the  principal  circiimstances  which 
discouraged  them,  was  the  fact  that  there  were  no 
accommodations  at  the  camp  for  lodging  over  night, 
and  that  the  whole  undertaking  must  now  be  ac- 
complished in  one  day. 


FROM  CONCORD  TO  BOSTON. 


I 


Stages  leave  Concord  every  day  at  7  A.  M.  pass- 
ing through  Pembroke,  Hookset,  Chester,  London- 
derry, New-Salom,  Methuen,  Andover,  Reading, 
St'jneham,  Medford  and  Charlestown,  to  Boston. 
Distance  68  miles.    Fare  $3. 

Pembroke,  6  miles  from  Concord,  is  ]ocated[6n 
the  east  side  of  the  Merimac  river.  It  is  a  thriving 
village,  and  besides  several  handsome  dwellings, 
contains  2  churches,  an  academy  4  paper  mills  and 
a  cotton  factory.  ^         * 

HooKSETT,  3  miles  farther.  The  Merrimac  here 
descends  16  feet  in  the  course  of  30  rods. 


<-r 


'M 


•If- 


I 
O 


'  ?«!' 


236       FROM  AJ-BANV  TO  BOSTON. 

Metkuen,  25  miles  from  Boston,  is  situate  oia 
the  north  side  of  the  Merrimac.  Near  the  village, 
on  the  Spicket  cre^k,  is  a  handsome  fall  of  30  feet. 
A  brid{;e  here  crosses  the  river  to 

Andover,  which  contains  an  extensive  Theolo- 
gical seminary  and  a  flourishing  academy.  The 
lormer  vtras  founded  in  1808,  and  has  already  receiv- 
ed more  than  $350,000  in  contributions,  prmcipally 
from  six  families.  The  buildings  are  on  a  lofty  em- 
inence, 9nd  assume  a  very  rich  and  handsome  ap- 
pearance. 

Mesford,  4  miles  from  Boston,  is  on  the  Mystic 
river ;  3  miles  firom  which  is  the  handsome  village  of 

Ckablestown.    (  Seep.  249. ) 

Boston  is  1  mile  farther,  thejQharlestQwn  bridge 
intervening.    {Seep.  244.)     '      ; 

FROM  ALBANY  TO  BOSTON. 

From  Albany,  stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for 
Boston,  which  is  distant  167  miles,  and  the  route  is 
performed  in  two  days.  Fare  $8  75.  The  days  of 
departure  from  Albany  and  Boston  are  on  Monday, 
Wednesday  and  Friday,  at  2  A.  M.  One  line  of 
stages  passes  through  6eimin|;tou  and  Br«ttleboro% 
Vt.  but  the  most  usual  route  is  through  New-Leba- 
non, Pittsfield,  Northampton,  Brooktield,  Worces- 
ter and  Watert«>wn. 

The  several  stages  and  distances  on  the  last 
mentioned  route  are  as  follows : 


"i  1  /•_- 


Miles. 

Miles. 

Schodack, 

5 

Peru, 

7 

Nassau^            ' 

V      12 

Worthiflgton, 

8 

New-Lebuaon, 

8 

Chesterfield, 

9 

Pittsfield, 

9 

Northamptoh, 

13 

Dalton, 

•  '^"  6 

Hadlev, 

12 

NEW-LEBAHON. 


237 


Belchertown, 

Western, 

Brookfield, 

Spencer, 

Leicester, 


9  Worcester,  '       6 

7  Framingham,  20 

7  Weston,  5 

7  Watertown,  5 

5  Boston,  10 


Albany,  {Seep.  66.) 


NkW'Lsbaiston  is  a  pleasant  village  in  the  town 
of  Canaan,  N.  Y.  bordering  on  PittsfieM,  Mass. 
and  is  26  miles  from  Albany.  It  contaifis  a  mineral 
spring  of  considerable  importance,  which  is  much 
frequented  in  the  summer  months  by  invalids.  It 
is  principally  used  for  tihe  purposes  of  bathing ;  but 
is  much  inferior  to  the  Saratoga  waters,  eittier  as  a 
medicine  or  H«)verage.  The  fountain  issues  from 
the  side  of  a  high  hill,  in  great  abundance,  discharg- 
ing at  the  rate  of  18  barrels  per  minute  ;  and  is  used 
as  a  feeder  for  several  millfl.  The  water  is  remark- 
ably pure  and  soft,  and  is  perfectly  tastelejs  and  in- 
odorous. Gas,  in  considerable  quantities,  e8C9,pes 
from  the  pebbles  and  sand,  and  kee^  the  water  in 
constant  motion.  It  contains  small  qiLontities  of 
Muriate  of  Lime,  MuHate  of  Soda, ,  Sulphate  of 
Lime,  and  Carbonate  of  Lime ;  and  its  temperature 
is  73  degrees  of  Ferenhint. 

Convenient  bathing  ouses  are  kept  in  readiness 
at  all  times,  for  the  accommodation  of  strangers ; 
and  thera  are  a  number  of  boarding  establishments 
which,  at  different  rates,  afford  proportionate  fare. 

Near  the  spring  is  what  is  called  the  Shaken* 
Village,  containing  a  number  ofneat,  plain  build- 
ing, g;enerally  painted  yellow.  The  property  of 
this  society  is  held  in  common ;  and  they  are  said  to 
possess  nearly  3000  acres  of  fertile  land.  Besides 
agricultural  pursuits,  they  carry  on  several  braccb«d 
of  manufactures,  which  are  distinguished  by  excel- 
lence of  workmanship.  The  singular  regulations 
and  ceremonies  of  these  people,  constitute  an  ob- 

o2 


w 


238     PITTSFIELD—MOUNT  HOLYOKE. 


ject  of  attention  to  tourists. 
liCbanoa  is  the  village  of 


Nine  miles  from  New- 


;«^._f 


PiTTSFiELD,  rendered  elegant  from  its  local  situ- 
ation, and  from  the  neatness  of  its  buildings.  The 
village  contains  about  150  houses,  a  bank,  an  acade- 
my, printing  office,  and  several  stores.  Here  are  an- 
nually held  the  Cattle  Show  and  Fair  of  the  celebra- 
ted Berkshire  Agricultural  Society,  which  has  been 
incorporated  by  act  of  the  legislature ;  and  which 
ha :  done  more  towards  improving  the  condition  of 
agriculture  than  any  other  institution  of  the  kind  in 
the  Union.  The  snow  and  fair  which  occupy  two 
days,  never  fail  to  impart  an  unusual  degree  of  inter- 
est; and  are  i^ways  attended  by  immense  crowds 
of  citizens.      ^  ^    I  ,  ,        ,^^, . .,..,  i  ..*y  „.»■;  .iS  • 


NoRTHAMPtoisr  is  43  miles  from  Pittsfield,  and 
is  one  of  th^  finest  t6wns  in  New-Englaild.  It  is 
^situated  a  mile  and  a  half  west  of  Connecticut  river, 
and  was  settled  as  early  as  the  year  1654.  It  con- 
stains  a  bank,  printing  office,  court  house,  gaol,  and 
300  dwellings,  some  of  which  are  very  elegant.  The 
Coi^egational  church,  which  is  built  of  wood,  is 
considered  one  of  the  most  beautiful  structures  in 
the  slate.  There  are  severalmanufactories  here  ; 
and  the  place  exhibits  ari  liii'fifeMat  dpgroe  of  enter- 

8*  rize  and  wealth.  A  canil  is  n^w  constructing  from 
lia^lrce  to  New-Haven,  Conn.  29  l-'Z  miles  long, 
which  wiir  prove  an  important  auxiliary  to  the  busi- 
ness orboth  places,  and  the  intervening  country. 

f' Mount  HoLYokEi  in. tl^is  vicinity,  is  much  fre- 
quented by  tourists.  It'  is  situat<:!d  on  the  east  side 
of  thQ  river  opposite  to  Northampton .  The  height 
of  this  mountain  above  the  level  of  ae  river  is  1070 
feet,«  In  consequeujce  of  the  resort  to  this  place, 
which  has  been  not  less  than  from  two  to  five  thou- 
and  annually,  two  buildings  have  beqn  erected  on 


New- 


il  situ- 
The 
acade- 
are  an- 
:elebra- 
}9  been 
1  which 
ition  of 
kind  in 
ipy  two 
)f  intei- 
crowds 


lid,  ancl 
,.    It  is 
lit  river, 
Itcon- 
aol,  and 
nt.  The 
rood,  is 
tures  in 
s  iiere  ; 
[)f  enter- 
ing from 
les  long, 
he  busi- 
try. 

iiicTi  fre- 
east  side 
height 
r  is  1070 
lis  place, 
ve  thou- 
ected  on 


THE  LEAD  MINE. 


289 


its  summit  for  the  pnrposc  of  accommodating  visit- 
ors with  refreshmen  ts .  The  beaiitifdl  aiid  extensive 
prospect  afforded  frofnt  the  top  of  the  mountain,  Will 
amply  compensate  the  labor  and  difficulty  of  the  as- 
ceht.  The  view  embnices  eminences  160  miles  a- 
paft.  «7i{h  ^eve^-al  beautiful  Yillaget  andarich  void 
fertu*  eountrv  iiiterv(eihing,  and  is  iaid  to  be  un- 
rivalled in  tne  ei^temstetes. 

The  r>EAi>  M.'iEihB  fit  Soathamt>toii«  8  nifMaiMltfi 
west  of  Northami.  ton,  is  an  object  tif  nrtKh  interart, 
ahd  should  be  visited,  if  practicabl<B,'in  anelxair- 
sion  to  thie  €  ^^tem  dt^tes.  Th<)  vein  is  B  or  8  fiiet 
in  diameter,  anv*  declhies  10  or  15  tfeg^reies'ftbm'a 
perpendicular.  It  has  been  explored  to  the  depth 
of  40  or  50  ft.  and  30  or  40  rods  in  lem|;th ;  ilid  ttw 
ore  is  found  in  masses  from  « i|ilarter  or 'an  indi  to  a 
foot  in  diameter.  The  Journal'  of  St^ience  remlrin, 
that  ''at  th^ depth,  abov^e  di^tSoneid,  the  yniStt 
became  so  abundant  that  it  #a8-thou{ilitadvi8^Ie 
to  abandon  a  perpendicular  ei|)lorafion,  and  to  de- 
scend to  the  foot  of  thehillentHe'eastyikeaily  80 
rods  frbm  the  vein,  and  atteitopt  a  horizontal  drm,  or 
adit  ;'a^d  ever  since  its  commenc^^t, 'e^gjhC  or 
ten  years  ago,  the  WdrkiUgof  the  viiih'isw  celttied. 
This  drift  is  now  Htlnm  into  the  hill,  bti  an  eitot 
level,  nearly  (N>  hids.'nMl  fthe  WbAhnen  tbldme/ttjiit 
not  less  than<^,00O*had  Bete  <is#UdM  uponflt. 
Hie  rocks  that  hiVe  been  fiiAn^titfbd,  reelcMiii^'fifMi 
the  mouth  of  the  drift  fnwahb,  ate  'JBii^i  ^  irOd 
'and  pv^  slates  of  the  obal  formatiob.  With  thhf  beds 
bf  c6al>  and  mica  islate,  ahd  iriiiite  altem^f. 
'fhiioMI^  the  ftmdati^^tal  depi»inte  of  |rahHeisnc  w 
uncovered ;  m^  the  pritidpal  iiein  bf  t^lena  ifaikiibt 
b(.  far  distiht.  86^eM  smallbhihch^ins  of  oyt* 
tadi^  <|u«Hz  taid  galena  haye  b^n  oMsed*  ii>d 
'iieil^l  ftpecimen^'  of  these,  tt>11ecfed  by  Dr.  Hiiht, 

o3 


\-  ■?>»">•.», 


.■*!»  ?-y,'^.^'5, 


f 


240 


THE  LEAD  MINE. 


were  very  rich  and  beautiful ;  the  crystals  ot  pure 
galena  sometimes  exhibit,  on  their  faces,  insulated 
crystals  of  honey  colored  carbonate  of  lime .  The 
prmcipal  vein  will  be  found  not  less,  I  should  judse, 
than  150  feet  below  the  surface ;  and  when  that 
time  comes,  it  is  confidently  expected,  not  only 
that  the  proprietors  will  be  rewarded  for  the  great 
expense  they  have  incurred,  but  also,  that  many  a 
rich  specimen  will  be  found  to  ornament  the  miner- 
al cabinets  of  our  country,  and  to  vie  in  beauty  witli 
the  lead  ures  of  Europe. 

The  mouth  of  the  drift  is  4  or  6  feet  wide,  and 
about  3  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  The 
water  is  deep  enough  the  whole  lensth  of  it,  to  ad- 
mit the  pussage  of  a  loaded  boat  The  person  wish- 
ing to  explore  this  internal  canal,  must  fire  a  gun  at 
the  entrance,  or  beat  heavily  with  a  sledge  on  the 
timbers  that  support  the  soil ;  in  10  or  15  minutes, 
he  will  perceive  a  gentle  undulation  of  the  water, 
and  soon  afier,  a  boat  advancing  with  lighted  lamps 
and  a  rower ;  having  seated  himself  on  the  bottom 
of  this  boat,  and  provided  himself  with  an  additional 
garment,  he  is  prepared  for  his  subterranean  expedi- 
tion. As  he  enters  the  passage,  he  will  for  a  mo- 
ment experience,  or  imagine  he  experiences,  a  little 
difficulty  of  breatliing.  But  he  will  soon  become 
reconciled  to  his  condition  ;  and  after  passing  about 
100  feet  in  the  excavation,  for  which  distance  the 
soil  is  supported  by  timbers,  he  will  find  occasional- 
ly more  room,  so  that  he  can  stand  erect.  If  he 
looks  back,  after  having  advanced  several  hundred 
feet,  the  li^ht  at  the  entrance  will  appear  diminish- 
ed to  the  size  of  a  candle ;  and  before  he  reaches  the 
extremity,  it  becomes  invisible.  About  half  way 
from  the  entrance  to  the  end  of  the  drift,  he  will 
pass  a  shaft,  down  which  a  small  brook  is  turned, 
for  the  purpose  of  aiding  the  ventilator.  When  he 
reaches  the  end  of  the  drift,  he  finds  himself  to  have 
penetrated  nearly  60  rods,  chiefly  into  solid  rock. 


HADLEV. 


dti 


)t  pure 
isulated 
.    The 
1  judge, 
len  that 
lOt  only 
he  great 
t  many  a 
e  miner- 
uty  witli 

ide,  and 
er.    The 
it,  to  ad- 
son  wish- 
i  a  gun  at 
ge  on  the 
minutes, 
[le  water, 
ted  lamps 
le  bottom 
additional , 
m  expedi- 
for  a  mo- 
es,  a  little 
I  become 
iing  about 
stance  the 
tccasional- 
•ct.    If  he 
[\  hundred 
diminish- 
[eaches  the 
half  way 
["t,  he  will 
is  turned. 
When  he 
jlftohave 
Id  rock. 


The  miners  do  not  quit  the  drift  when  they  blasl, 
but  retire  behind  a  breast  work  thrown  up  for  the 
purpose.  One  man  has  been  an  inmate  of  that  dark- 
recess  eight  or  ten  years  without  suffering  in  his 
health. 

£very  mineralogist  passing  that  way,  will  of  course 
visit  this  drift.  Intelligent  gentlemen,  without  pro- 
fessional views,  and  even  ladies,  not  unfrequently 
enter  this  cavity. ' 


)> 


Hadley,  12  miles  from  Northampton,  is  one  of 
the  oldest  towns  in  the  state.  It  was  the  bead-quar- 
ters of  the  army  employed  for  the  defence  of  the 
towns  en  the  Connecticut  river,  in  the  war  with 
Philip  in  1675-6 ;  and  was,  for  a  long  time,  the 
place  of  residence  of  the  two  regicides  >r  judges, 
Whalley  and  Gotfe,  in  the  time  of  Char'es  the  se- 
cond.*   On  the  town  being  attacked  by  the  Indians 

*  On  die  restoration  of  the  English  monarch, 
Charles  2d,  in  1660,  several  of  the  judges  who  sat 
on  the  trial  of  Charles  1st,  were  seized,  condemn- 
ed and  executed.  Others,  foreseeing  th6  result, 
Escaped.  Whalley  and  Goffe,  two  of  the  number, 
came  to  Boston ;  whe^e,  for  a  time,  they  received 
the  hospitality  due  to  their  rank.  But  on  learning 
that  several  of  the  regicides  had  been  executed,  and 
that  Whalley  and  Gone  had  not  been  included  in  the 
act  of  pardon,  the  people  who  had  harbored  them 
began  to  be  alarmed  ;  and  the  two  judges  abruptly 
departed  for  Connecticut.  Subsequently,  the  king's 
proclamation  was  received,  requiring  their  apprehen- 
sion. They,  however,  eluded  the  vigilance  o{  their 
pursuers,  by  secreting  themselves  in  a  cave  and  oth- 
er secret  places  at  New-Haven,  where  they  contin- 
ued, between  three  and  four  years,  vntil  their  retreat 
was  discovered  by  the  Indians.  Finding  that  they 
could  no  longer  remain  at  New- Haven  in  saiety,  and 
that  a  vigilant  search  for  them  was  still  continued, 

o  \ 


I'    '\  '■ 


f,  i 


i  ! 


242 


HADLEY. 


during  this  war,  a  stranger,  venerable  in  appearance, 
and  differing  in  his  apparel  from  the  rest  of  the  inhab- 
itants, suddenly  presented  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
colonial  troops,  and  encouraged  them  by  his  advice 
and  example  to  perseverance  in  defending  the  place. 
To  his  experience  in  military  tactics  and  courage,  in 
a  great  measure ,  was  a  defeat  of  the  Indians  attribu- 
table. When  they  retreated,  the  stranger  disappear-^ 
ed ;  and  «n  those  times  of  superstition,  it  was  verily 
believed  by  many,  that  he  was  the  guardian  angel 

they  resolv  ed  to  remove  into  a  more  secluded  part  of 
the  country.  A  friend  had  succeeded  in  inducing  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Russell,  of  Hadley,  to  receive  them  ;  and 
after  a  toilsome  journey  by  night,  they  reached  his 
house  in  October,  1664.  In  a  chamber  of  this  house, 
(which  was  situate  on  the  east  side,  and  near  the 
centre  of  the  present  main  street,)  having  a  secret 
passage  to  the  cellar,  they  remained  undiscovered  for 
fifteen  or  sixteen  years.  During  this  period,  Goffe 
held  a  correspondence  with  his  wife  in  England,  un- 
der an  assumed  name  ;  and  in  a  letter  of  April,  1679, 
it  is  stated  that  Whalley  had  died  some  time  previ- 
ous at  Mr.  Russell's,  His  bones  were  discovered 
not  many  years  since  in  a  sort  of  tomb  adjoining  the 
celler  wall  of  Russell's  house. 

Not  long  after  Goffe  and  WJialley  arrived  at  Had- 
ley, they  were  joined  by  Col.  John  Dixwell,  anoth- 
er of  the  judges.  After  remaining  some  time,  ho 
went  to  New-Haven,  assumed  the  name  of  Davids, 
was  married,  had  several  children,  and  his  real  name 
was  not  known  until  his  death  in  16S9.  He  was 
burie^  in  the  church  yard  at  that  place ;  where  a 
carse  stone  still  marks  the  spot  of  his  interment, 
with  this  inscription  :  **  J.  D.  Esq.  deceased  March 
18,  in  the  82d  year  of  his  age— 168S-9." 

After  the  death  of  Whalley,  Goffe  travelled  to  the 
south,  and  no  certain  information  relative  to  his  fatu 
has  ever  been  obtained. 


B  in  appearance, 
estoftheinhab- 
t  the  head  of  the 
in  by  his  advice 
;nding  the  place, 
and  courage,  in 
I  Indians  attribu- 
•anger  disappear- 
on,  it  was  verily 
guardian  angel 

!  secluded  part  of 
d  in  inducing  the 
ceive  them ;  and 
they  reached  his 
ber  of  this  house, 
de,  and  near  the 
,)  having  a  secret 
I  undiscovered  for 
his  period,  Goffe 
e  in  England,  un- 
ter  of  April,  1679, 
some  time  previ- 
i  were  discovered 
)mb  adjoining  the 

;y  arrived  at  Had- 
\  Dixwell,  anoth' 
g  sorue  time,  he 
i  name  of  Davids, 
and  his  real  name 
1689.  He  was 
place ;  where  a 
)f  his  interment, 
1.  deceased  March 
33-9." 

fe  travelled  to  the 
relative  to  his  fata 


1 


BROOKFIELD— WORCESTER.        243 

of  the  place.  But  he  was  no  other  than  Col.  Gofie, 
who  seeing  the  village  in  danger,  left  his  conceal- 
ment to  unite  with  its  inhabitants  in  a  vigorous  de- 
fence. 

Brookfield,  23  miles  from  Hadley,  is  a  hand- 
some town,  though  very  little  improved  by  any  re- 
cent additions  of  buildings.  This  place  was  burnt 
by  the  Indians  in  1675.  On  the  first  alarm,  the  in- 
habitants, in  all  about  70,  repaired  to  a  house  slight- 
ly fortified  externally  with  log!),  and  internally  lined 
with  feather  beds,  to  check  the  force  of  nmsketry. 
This  spot  was  soon  surrounded  by  the  enemy,  and 
a  constant  fire  poured  upon  it  in  all  directions.  But 
the  well  directed  shots  of  the  besieged  kept  the  In- 
dians at  a  considerable  distance.  Various  devices 
were  used  by  the  latter  for  burning  the  building ; 
but  their  plans  were  thwarted  by  the  whites,  aided 
by  a  plentiful  shower  of  rain .  The  attack  continued 
for  three  days  ;  when  the  appearance  of  a  body  of 
troops  from  Lancaster  ind'iced  the  Indians  to  seek 
their  own  safety  in  a  precipitate  retreat.  All  the 
buildings  in  the  village  except  the  one  fortified,  were 
destroyed.  Only  one  of  the  inhabitants,  however, 
was  killed  ;  while  the  loss  of  the  Indians  was  80. 

Leicester,  12  miles.    The  village  contains  an 
academy,  3  churches,  and  about  80  dwellings.  The 
principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants  is  the  man- 
ufacture of  woollen  cards;  of  which  a  very  large 
amount  are  annually  made. 

Worcester,  (6  miles,)  is  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  respectable  towns  in  the  state.  It  contains 
from  three  to  four  hundred  houses,  generally  well 
built.  Here  are  also  a  bank,  three  printing  offices, 
a  court-house  and  a  gaol.  A  newspaper,  which  was 
commenced  by  Isaiah  Thomas  some  time  previous 
to  the  revolutionary  war,  is  still  published  here,  and 

o5 


u 


li 


>  I 


!  ! 


21V 


BOSTON. 


is  the  oldest  paper  in  the  Union.  Mr.  Thomas,  who 
has  written  an  elaborate  history  of  the  art  of  print- 
ing, resides  in  the  village,  and  has  been  created  an 
honorary  member  of  many  literary  institutions  in  the 
United  States.  A  canal  from  Worcester  to  Provi- 
dence, 38  miles  distant,  is  nearly  completed ;  the 
cost  of  which  is  estimated  at  $500,000. 

From  Worcester  to  Boston  the  distance  is  40  miles, 
over  a  beautiful  road,  which  passes  tlirough  a  rich 
country,  variegated  with  villages,  which  increase  in 
size  and  importance  as  the  tourist  advances  towards 
the  metropolis  of  the  state. 


>4'-: 


»;■!■■?& 


■■'  BOSTON. 

Is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  bottom  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay,  on  a  peninsula  of  an  imeven  surface,  two 
miles  long,  and  in  the  widest  part  about  one  mile 
broad.  The  town  owes  its  origin  to  a  spirit  of  civil 
and  religious  liberty,  which  was  excited  to  action 
by  the  persecutions  that  prevailed  in  England,  dur- 
ing the  reigns  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  Kings  James 
and  Charles  the  First.  Most  of  those  who  can  prop- 
erly be  considered  as  Jirst  settlers  arrived  prior  to 
the  year  1643.  The  place  was  first  called  Trimoun- 
tain,  in  consequence  of  three  hills  which  were  on 
the  peninsula.  It  was  afterwards  called  Boston,  in 
honor  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cotton,  a  minister  of  the  first 
church  in  the  town,  and  whose  native  place  was 
Boston  in  England. 

The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  United  States. 
It  has  a  sutiicient  depth  of  water  for  the  largest  ves- 
sels nt  all  times  of  tide,  and  is  accessible  at  all  sea- 
sons of  the  year.  It  is  safe  from  every  wind,  and  so 
capacious  that  it  will  allow  500  vessels  to  ride  at  an- 
chor, while  the  entrance  is  so  naiTow  as  scarcely  to 
admit  two  ships  abreast.  Boston  is  vety  extensive- 
ly engaged  in  commerce.  There  are  probably  few 
cities  in  the  world  where  there  is  so  much  wealth  in 
proportion  to  the  population.     During  the  summer 


BOSTON. 


215 


and  autumn  of  1827,  the  aggregate  amount  of  busi- 
ness is  stated,  on  good  authority,  to  have  been  great- 
er than  that  of  any  preceding  year.  The  coasting 
trade  is  calculated  to  have  nearly  doubled  within  a 
few  years,  and  the  opinion  that  foreign  commerce 
has  declined,  is  thought  to  rest  on  very  uncertain 
information.  The  country  in  the  immediate  vicini- 
ty is  fertile  and  populous,  and  connected  with  the 
capital  by  fine  roads.  The  Middlesex  canal  opens 
a  water  communication  with  the  interior  of  New- 
Hampshire. 

Among  the  literary  institutions,  are  the  Boston 
Atheneum,  which  contains  about  20,000  volumes ; 
the  Boston  library,  which  has  8  or  9  thousand,  and 
several  other  respectable  libraries  belonging  to  lit- 
erary societies.  Among  the  benevolent  institutions, 
are  the  House  of  Industry  at  South  Boston,  of  rough 
dimension  stone,  220  feet  long  and  43  wide ;  tlie 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  founded  in  1318, 
which  has  been  richly  endowed  by  the  state  and  in- 
dividuals ;  and  a  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  the  build- 
ings of  which  are  at  Charlestown.  There  are  six 
bridges  connecting  Boston  with  the  adjacent  towns. 
Charles  River  bridge,  which  connects  it  with 
Charlestown  on  the  north  ;  West  Boston  bridge, 
connecting  it  with  Cambridge  Port  on  the  west ; 
Cragie's  or  Canal  bridge,  between  these  two,  con- 
nects it  with  Lechmere  Point ,  and  two  bridges,  one 
erected  the  last  season,  imiting  it  to  South  Boston. 
The  other  avenue  is  a  miil-ddm,  nearly  two  miles 
long  and  fifty  feet  wide,  across  the  bay  on  the  S.  VV. 
side  of  the  city  ;  the  design  of  which  is  not  only  to 
furnish  a  bridge,  but  to  put  in  operation  extensive 
tide-mills  and  other  water  works. 

The  houses  originally  were  plain  and  the  streets 
generally  narrow  and  crooked  ;  but  a  few  years  have 
wrought  a  striking  and  almost  incredible  change ; 
new  streets  have  been  laid  out,  old  ones  straighten- 
ed and  improved,  and  neat  brick  and  granite  dwell- 


1  •'  ■ 


Iff 


246 


BOSTON. 


1  ! 


ings  have  been  substituted  for  the  ill-shapen  and  de< 
caying  houses  of  wood.  The  private  buildings,  and 
many  of  the  stores  recently  erected*  are  more  splen- 
did than  in  any  other  city  in  the  United  States;  In 
1817,  there  was  erected  on  each  side  of  Market- 
street,  a  block  of  brick  stores  more  than  400  feet  in 
length,  and  4  stories  high ;  and  on  Central  Wharf 
another  immense  pile  of  buildings  was  completed 
the  same  year,  1,240  feet  long,  containing  64  stores 
4  stories  high,  having  a  spacious  hall  in  the  ciantre, 
over  which  is  erected  an  elegant  observatory.  Oth- 
er costly  works  have  been  constructed  which  do 
honor  to  the  town  ;  but  the  project  which  exceeded 
th::;m  aiM  in  boldness  of  design,  in  promise  of  public 
benefit,  and  in  energy  of  execution,  is  that  which 
within  two  or  three  years  has  bc;6n  accomplished  in 
the  vicinity  of  Fanueil  Hall  Market.  The  exten- 
sive rows  of  granite  stores,  4  stories  high,  construct- 
ed after  the  best  model,  bound  this  newly  perfected 
enterpHse.  Between  these  two  ranges  of  stores, 
stands  the  New  Market  House,  at  the  distance  of 
102  feet  from  those  aH  the  south  side,  and  66  feet 
from  the  north.  The  centre  part  of  the  building  is 
74  1-2  ft.  by  55  ft.  having  a  hall  in  the  second  story. 
The  wings  are  each  231  feet  long,  by  50  wide,  and 
two  stories  high.  They  have  «Hch  a  portico  of  four 
columns^  23  feet  high ;  the  shafts  of  granite  in  a  sin- 
gle piece .  The  construction  of  the  whole  is  of  ham- 
mered granite  of  a  uniform  color. 

Among  the  public  buildings  are  the  State  House, 
which  is  built  on  elevated  ground,  commanding  a 
tine  view  of  the  surrounding  country  ;  the  new 
county  court-house,  built  of  stone,  at  an  expense  of 
$92,0UO  ;  the  municipal  court-house  ;  a  new  stone 
jail ;  Fanueil  hall,  where  all  public  meetings  of  the 
citizens  are  held ;  two  theatres,  one  of  which  (the 
Tremont)  was  erected  in  1827,  at  a  cost  of  about 
:ifl20,000,  being  135  feet  in  length  and  about  80  in 
breadth,  the  front  of  Hallowell  and  Quincy  granite. 


BOSTON. 


241 


and  de- 
gs,  and 
!  splen- 
BS;    In 
Vlarket- 
feet  in 
I  Wharf 
tnpleted 
)4  stores 
)  centre, 
r.     OtK- 
iiich  do 
exceeded 
)f  public 
it  which 
»U8hed  in 
e  exten- 
dnStruct- 
petfected 
pf  stotes, 
stance  of 
65  feet 
uilding  is 
rid  story, 
vide,  and 
:o  of  four 
in  a  sin' 
of  ham- 
House, 
landing  a 
the  new 
ipense  of 
ew  stone 
igs  of  the 
hich  (the 
of  about 
out  80  in 
pjratiite, 


in  imitation  of  the  Ionic  order,  with  four  pilastres 
supporting  an  entablature  and  pediment,  and  eleva- 
ted on  a  basement  of  17  feet ;  a  custom-house,  and 
42  places  of  public  worship,  viz.  12  Congregational 
churches,  (Unitarian,)  7  Congregational  churches, 
(Trinitarian,)  1  Independent  Unitarian— 3  Episco- 
palian— 5  Baptist — 4  Methodist — 3  Universalist — 
1  Catholic — 2  Christian — 1  Presbyterip.o— 1  Swc- 
denborgian — 1  African,  and  1  Freewill  ^jupiist 

In  the  south  western  part  of  the  city,  is  the  cele- 
brated Common,  presenting  an  area  oi  more  than  40 
acres,  bounded  by  the  Mali,  a  very  beautiful  pub< 
lie  walk,  adorned  with  rows  of  trees.  This  is  a  de- 
lightful promenade  during  the  summer  months,  and 
is  a  place  of  general  resort.  Near  the  Mall,  in  Ma- 
son-street, is  the  Medical  college,  an  edifice  belong- 
ing to  Harvard  University,  surmounted  by  a  dome 
with  a  sky-light  and  balustrade.  The  population  at 
this  time  is  near  70,000.  The  inhabitants  have  long 
been  distinguished  for  their  enterprise  and  intelli- 
gence ;  and  for  the  liberty  with  which  they  support 
religious,  literary  and  humane  institutions. 

Boston,  from  its  local,  situation,  not  having  like 
most  of  our  Atlantic  cities,  the  pd  vantages  of  mter- 
nal  river  navigation,  has  become  celebrated  for  its 
travelling  conveyances.  The  number  of  stage  coach- 
es which  regularly  leave  the  city,  is  much  larger  than 
that  of  any  other  place  in  the  union.  There  are  be- 
tween eighty  and  ninety  distinct  lines  of  stages  ; 
which,  according  to  their  established  arrangements, 
not  including  extras,  make  about  125  departures, 
and  as  many  arrivals  daily,  or  more  than  1500  de- 
partures and  arrivals  each  week.  For  the  benefit  of 
public  houses  and  travellers,  a  Stage  Register  is  pub- 
lished, once  in  two  months,  by  Badger  and  Porter, 
SI  Court-Street,  containing  an  account  of  the  prin- 
cipal lines  of  steles,  steam  boats  and  canal  packets 
in  New-England  ahd  New- York.  1  ;r  >^ii  * 


"S 


;i! 


jg?"" 


»■ 


'S 


m 


^ 


f! 


'-it 


!,! 


!li    ii' 


•2i8 


KOXBCRY. 


-The  country  ardutid  Boston  is  the  ad^iratiob  of 
every  travelter  df  tiste.  The  view  itHta  the  ddhie 
of  the  (State  bouse,  sm  passes  ariy  thine  of  the  kind 
in  this  countiy,  and  is  ndt  excdied  by  that  from  the 
castle  hill  of  Edinburgh,  or  (hat  tiif  tlie  Bay  of  Na- 
ples, from  the  <;astle  of  St.  EIniic.  Here  m^y  be 
seen  at  one  view,  the  shipping,  the  harbor,  viiriiig^- 
ted  Vith  isrands  and  ah've  mih  business  ;  Chatles 
liver'ahd  its  beautiful  country,  ornamented  mUt  ele- 
gatu  private  mansions  ;  s(nd  more  than  tvi^enty 
lourishins;  towns.  The  hills  are  finely  cultivated, 
andrbunded  by  the  hand  of  nature  with  iiiitigular  fe- 
licity. 


"f'f?   ^TV*.  "' 


'  DoRCHEBTER,  IS  an  ancient  tovrti,  about  4  1-2 
miles  south  of  Boston,  iiaving  been  settled  fn  1630. 
The  roads  are  r>umerous  and  crooked,  b^it  mostly 
level  and  kept  in  ^ottd  repair.  Matiy  fine  country 
seats  and  substantial  farm  houses  hre  thibhly  arranc^ed 
on  tlieir  sides.  Tl^ey  have  a  town  hoUse,  thtee con- 
gregational churches,*  and  one  tor  ihetlibdists.  The 
population  is  abdut  4000.  The  peninsula,  dalled 
Dorchester  neck,  borders  on  Boston  harbbr,  ami  a 
pat-t  of  it  is  ineorporated  with  the  town  of  Bobton. 
Sarin  Hill,  in  this  town,  is  a  place  of  cdnsidd^rable 
resort,  and  the  peninsula  of  SquantUm  is  famous  for 
its  yearly  feast  of  shells. 

f  KoitBimT,  adjoining^  D6N:he«ter  on  the  ^eMt,has 
amputation  of  more  than  400C  Th«  poilidn  bf  the 
town  ne:!tt  to  Buston  is  thickly  tisttled  and  foitim  a 
hdndsome  villaee.  H^rearethMeebUMhes  within 
a  few  mkIs  of  ea^h  other ;  and  th'^M  ai-e  t#b  dthers 
in  diffetent  parts  bf  the  town.  'Jaihftica  plains,  at 
the  west  part/ls  a  delightfbl  «pot,  6rttbmi6bted  with 
tastefUr&ndrichcount^  Mats,  and  W«ll  cultivated 
gardens.  The  pond  whi«h  supplies  the  Boston 
aqueduct  lies  in  that  quarter. 


'V   .-♦j 


CHARLESTOWN. 


24i» 


itiobof 

he  kind 
oiin  the 
of  Na- 
mtty  be 
Tiirieg^- 
Chatles 
7iiii  ele- 
tvi^eiUy 
Itivated, 
jular  fe- 


iut4  1-2 

En  1630. 

i  mostiy 

eourltry 

arranG^ed 

hteetdn- 

fis.    The 

,  dalled 

,  anid  a 

Bdston. 

?id(f;rable 

nous  foi- 


reit,has 

in  of  the 

fohn^a 

^e  within 

dtherB 

lialhs^  at 

Ited  with 

AltMed 

Boston 


Brighton,  5  miles  west  of  Boston,  was  former- 
ly a  part  of  Cambridge,  and  lies  between  that  place 
and  Brookline.  Here  is  held  the  famous  Cattle 
Fair,  which  was  commenced  during  the  revolution- 
ary war,  and  has  been  increasing  in  importance  ever 
since.  Most  of  the  cattle  for  the  supply  of  the  Bos- 
ton market  are  brought  in  droves  to  this  place ; 
often  from  2  to  8000  a  week  ;  every  Monday  is  the 
fair  day,  when  the  deabrs  resort  thither  to  make 
their  purchases.  ..^,.  ^.,, 


,..  *. 


^-. 


it-^t  fji  i 


Watkrtown  is  on  Charles  river,  7  miles  W.  N. 
W.  from  Boston,  and  is  the  seat  of  several  extensive 
manufacturing  establishments.  The  United  States 
have  an  Arsenal  established  in  this  town.  Fresh 
Ponds,  one  of  the  most  enchanting  retreats  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  metropolis,  lies  partly  in  this  town 
and  partly  in  Cambridge.      .,,.^.-   .„.  „» 


-fi,li'-t     l-tM-y 


>.v 


Cambridge,  2  miles  west  of  Boston.  (See  p. 
225.) 

■.,'U.    I  ':•    fi      :■•,■■«      '■<■     "'  i.-    ■  -fi 

Charlestown,  is  a  place  of  singular  shape,  ex- 
tending in  a  northwesterly  direction  from  Boston 
harbqr,  about  9  miles  in  length  and  not  averaging  a 
breadth  of  one  mile,  and  in  some  parts  it  is  not  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  wide.  The  compact  part  of  the 
town  is  situated  on  a  peninsula  next  to  Boston  and 
is  laid  out  in  regular  streets.  Charlestown  contains 
a  population  of  near  7000.  It  has  five  houses  of 
public  worship,  a  spacious  alms  house,  and  a  hand- 
some market  hoiise.  Besides  Charles  River  and 
Prison  Point  bridges  whici)  connect  this  town  with 
Boston,  theire  is  Chelsea  bridge  on  the  Salem  turn- 
pike, and  Maiden  bridge,  both  over  the  Mystick  river. 
IBreed's  Hill  and  Bunker'sf  Hill  both  lie  within  this 
peninsula  ;  the  former  is  62  feet  in  height,  the  lat- 
ter 110  feet  The  U.  S.  Navy  yard,  in  this  town, 
consists  of  about  60  acres  of  land,  on  which  are  built 


i  n 


IIP 


'250 


BREED'S  HILL. 


Iff 


a  large  brick  ware  house,  several  arsenals,  maea' 
sines  for  various  kinds  of  stores,  and  a  large  brick 
mansion  house  for  the  superintendine  officer.  The 
State  Prison  is  at  the  west  end  of  the  town,  and  is 
built  of  granite,  200  feet  by  44,  of  5  stories.  Ex- 
tensive additions  to  the  buildin|^  were  commenced 
in  1827.  The  Massachusetts  Insane  Hospital  is  de- 
lightfully situated  upon  Pleasant  hill,  on  the  west 
sideof  the  town. 

The  Ursuline  Coiwent,  is  on  Mount  Bene- 
dict, about  2  1-2  miles  from  Boston,  commanding 
one  of  the  most  rich  and  varieeated  prospects  in  the 
United  States.  The  plan  of  education  pursued  here 
is  very  extensive,  embracing  all  thoi^  attainments 
which  are  considered  necessary,  useful  or  ornamen- 
tal in  society.  Adjoining  tiie  establishment,  is  a 
garden  beautifully  Isid  out,  to  which  the  young  la- 
dies always  have  access.  Besides  this,  they  are 
allowed,  on  days  of  recreation,  to  extend  their  walks 
over  the  whole  form,  attended  however  by  one  or 
more  of  their  instructors. 


iJH#      \  \'^V'" 


BREEt)'s  Hill  is  situated  1-4  of  a  mite  north 
east  of  Charleatown,  and  affords  a  pleasant  prcMpect 
of  Boston,  (3  miles  distant,)  the  harbour,  Cfam- 
bridge  and  its  "colleges,  and  of  an  extensive  tract  of 
highly  cultivated  country. 

In  the  month  of  May,  after  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton, it  was  conjectured  from  the  movements  of  Uie 
British  army  that  Gen.  Gage  intended  to  penetrate 
into  the  country.  It  was  accordingly  decided  by  the 
provincial  congress  to  attempt  a  defence  of  Dorches- 
ter neck,  and  to  occupy  Bunker's  Hill,  just  within 
the  peninsula  on  which  Charlestown  stands.  A  de- 
tachment of  1000  men,  under  Col.  Prescot,  proceed- 
ed to  execute  these  orders,  but  by  some  mistake. 
Breed's  Hill,  situated  on  the  farther  part  of  the  pe- 
ninsula, was  selected  for  the  proposed  entrench- 
ments. 


BREED'S  HILL. 


2dl 


The  party  under  Col.  Prescot  proceeded  in  their 
work  with  to  much  diligence  and  secrecy,  that  by 
the  dawn  of  da; ,  they  had  thrown  up  a  square  re- 
doubt, of  about  40  yards  on  each  side.  Day-light 
discovered  this  new  work  to  the  British,  and  a  heavy 
cannonade  was  commenced  upon  it  from  the  ship- 
ping in  the  river.  The  fire  was  borne  with  firmness 
by  the  Americans,  and  did  not  prevent  them  from 
soon  constructing  a  breast  work,  which  extended 
from  the  redoubt  to  the  bottom  of  the  hill. 

"As  this  eminence  overloc^ed  Boston,  Gen* 
Gage  thought  it  necessary  to  drive  the  provincials 
from  it.  To  effect  this  object,  he  detached  Major 
General  Howe,  and  Brigadier  General  Pigot,  at  the 
bead  of  ten  companies  of  grenadiers,  and  the  same 
number  of  light  infantry,  with  a  proper  proportion  of 
field  artillery.  These  troops  landed  at  Moreton's 
Point,  where  they  immediately  formed  ;  but  per- 
ceiving the  Americans  to  wait  for  them  with  firm- 
ness, they  remained  on  their  ground  until  the  suc- 
cess of  the  enterprize  should  be  rendered  secure  by 
the  arrival  of  a  re-enforcement  from  Boston,  for 
which  General  Howe  had  applied.  During  this  in- 
terval the  Americans,  also  were  re-enlbrced  by  a  body 
of  their  countrymen  led  by  Generals  Warren  and 
Pomeroy  ;  tuid  the^  availed  themselves  of  this  de- 
lay, to  increase  their  security  by  pulling  up  some 
adjoining  post  and  rail  fences,  and  anranging  them 
in  two  parallel  lines  at  a  small  distance  fiom  each 
oUier ;  ttie  i^ace  between  which  th^y  filled  up  with 
hay,  so  as  to  form  a  complete  cover  from  the  musket- 
ry of  ^oeoemjr* 

**  On  being  joined  by  their  second  detachment., 
the  Britidi  troops,  who  were  formed  in  two  line/, 
advanced  slowly  under  cover  of  a  very  heavy  ^'^  • 
chaig#  of  cannon  and  howitzers,  frequently  halting 
in  o«ter  to  allow  their  artUlery  time  to  demol^ish  the 
WQJ^.  While  they  were  advancing,  orders  were 
given  to  set  fire  to  Cbarlestown^  a  handsome  vill- 


:M 


I 


mi 


il 


I'MI 


■m 


r 


252 


BREED'S  HILL. 


age  containing  about  500  houses  which  flanked  their 
line  of  march.  The  buildings  were  chiefly  of  wood, 
and  the  flames  were  quickly  communicated  so  ex- 
tensively, thct  almost  the  whole  town  was  in  one 
groat  blaze. 

<*  It  is  not  easy  to  conceive  a  more  grand  and  a 
more  awful  spectacle  than  was  now  exhibited ;  nor 
a  moment  of  more  anxious  expectation  than  that 
which  was  now  presented.  The  scene  of  action 
was  in  full  view  of  the  heights  of  Boston  and  of  its 
neighborhood,  which  were  covered  with  spectators 
t»king  deep  and  opposite  interests  in  the  events 
passing  before  them.  The  soldiers  of  the  two  hos- 
tile cimies  not  on  duty,  the  citizens  of  Boston,  and 
the  inhabitants  of  the  adjacent  country,  all  feeling 
emotions  which  set  description  at  defiance,  were 
witnesses  of  the  majestic  and  tremendous  scene. 

"*  The  provincials  permitted  the  enemy  to  approach 
unmolested  within  less  than  one  hundred  yards  of 
their  works,  when  they  poured  in  upon  them  so 
deadly  a  fire  of  small  arms  that  the  British  line  was 
totally  broken,  and  fell  back  with  precipitation  to- 
wards the  landing  place.  By  the  very  great  exer- 
tions of  their  officers  they  were  rallied,  and  brought 
up  to  the  charge,  but  were  again  driven  back,  in 
confusion  by  the  heavy  and  incessant  fire  from  the 
works.  General  Howe  is  said  to  have  been  left  at 
onetime  almost  alone,  and  it  is  certain  that  very  few 
officers  about  his  person  escaped  unhurt. 

"  The  impression  to  be  made  by  victory  or  de- 
feat, in  this  early  stage  of  the  war,  was  deemed  of 
the  utmost  consequence  ;  and  therefore  very  extra- 
ordinary exertions  were  made  once  more  to  rally  the 
English.  With  great  difficulty,  they  were  a  third 
time  led  up  to  the  works.  The  redoubt  was  now 
attacked  on  three  sides  at  once,  while  some  pieces 
of  artillery,  which  had  been  brought  to  bear  on  the 
breast  worlc,  raked  it  fi-om  end  to  end.  The  cross 
fire  too,  from  tj]ip  ships  and  floating  batteries,  not  on- 


I 


i 


BREED^S  HILL. 


23» 


inked  t\icir 

y  of  wood, 

ted  so  ex- 
/as  in  one 

and  and  a 
ibited ;  nor 
m  than  that 
10  of  action 
1  and  of  its 
h  spectators 
the  events 
he  two  hos- 
Boston,  and 
,  all  feeling 
(fiance,  were 
)U8  scene. 
ly  to  approach 
(red  yards  of 
ipon  them  so 
itish  line  was 

jcipitation  to- 
y  great  exer- 

and  brought 
iven  back,  in 
fire  from  the 
e  been  left  at 

that  very  few 

victory  or  de- 
as  deemed  ot 
•e  very  extra- 
re  to  rally  the 
were  a  third 
ibt  was  now 
gome  pieces 
bear  on  the 
The  cross 
iteries,  not  on- 


ly annoyed  the  works  on  Breed^s  hill,  but  deterred 
any  considerable  reinforcements  from  passing  into 
the  peninsula,  and  coming  to  their  assistance.  The 
ammunition  of  the  Americans  was  now  so  nearly 
exhausted,  that  they  were  no  longer  able  to  keep  up 
the  same  incessant  stream  of  fire,  which  had  twice 
repulsed  the  enemy  ;  and  on  this  third  attempt,  the 
redoubt,  the  walls  of  which  the  English  mounted 
with  ease,  w<  i  carried  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet. 
Yet  the  Americans,  many  of  whom  were  without 
bayonets,  are  said  to  have  maintained  the  contest 
with  clubbed  muskets,  until  the  redoubt  was  half 
filled  with  the  king's  troops. 

"  The  redoubt  being  lost,  the  breast  work  which 
had  been  defended  with  equal  courage  and  obstina- 
cy, was  necessarily  abandoned  ;  and  the  very  haz- 
ardous operation  undertaken,  of  retreating,  in  the 
face  of  a  victorious  enemy,  over  Gharlestown  neck  ; 
where  they  were  exposed  to  the  same  r.ross  fire  from 
the  Glasgow  man  of  war  and  two  floating  batteries, 
which  had  deterred  the  reinforcements  ordered  to 
their  aid,  from  coming  to  their  assistance,  and  had 
probably  prevented  their  receiving  proper  supplies  of 
ammunition.'* 

The  number  of  British  troops  engaged  in  thiti  ac- 
tion, was  about  3000,  and  their  loss  in  killed  and 
wounded  was  1050.  The  American  force  has  been 
variously  stated,  from  1500  to  4000 ;  and  their  loss, 
in  killed,  wounded  and  missing,  amounted  to  450. 
General  Warren  was  among  the  number  of  the  slain, 
and  a  handsome  monument  now  marks  the  spot 
where  he  fell.  The  spot  of  ground  on  which  this 
monument  stands,  was  recently  purchased  by  Dr. 
J.  C.  Warren,  of  Boston,  a  nephew  of  the  lamented 
General,  for  the  purpose,  it  is  said,  of  preserving  un- 
injured the  few  remaining  traces  of  the  memorable 
battle  of '75.* 

""The  corner  stone  of  a  monument  to  be  erected  on 
Breed's  Hill  was  laid  on  the  15th  of  June,  1825  ;  at 

p 


^ly 


2ihi 


NAUAM. 


Fort  Indefxndjenck,  is  situated  on  an  island 
at  the  outlet  of  Boston  harbor,  3  miles  distant ;  op< 
posfte  to  which  is  Governor's  Island,  containing  a 
fort  erected  duiing  the  late  war.  These  two  forts 
command  the  entrance  into  the  harbor  of  Boston. 
Seven  or  eight  miles  below  is  the  light-house,  at  the 
north-eastern  extremity  of  the  (ih^i^Qel,  where  ves- 
sels enter  the  Atlantic. 

"-  NAHANT,  '        ^ 

Is  a  peninsula  running  three  or  four  miles  into  the 
sea,  and  is  situated  fifteen  miles  north  easterly  from 
Boston.  It  is  approached  from  the  town  of  Lynn 
over  a  beautiful  beach  of  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length. 
At  the  extremity  of  this  beach,  commences  the  pe- 
ninsula, which  is  about  two  miles  in  length,  and  in 
some  parts  half  a  mile  broad,  although  its  shores  are 
extremely  irregular,  and  indented  with  small  bays 
worn  into  the  rocks  by  the  unceasing  action  of  the 
waves. 

The  surface  is  uneven,  rising  in  some  places  to 
the  elevation  of  sixty  or  seventy  feet  above  the  lev- 
el of  the  sea.  The  shore  is  very  bold,  and  presents, 
on  all  sides,  a  grand  embankment  of  broken  massy 

which  ceremony,  the  Marquis  de  La  Fayette  w.as 
present.  The  granite  for  this  monument  is  to  be 
conveyed  from  Quincy,  9  or  10  miles  from  Boston* 
on  a  rail  road  commencing  at  the  quarry  and  termi- 
nating at  a  point  of  the  harbor.  This  rail  ro^d  is  a 
little  more  than  three  miles  long  ;  and  h^  been 
used  for  conveying  the  granite  of  which  several 
buildings  are  erected  in  Boston.  It  is  on  an  inclin- 
ed'pbne,  enabling  two  horses  to  draw  twenty  tons, 
and  return  with  the  vehicle  employed,  to  the  quarry. 
It  will  be  an  object  of  interest  to  those  who  have 
never  seen  a  rail  road,  to  visit  this  ;  from  whence 
an  excursion  may  be  continued  to  the  residence  of 
the  late  President  Adams,  a  short  distance  farther. 


xNAHANT. 


255 


vocks.  At  several  points  these  rocks  are  worii  into 
fantastic  shapes,  and  at  ;he  time  of  high  tide,  or  a 
swell  of  the  sea,  the  roar  and  foam  of  the  waters 
among  them,  present  a  most  interesting  spectacle, 
which  is  contemplated  by  the  quiet  observer,  seated 
on  the  summit  above,  with  awe  and  admiration. 
The  whole  expanse  of  the  ocean  spreads  out  towards 
the  east,  and  after  a  storm,  the  rolling  waves  oome 
pouring  in  their  immense  burden  upon  these  rocks, 
with  such  a  power,  sublimity  and  uproar  of  contei'd" 
ing  element*,  as  can  hardly  be  conceived  by  any  one 
who  has  not  witnessed  the  scene.  And  again,  when 
the  sea  it  tranquil,  it  may  be  seen  covered  with 
shipping  of  all  sizes,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  extencl, 
moving  in  different  dhrections  up  and  down  tbe 
coast,  and  exhibiting  an  animating  picture  of  the  in- 
dustry and  activity  of  commerce.  In  short,  for  pic- 
tmesqoe  beanty  and  sublimity  of  scenery,  as  well  as 
for  the  many  advantages  arismg  from  its  peculiar  lo- 
cal  situation,  this  place  is  not  surpassed  by  any  on 
the  coast. 

Besides  a  view  of  the  ocean,  Nahant  presents  a 
great  variety  of  other  interesting  prospect.  On  one 
side  is  seen  the  village  of  Lynn,  Swanscut,  Philips* 
Beaeh,  Marblehead,  Egg  Rock,  Baker's  Island,  and 
the  north  shore  as  far  as  the  highland  of  Cape  Ann  ; 
on  the  other,  Charlestown,  Boston,  the  islands  in 
Boston  harbour,  part  of  Dorchester,  Braintree,  Nan- 
tucket and  Scituate,  with  the  light«houses  of  Bos- 
ton,  Scituate  and  Baker's  Island,  forming  together 
a  panorama  hardly  to  be  equalled  in  beauty  or  va- 
riety. 

The  peninsula  extends  farther  into  the  sea  than 
any  other  head  land  in  the  Bay.  It  is  distant  from 
the  nearest  island  in  Boston  harbor,  to  the  south, 
seven  miles — from  the  nearest  point  of  the  south 
shore,  about  twelve  miles — from  the  north  shore, 
between  two  and  three  miles.  It  is,  on  thb  side, 
connected  with  the  main  land  by  a  beach  a  few  rods 


■tif'i 


!'i' 


iil 

if 


f¥ 


P2 


256 


NAHANT. 


mi.,  n 


■wide.  Thus  insulated  and  surrounded  by  water, 
Nahant  enjoys  a  climate  and  temperature  very  cool, 
and,  comparatively,  very  equable — a  circumstance 
of  much  importance  to  the  invalid,  and  which  will 
determine  the  choice  of  a  great  portion  of  those  who 
annually  leave  the  city  for  the  purposes  of  health  or 
amusement. 

Accommodations   for  visitors  have  lately   been 
multiplied  and  greatly  improved.    A  spacious  and 
elegant  stone  edifice  has  been  erected  as  <^  Hotel, 
near  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula,  in  a  vsry  com- 
manding and  pleasant  situation.    This  buildingcon- 
tains  70  chambers,  constructed  on  a  plan  of  peculiar 
convenience,  both  for  families  and  single  persons. 
The  dining  hall  is  sufficiently  spacious  to  accommo- 
date 150  persons  at  table,  besides  which  there  are 
drawing  rooms  and  private  parlours.    Large   and 
commc^ious  stables  are  appended  to  the  Hotel ;  and 
a  bathing  house  for  warm  and  cold  baths,  and  float- 
ing baths  for  those  who  may  prefer  the  bracing  ac- 
tion of  sea  water,  make  a  part  of  the  establishment. 
The  Hotel  is  surrounded  by  piazzas,  which  afford  a 
most  delightful  prospect  in  every  direction,  and  re- 
ceive the  cool  and  refreshing  breezes  every  part  of 
the  day.     In  a  small  village,  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
from  the  Hotel,  are  several  private  boarding  houses, 
where  every  accommodation  can  be  had  for  invalids, 
and  for  those  who  seek  retiremont.     Numerous  cot- 
tages, too,  are  now  erecting,  by  several  individuals, 
which  are  intended  to  ifford  more  extensive  and  el- 
egant accommodations  for  those  who  may  pass''thc 
summer  in  this  delightful  place  of  residence. 

Nahant  has  many  amusements.  Angling  with 
the  rod  may  be  enjoyed  as  a  pleasant  lecreation, 
standing  on  the  rocks  ;  and  those  who  would  try 
their  bkiil  in  decoying  larger  prey,  may  go  out  in 
boats,  which  are  always  in  readiness,  and  furnished 
with  suitable  aparatua.  Game,  too,  is  abundant  in 
the  vicinity.    But  there  are  few  amusements  or 


LYNN. 


257 


/ater, 
cool, 
itance 
1  will 
e  who 
ilth  or 

been 

LIS  and 

Hotel, 

y  com- 

ngcoD- 

peculiar 

peisons. 

commo- 

tiere  are 

rge   and 

tel ;  and 

nd  float- 
icing  ac- 

lishment. 

\  afford  a 
and  re- 

f  part  of 

of  a  mile 
r  houses, 
invalids, 
srouscot- 
Jviduals, 
[e  and  el- 
pass  "the 

jling  with 
pcreation, 

irould  try 
>o  out  in 
ffurnished 

jndant  in 
lents  oi- 


pleasures  superior  to  that  of  riding,  at  suitable  hours 
of  the  day,  on  the  beach. 

A  beautiful  building,  in  imitation  of  a  Grecian 
temple,  has  been  erected  on  an  eminence,  near  the 
Hotel,  in  which  are  two  elegant  billiard  rooms. 
There  are  also  convenient  covered  bowling  alleys, 
and  such  other  means  of  amusement  as  are  usually 
connected  with  the  most  extensive  and  elegant  es- 
tablishments at  watering  places. 

On  the  whole,  the  proximity  of  Nahant  to  Bos- 
ton— its  facility  of  access — the  beauty  and  grandeur 
of  its  scenery — and  above  all,  the  singular  local  ad- 
vantages it  affords  for  invigoiating  the  constitution, 
the  salubrity  and  bracing  tone  of  its  atmosphere,  and 
the  excellent  accommodations  it  offers  to  visitors — 
will  undoubtedly  make  it  a  place  of  general  resort 
during  the  summer  months,  from  all  parts  of  the 
United  States.  , ,.  ,. 

FROM  BOSTON  TO  PORTLAND,  (M.\wb. 

A  stage  leaves  Boston  daily  at  8  A.  M.  (Simdays 
excepted,)  reaching  Newburyport  at  1  P.  M.  and 
Portsmouth,  N.  H,  at  5.  Leaves  Portsmouth  the 
next  morning  at  8,  and  reaches  Portland  at  5  P.  M. 
Distance,  120  miles — fare  $6,  The  intervening 
distances  are  as  follows  :  


Lynn,* 

9 

York, 

•" :  1, 

Salem,* 

5 

Kennebunk, 

24 

Nevvburyport, 

24 

Saco, 

10 

Portsmouth, 

24 

Portland, 

15 

Lynn  is  a  large  township,  with  a  population  of 
between  4  and  5000.  It  contains  6  chun-.hes  ;  and 
many  large  manufacturing  establishments  for  ladies' 
shoes,  which  are  sent  to  the  southern  states  and 


♦These  places  are  not  on  the  direct  route  from 
Boston  to  Newburyport  ;  but  it  is,  nevertheless, 
recommended  to  pass  through  them. 


,:■.{»: 


.^f 


p3 


258 


PORTSMOUTH. 


'■V: 


the  West  Indies.     The  Lynn  beach  connects  the 
peninsula  of  Nahant  with  the  main  land. 

Salem  is  considered  the  second  town  in  New- 
England  in  commerce,  wealth  and  population.  It 
is  located  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  two  inlets  of  the 
sea,  called  North  and  South  rivers-  On  the  oppo- 
site side  of  North  river  is  the  town  of  Beverly,  to 
which  a  bridge  leads,  1500  feet  in  length.  Marble- 
head  is  on  the  opposite  side  of  South  river,  which 
forms  the  harbor,  defended  by  two  forts.  Salem  con- 
tains a  court  house,  3  banks,  an  atheneum,  a  muse- 
um, an  orphan  assylum  and  17  churches.  The 
Square^  near  the  centre  of  the  town,  is  a  beautiful 
tract  of  ground  ;  and  is  surrounded  by  numerous  el- 
egant private  dwellings. 

Salem  was  settled  as  early  as  1626.  Its  Indian 
name  was  Naumkeag.  In  1692,  and  for  some  time 
afterwards,  several  of  its  inhabitants  became  a  prey 
to  the  greatest  credulity  and  bigotry.  Its  prison 
was  crowded  with  persons  accused  of  witchcraft ; 
many  of  whom  paid  their  life  as  a  forfeit  for  their 
supposed  crimes.  The  present  population  of  the 
town  is  from  12  to  14,000. 

Newburyport  is  handsomely  situated  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  Merrimack  river,  three  miles  from 
its  mouth,  rising  on  a  gradual  acclivity  from  the  wa- 
ter. The  streets  are  wide,  and  intersect  each  other 
at  righ^  angles  ;  and  many  of  the  houses  are  ele- 
gant. The  court-house,  standing  at  the  head  of  one 
of  the  principal  streets  leading  from  the  river,  adds 
much  to  the  beauty  of  the  place.  The  village  con- 
tains 2  banks,  7  churches  and  7,000  inhabitants,  and 
is  a  place  of  considerable  trade  ;  though  it  suffered 
much  during  the  restrictive  system,  previous  to- the 
last  war. 

Portsmouth  is  the  largest  town  and  only  sea- 
port in  New-Hampshire.    It  is  located  on  the  souU' 


PORTLAND. 


25Jf 


Is  t\i€ 


New- 
n.    It 
of  the 
oppo- 
rly,  to 
larble- 
which 
mcon- 
muse- 
The 
eautiful 
rous  el- 
Indian 
ne  time 
a  i?rcy 
ts  prison 
:hcraft  ; 
or  their 
of  the 


on  the 
es  from 
the  wa- 
ch  other 
are  ele- 
idofone 
er,  adds 
ige  con- 
nts,  and 
suffered 
■19  to- the 


nly  sea- 
he  soviU' 


side  of  the  Piscataqua  river,  2  miles  from  its  mouth. 
The  town  contains  5  banks,  an  atheneum,  an  assy- 
lum  for  females,  an  alms-house,  custom-house  and 
7  churches  A  bridge,  2371  feet  long,  crosses  the 
river  at  this  place  to  Kittery,  Me.  on  the  opposite 
side.  On  au  island  between  the  two  place.s  is  a  na- 
vy yard.  The  town  is  handsome  in  its  appearance, 
is  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  and  contains  a  pop- 
ulation of  about  8000. 

In  1695,  this  place  was  assaulted  by  a  party  of  In- 
dians, and  14  of  its  inhabitants  killed,  one  scalped, 
who  recovered,  and  four  taken  prisoners.  After 
burning  several  houses,  the  Indiao.s  retreated 
through  what  is  called  the  grecU  swamp.  They 
were,  however,  overtaken  the  next  morning  by  a 
company  of  miUt'2,  dispersed,  and  the  prisoners  re- 
taken. 

After  leaving  Portsmouth,  the  villages  of  York, 
Welles,  Kennebunk  and  Saco,are  successively  pass- 
ed, before  reaching  Portland  ;  affording  very  little 
to  interest,  if  we  except  an  old  Fort  about  3  miles 
and  a  half  north  east  of  Welles,  and  the  falls  at  Sa- 
00,  on  the  river  of  that  name,  which  rises  in  the 
Wlute  Mountains  of  New-Hampshire.  These  falls 
are  about  30  feet ;  and  afford  facilities  for  extensive 
manufacturing  operations. 

PoRTitAxD,  the  capital  of  Maine,  and  a  port  of 
entry,  is  a  beautiful  town,  located  on  a  peninsula 
projecting  into  Casco  bay.  This  peninsula  has  two 
prominences ;  on  one  of  which  stands  several  ele- 
gant dwelling  houses,  and  on  the  other  an  observa- 
tory. The  harbor  is  safe,  well  defended ,  and  has  a 
light-house  at  its  entrance.  Among  the  public  build- 
ings in  the  town  are  a  state-house,  an  elegant  court- 
house, a  jail,  custom-house,  2  banks,  an  academy, 
atheneum  and  10  churches.  Population,  upwards 
of  9,000.  From  the  observatory,  an  extensive  pros- 
pect is  had  of  the  ocean  and  of  the  country  at  the 

f4 


n 

m 


w 


t  i^i 


Mi 


260 


PORTLAND. 


I  ! 


f 


norlh-west,  terminated  by  the  White  Mountains. 
On  Bang's  and  House  Islands,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  harbor,  are  Forts  Preble  and  Scammel.  At  the 
east,  32  miles  distant,  is  seen  the  light-house  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Kennebec  river,  with  a  great  variety 
of  islands  intervening.  West  of  the  observatory  is 
Fort  Sumner,  on  a  hill,  with  several  intrenchments 
made  during  the  revolutionary  war. 

Portland  (then  called  Falmouth)  was  nearly  laid 
in  ruins  in  Oct  1775  The  inhabitants  were  requir- 
ed by  Capt.  Mowatt,  of  the  British  sloop  of  war  Can- 
ceau,  to  surrender  their  ariiis ;  and  on  a  refusal,  he 
commenced  a  bombardment  of  the  town,  which  last- 
ed 9  hours  ;  resulting  in  a  destruction  of  130  houses, 
three  fourths  of  the  whole  un  mber.  A  church  which 
escaped  the  conflagration,  is  still  standing,  and  con- 
tinues to  exhibit  several  marks  of  cannon  shot  re- 
ceived at  the  time. 

Stages  leave  Portland  everyday  (Sundays  except- 
ed) for  Brunswick  (the location  of  Bowdoin  college) 
Bath,  Hallo wel,  and  Augusta.  Fare  from  Portland 
to  N.  Yarmouth,  12  miles,  87  1-2  cents  ;  to  Free- 
port,  IS  miles,  $1,25 ;  to  Brunswick,  27  miles,  ^  ; 
to  Bath,  38  miles,  $2,?5 ;  to  Bowdoinham  village, 
$2,50  ;  to  Richmond,  ^^3  ;  to  Gardiner,  52  miles, 
|3,50  ;  to  Hallowel  and  Augusta,  58  miles,  $4. 

Stages  also  leave  Portland  every  Wednesday  and 
Saturday  mornings  for  the  White  Mountains  in 
New-Hampshire,*  passing  through  Westbrook,  Gror- 
ham,  Standish,  Baldwin,  Hiram,  Brownsfield  and 
Fryeburgh  to  Conway,  which  they  reach  at  evening. 
Distance  55  miles — fare  $3.  From  Conway,  a  stage 
leaves  on  Monday  and  Thursday  mornmgs,  passing 
through  Bartlett,  Hart's  Location,  over  the  Ava- 
lanches at  the  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains,  thro' 
Nash  and  Saw  in 's  Location,  Britton  woods  and 
Bethlehem  to  Littleton  on  the  Connecticut  river. 


8ee  p.  230. 


ani 

onl 
wif 

wJ 

dail 
Far 


tains, 
ice  of 
Ltthe 
at  the 
ariety 
tory  is 
iDients 

rly  laid 
requir- 
ar  Can- 
iisal,  he 
ich  last- 
houses, 
h  which 
md  con- 
,  shot  re- 

8  except- 
coUege) 

Portland 
to  Free- 

liles,  ^  ; 

a  village, 


Rsday  and 
Lntains  in 
Vook,Gk)r- 
sfield  and 
.  evening. 
ty,  a  stage 
[s,  passing 
[the  Ava- 
lains,  thro' 
i^oods  and 
ticutrivev. 


FROM  BOSTON  TO  PKOVTDKNCK.    2UI 

Distance  55  miles — fare  $3.  [Littleton  is  17  mile." 
below  Lancaster,  100  miles  north  of  Concord,  N.  U. 
and  is  located  at  the  mouth  and  falls  of  the  Ammo- 
Doosuc  river.] 

STAGES  FROM  BOSTON  TO  NEW-YORK, 
via  Hartford  and  JVeto-Haven.,  Conn. 

A  stage  leaves  Boston,  daily,  at  1  P.  M.;  arrives 
in  Hartford  next  morning  at  6,  in  New-Hf  <  ^n  at  2 
P.  M.,  and  in  New- York  at  6,  second  morning — 
distance  210  miles,  fare  -^ll.  This  line  meets  a 
steam-boat  every  day  at  New-Haven,  except  Sun- 
day— fare  through  by  stage  and  steatn-boat,  $10,50. 
A  stage  also  leaves  Boston  on  Sunday  and  Wednes- 
day, at  3  A.  ^L  reaches  New-London,  Conn,  at 
evening,  where  a  steam-boat  is  taken,  which  reach- 
es New-York  the  next  morning.  Another  stage 
leaves  Boston  and  New-Haven  daily,  passing  thro' 
Hartford,  and  reaching  the  two  first  mentioned  pla- 
ces at  evening  of  the  second  day — distance  136 
miles,  fare  $7,50. 

Either  of  the  foregoing  routes  can  be  taken  by 
travellers  wishing  to  proceed  directly  to  New- York ; 
but  where  leisure  will  permit,  an  excursion  by  the 
way  of  Providence  is  recommended,  on  the  route 
hereafter  designated.  It  is  more  circuitous,  but 
much  more  interesting  ;  and  will  amply  compensate 
the  tourist  for  the  additional  time  employed  for  the 
purpose. 


FROM  BOSTON  TO  PROVIDENCE, 

40  miles. 


R.  L 


A  stage  leaves  Boston  every  morning  at  3  o'clock, 
and  connects  with  the  steam-boat  lineal  Providence 
on  Monday,  Tuesday,  Thursday  and  Saturday ;  and 
with  the  steam-boat  line  at  New- London,  Conn,  on 
Wednesday  and  Sunday.  Stages  also  leave  Boston 
daily  at  7  and  10  A.  M.,  and  at  noon  for  Providence. 
Fare  $1.     The  intermediate  distances  follow : 

j>  5 


"(■•iiji 


ff! 


hm 


If 


■■I  I  H-.ll-IiJ" 


262       PAWTUCKET— PROVIDENC'I::. 


liii 


Roxburj',  2        Wrentham,  7 

Dodham,  8        Pawtuckct,  9 

Walpole,  10        Providence,  4 

In  proceeding  to  Roxbury,  {seep.  248,)  the  stage 
passes  over  what  is  called  the  Neck,  a  narrow  strip 
of  land,  containing  intrenchments  thrown  up  in 
1776,  to  prevent  the  British  troops,  who  were  then 
in  Boston, from  escaping.  On  Dorchester  Heights^ 
{seep.  248,)  which  are  seen  at  the  east,  many  of 
tho  works  erected  for  comm»ndlhg  Boston  and  its 
harbor,  are  in  tolerable  preservation. 

Passing  the  Blue  Hills,  7  miles  from  Boston, 
which  afford  a  pleasant  retreat  in  the  summer  months, 
and  a  charming  prospect  of  the  surrounding  country, 
the  village  of 

Dedham  is  reached  in  going  three  miles  farther. 
It  is  a  large  and  beautiful  town,  containing  a  court- 
house, jail,  bank,  6  churches,  and  between  2  and 
3000  inhabitants.  Charles  and  Neponset  rivers  run 
through  the  place,  and  afford  numerous  seats  for 
mills  and  manufacturing  establishments. 

Walpole  10,  and  Wrentham  17  miles  from 
Dedham,  are  small  villages.  *   '' 

Pawtucket,  9  miles  from  Wrentham,  is  located 
at  the  falls  of  the  Pawtucket  river ;  and  is  one  of  the 
most  extensive  manufacturing  places  in  the  union. 
It  contains  10  or  12  cotton  factories,  several  shops 
for  making  machinery,  and  a  number  of  factories  for 
other  purposes.  Four  mile:;,  farther,  over  a  most 
delightful  road,  is  the  handsome  and  flourishing 
town  of 

PROVIDENCE. 

The  settlement  of  this  place  was  commenced  as 
early  as  1636,  by  Roger  Williams.    He  was  a  puri- 


;%.  -^ 


PROVIDENCE. 


263 


tan  minister,  and  had  been  settled  at  Salem  ;  but 
holding  tenets  contrary  to  the  faith  of  many  of  his 
people,  he  was  banished  the  jurisdiction  of  Massa- 
chusetts. He  came  to  what  was  called  by  the  Indi- 
ans JfoosAaustcA;  ,*  but  which,  in  gratitude  for  the 
providential  safety  he  had  experienced,  he  called 
Providence.  It  is  located  on  the  river  of  the  same 
name,  just  above  the  mouth  of  the  Seekhouk  or 
Pawtucket,  35  miles  from  the  ocean,  and  is  a  port  of 
entry.  The  town  is  built  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
across  which  is  an  elegant  bridge  ;  and  is  one  of  the 
most  wealthy  and  enterprizing  places  in  the  union. 
Besides  a  great  variety  of  extensive  manufacturing 
establishments,  it  contains  a  court-house,  town- 
house,  market,  hospital,  7  banks,  a  college,  3  acade- 
mies, and  several  churches ;  and  its  population  in 
1S25  was  14,328. 

Brown  University,  at  this  place,  over  which 
the  Rev.  Francis  Wayland,  jun.  presides,  was 
incorporated  in  1769.  It  soon  rose  to  a  respectable 
rank  among  the  literary  institutions  of  the  country  ; 
but  afterwards  declined.  Under  its  present  able 
and  judicious  President,  however,  it  has  attained  a 
handsome  elevation,  and  promises  to  become  one  of 
the  best  seats  of  learning  in  the  union.  The  libra- 
ry has  lately  been  much  increased  by  donations  from 
England  ;  ard  the  philosophical  apparatus  which  is 
extensive,  is  constantly  improving  The  college 
edifices,  of  which  there  are  two,  are  located  on  a 
lofty  eminence  ;  with  streets  leading  thereto,  richly 
decorated  with  tine  mansions  and  elegant  gardens. 

*' About  a  mile  still  farther  east  or  north-east, 
stands  a  large  building,  called  the  Quaker  College. 
It  was  built  by  the  Friends,  and  is  occupied  as  a 
boarding  school  of  that  persuasion,  and  is  in  excel- 
lent order.  Near  this,  of  corresponding  dimensions 
and  appearance,  stands  the  new  Alms  house.  A 
legacy  of  60,000  dollars,  has  enabled  the  town  to 
erect  this  noble  structure.    The  town  abounds  with 


i 


i 


■-.  -tH. 

pi 


ia'l 


264      PROVIDENCE  TO  NEWPORT. 


i    I 


t    ! 


the  most  delightful  private  residences.  The  new^ 
town,  on  the  west  side  of  the  dver,  has  more  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  flourishing  commercial  city  thMi  tne 
old.  It  also  contains  many  spacious  dwellini^s  which 
impart  to  it  an  air  of  prosperity.  The  bill,  or  East 
Prov?  "^nce.  "  it  is  called,  is  occupied  by  gentle- 
men'^ viv  mansions,  or  country  seats,  all  advan- 
ta^eou  [}?  laeav  '1,  with  fine  court  yards  in  front, 
thickly  |.  -  r\  with  shrubbery,  while  highly  culti- 
vated and  oeautiii  gardens  adorn  the  rear,  and  add 
immeasurably  to  theu  comforts.  The  charmiosres- 
idences  of  Messrs.  Brown,  Ives,  and  Governor  Fen- 
ner  are  entitled  to  particular  notice.  It  was  on  Uie 
present  domains  of  Governor  Fenner,  that  Roger 
Williams  first  planted  himself,  and  it  has  so  happen- 
ed, that  from  that  day  to  this,  that  situation  has  be- 
lon£;ed  to  a  governor  of  Rhode  Island." 

The  BiiACKSTONE  Canal  terminates  at  this 
place.  It  commences  in  the  Blackstone  river  at 
Worcester,  38  iHiles  distant,  and  pursues  the  valley 
of  the  river  to  Woonsokett  falls  near  the  Massachu- 
setts line  ;  from  whence  there  is  an  excavation  to 
Providence.  The  cost  has  been  estimated  at 
$500,000. 

Steam-Boats  leave  Providence  four  times  a 
week  for  New-Yoik — fare  $6. 

Stages,  also,  Itave  Providence  three  times  a 
week  for  Norwich  i\nd  Middletown,  and  daily  (ex- 
cept Sundays)  for  Hartford,  Coon,  arriving  at  those 
places  at  evenmg.  Fare  to  Norwich,  45  miles,  |3— 
to  Middletown  |4 — to  Hartford,  74  miles,  $4.  A 
stage  also  leaves  Providence  twice  a  week  for  New- 
London,  Conn,  distant  59  miles,  connected  with  a 
steam-boat  line  for  New -York. 


I 


FROM  PROVIDENCE  TO  NEWPORT. 

Stages  leave  Providence  daily,  except  Sundays, 
at  9  A.  M.  reaching  Bristol  at  11,  and  Newport  at  4 
P.  M.  Fare  from  Providence  to  Bristol,  15  miles, 
.fl — from  Providence  to  Newport,  30  miles,  $2,33. 


NEWPORT. 


265 


the  new 
e  the  ap- 
than  the 
\g3  which 
,  or  East 
ly  gentle- 
aHadvan- 
in  front, 
gWy  cuUl- 
r,  and  add 
irmingres- 
ernorFen- 
wason  the 
that  Roger 
so  happen- 
tion  has  be- 
tes  at  this 
ne  river  at 
s  the  valley 
i  Massachu- 
ccavation  to 
itimated   at 

lur  times  a 

ee  times  a 
i  daily  (ex- 
ing  at  those 
miles,  |3— 

es,  $4.  A 
[ek  for  New- 

ied  with  a 


TORT. 
Ipt  Sundays, 
Tewport  at  4 
ll,  15  miles, 
Vies,  $2,33, 


Bristol  is  a  pleasant  town,  with  a  population  of 
ttbout  1500  inhabitants.  The  village  is  located  on 
the  east  shore  of  the  Narraganset  bay,  affording  an 
excellent  harbor  for  vessels  of  the  largest  dimen- 
sions. 5  •    V  '  ' 

Newport  is  a  large  town,  with  an  extensivs 
harbor,  which  is  defended  by  Forts  Adams  and 
Dumplings  at  its  entrance,  and  by  Fort  Woolcott  on 
Goat  Island,  opposite  the  town.  There  is  also  a 
smail  battery  about  a  mile  above  the  town,  called 
Fort  Green.  The  village  is  about  a  mile  in  length, 
and  rises  in  a  gentle  acclivity  from  the  harbor,  giv- 
ing to  it  a  tine  appearance,  when  approached  from 
the  vvater.  It  contains  a  state-house,  theatre,  five 
banks,  11  churches,  several  manufactories,  and  a 
population  of  about  8,000. 

Newport  was  possessed  by  the  British  for  a  con- 
siderable time  during  the  revolutionary  war.  In 
177S,  under  an  expectation  of  aid  from  the  French 
fleet,  which  had  sailed  into  the  harbor,  an  American 
force,  of  about  10,000  strong,  commanded  by  Gen. 
Sullivan,  and  aided  by  Gen.  La  Fayette,  made 
preparations  for  attacking  the  place.  On  the  ap- 
proach of  the  Americans,  the  British  abandoned 
their  (Hit  posts  and  retreated  to  their  works  within 
the  town.  These  posts  were  immediately  possessed 
by  the  Americans ;  and  the  most  flattering  prospects 
existed,  that  the  allied  forces  would  be  enabled  to 
capture  the  entire  British  army.  But  the  French  ad- 
miral, who  had  been  a  military  officer,  and  who,  by 
a  previous  arrangement,  was  to  superintend  a  part 
of  the  land  as  well  as  naval  operations,  took  offence 
at  some  of  the  movements  of  Gen.  Sullivan,  and  re- 
fused a  co-operation.  While  an  attempt  at  reconcil- 
iation was  going;  forward,  a  British  fleet  suddenly 
appeared  off  Newport,  which  induced  the  French 
admiral,  as  a  precautionary  measure,  to  sail  out  ot 
the  harbor.    A  severe  storm  coming  on,  prevented  a 


'':*. 


m 


I.    > 


,    t-I 


2()« 


m:wi'()U'J'. 


naval  cnj^agement ;  and  both  fleets,  being  left  in  a 
shattered  condition,  at  the  close  of  the   enipest,  re- 
tired— the  British  to  New-York,  and  the  French  to 
Newjwrt.     During  this  time.  Gen.   SuUivitri  liad 
laid  siege  to  the  town  ;  and  though  interrupted  by 
the  storm,  in  which  his  army  suffered  considerably, 
he  had  succeeded  in  annoying  tfie  enemy,  and  keep- 
ing him  within  the  lines  of  the  village.     On  the  re- 
turn of  the  French  fleet,  another  efff)it  was  made  to 
induce  the  admiral  toco-operate  with  the  Americans. 
But  his  ships  had  received  so   much  injury  in  the 
gale,  that  he  considered  it  necessary  to  repair  to 
Boston,  pursuant  to  previous  instructions  from  his 
government.     Under  these  circumstances,  Sullivan 
d€terramed  on  raising  the  siege.     A  retreat  was  ef- 
fected in  the  night.     But  on  its  being  discovered  the 
next  morning,  the  Americans  were  pursued  by  the 
British  to  Quaker  hill,  where  a  sharp  contest  ensu- 
ed, which  resulted  in  the  loss  of  between  2  and  300 
of  eaf'h  army.    Sullivan  afterwards  retreated  to  Mas- 
sachusetts, with  little  or  no  interruption  ;  and  his 
retreat  was  considered  fortunate,  as  a  British  re-in- 
forcement,  which  arrived  at  Newport  the  day  after, 
would  have  been  enabled  effectually  to  cut  bim  otf 
from  the  main  land. 

During  the  possession  of  Newport  l)y  the  British, 
a  bold  party  of  men  under  Cul,  Barton,  landed  from 
a  boat  in  the  night,  proceeded  to  the  enemy's  head 
quarters,  captured  Gen.  Prescott,  and  conveyed  him 
away  before  they  could  be  prevented  by  the  land  or 
naval  forces  then  in  the  harbor. 

From  its  elegant  and  healthy  situation,  its  prox- 
imity to  the  ocean,  and  the  salubrity  of  its  climate, 
Newport,  for  several  years,  has  been  a  place  of  con- 
siderable re.sort  in  tlie  summer  months.  Were  there 
a  direct  communication  from  this  place,  by  stage,  or 
steam  boat,  to  New-London,  Hartford  or  New^Ha- 
ven.  Conn,  it  would  add  much  to  the  convenience 
of  tourists.     But,  unfortunately,  for  this  purpose. 


ft  ill  a 
BSt,  re- 
jnth  to 
ui  bad 
pted  by 
lerably, 
id  keep- 

1  tbe  re- 
nade  to 
ericans. 
|r  in  tbe 
epair  to 
from  his 
SuUivan 
t  was  ef- 
^ered  tbe 
d  by  tbe 
est  ensu- 

2  and  300 
d  to  Mi\s- 
;  and  bis 
ish  re-in- 
day  after. 
It  bira  otF 

16  Britisb, 
nded  from 
my's  bead 
veyed  bim 
the  land  or 

3,  its  prom- 
ts climate, 
ace  of  con- 
\Vere  there 
jy  stage,  or 
r  New-Ha- 
onvenicDce 
is  purpose, 


STONINGTON. 


2fl7 


the  steam-boats  which  leave  Providence  and  New- 
port four  of  five  times  a  week  lor  New- York,  do  not 
touch  at  any  of  the  Connecticut  ports  ;  and,  in  order 
to  reach  New-London  by  stage,  it  is  necessary  to 
return  to  Providence.  Those  who  ha.c  travelled 
down  by  land,  generally  return  by  water. 

Passing  Fort  Green,  a  prospect  is  soon  obtained 
o(MourU  Hope,  a  few  miles  to  the  north  west.  It 
was  the  former  residence  of  King  Philip,  of  the  Nar- 
aganset  tribe  of  Indians,  and  v(  as  also  the  place  of 
his  death.  Prudence,  Patience,  Hope  and  Despair 
Islands  are  successively  passed.  The  latter  is  com- 
posed principally  of  rocks  ;  and  its  northern  extrem- 
ity is  20  miles  from  Providence. 

FROM  PROVIDENCE  TO  NEW-LONDON. 

56  miles.         .      ,  * 

A  stage  leaves  Providence  twice  a  week  in  the 
morning,  passing  through  Centreville,  West  Green- 
wich, Hopkinton,  Stonington  and  Mystic,  and 
reaches  New-London  at  evening. 

Centreville,  11  miles  from  Providence,  is  a 
manufacturing  village,  containing  2  cotton  factories, 
several  weaving  shops,  and  a  number  of  small 
houses.     .  .   •  ■    ;  ^ 

West  Greenwich,  2  miles.  > 

Hopkinton,  15  miles. 

Stonington,  11  miles.  The  village  is  incorpo- 
rated ;  contains  a  U.  S.  arsenal,  seve.  il  factories,  a 
bank,  an  academy,  2  churches,  and  a  population  of 
more  than  3,000.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  is  a 
place  of  considerable  trade. 

The  settlement  of  the  place  commenced  as  early 
as  1649.     It  had  previously  been  a  part  of  tbe  terri- 


|:i| 


1  ': 


is  '^1 

'''I 


/ 


mmf^iim 


268 


STONINGTON. 


tory  of  the  Pequott),  a  powerful  and  warlike  tribe  ot 
Indians.  The  early  English  setlteni,  in  dUferent 
parts  of  Connoctirut,  had  been  frequently  annoyed 
by  this  tribe  ;  and,  in  1687,  it  beca  ne  necessary  to 
take  efficient  steps  for  their  expulsion.  An  eiqpedi* 
tion  was  entrusted  to  Capt.  Miison  ;  who,  With  a- 
bout  300  colonists  raised  in  Conttecticot  and  Mas- 
sachi»ett9,  and  200  Mohegan  and  Narragaoset  In* 
dians,  encamped  on  the  night  of  the  26th  of  May  at 
a  place  called  Porter's  rocks,  a  short  distance  from 
the  present  village  of  Stonington,  and  about  3  miled 
from  one  of  the  principal  forts  of  the  Pequots,  which 
was  situated  on  the  summit  of  a  bill.  Two  hours 
before  day,  the  little  army  was  in  motion  ;  and  on 
approaching  the  fort,  it  was  found  that  the  enemy, 
about  700  strong,  were  in  a  profound  sleep,  without 
their  usual  watch,  liavmg  spent  the  previous  night 
in  revelry  and  drunkenness.  On  a  close  approxima- 
tion of  Mason ^s  men,  a  dog  within  the  fort  com- 
menced  barking,  which  awakened  one  of  the  Pe- 
quots  ;  who  perceiving  the  approach  of  the  assail- 
ants, aroused  his  comrades  from  their  slumbers.  Ma- 
son immediately  advanced,  and  through  the  aper- 
tures of  the  pallisades  poured  in  a  fire,  and  then 
rushed  in  through  a  part  of  the  fort  slightly  banrica- 
ded.  NotwitlMtanding  their  confusion,  the  Pe- 
quots  defended  themselves  with  bravery ;  but  hav- 
ing but  few  other  weapons  than  bows  and  arrows, 
they  were  unable  to  withstand  the  assailants,  who 
cut  them  down  without  mercy  with  their  swords 
and  bayonets.  To  render  the  victory  complete. 
Mason  ordered  their  wigwams  to  be  fired.  The 
blaze  soon  spread  in  all  directions,  compelling  the 
besieged  to  ascend  tii>e  pallisades  ;  from  whence 
more  than  one  hundred  weft)  shot  down  by  the  as- 
sailants who  had  then  surrounded  the  fort.  Others 
attempting  to  break  through  the  lines  of  the  troops, 
were  either  shot  or  cut  down ;  and  several  perished 
in  the  flames.    The  scene  continued  about  an  hour ; 


1 


aga 

m 


NEW. LONDON. 


269 


ribe  ol 

fTerent 

kiMjyed 

ary  to 

ixpedi* 

iVitha- 

idMas- 

let  lo- 
Mayat 
tee  trom 
Smiled 
J,  which 
^o  hours 
;  and  on 
>  enemy  f 
,  without 
>us  night 
>proxima- 
Fort  com- 
f  the  Pc- 
the  assatt- 
Sets.  Ma- 
the  aper- 
nd  then 
f  barrica- 
the  Pc- 
^  buthav- 
ad  arrows, 
ints,  who 
lir  swords 
complete, 
red.    The 
jelling  the 
n  whence 
by  the  as- 
t.    Others 
the  troops, 
■al  perished 
It  an  hoar; 


t. 


when  it  was  found  that  seventy  wigwams  had  been 
destroyed,  and  that  the  ground  was  strewed  with 
the  bodies  of  between  five  and  six  hundred  of  the 
slain.  Mason's  loss  was  only  two  men  killed  and 
aixtfeen  wounded. 

In  August,  1814,  a  bombardment  of  Stonin^on 
tpok  place  from  a  British  74,  a  frigate,  u  sloop  ot  war 
and  an  armed  brig ;  but  with  the  aid  of  two  18  pound- 
era  and  a  4  pouiider,  the  iuhabitanti  defemled  the 
place  ;  prevented  the  landing  of  troops  from  barges  ; 
and  finally  compelled  the  enemy  to  haul  off,  with 
his  brig  considerably  shattered.     ,  . 

'  NEW-LONDON 

is  a  city  and  port  of  entry.  It  has  the  best  harbor  in 
Connecticut,  and  is  defended  by  Forts  Trumbull 
and  Griswold.  The  city  is  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Thames,  within  3  miles  of  its  mouth,  and  contains  a 
court  house,  2  banks,  5churches,  and  a  population  of 
between  S  and  4000.  Many  of  the  houses  on  the 
heights,  back  of  the  town,  and  a  few  in  the  city,  aro 
handsome  ;  but  the  general  appearance  of  the  place 
is  uninteresting. 

New  London,  like  Stonington,  was  once  within 
the  territory  of  the  Pequot  Imlians,  and  was  settled 
a|  the  same  time.  Abqut  4  miles  east  of  the 
city,  on  what  is  called  Fort  Hill,  this  nation  had 
their  strongest  fbrtress.  But  slight  remains  (^  it, 
however,  are  now  to  be  seen. 

In  September,  1781,  after  the  treason  of  Arnold, 
an  ewedition  was  entrusted  to  his  ctH-e  against 
Niow-London.  A  stjrpng  detachment  land^  on 
hpth  sides  qf  the  harbour  at  the  mouth  of  the  river. 
Arnpl4«  who  commanded  in  person  the  troops  which 
Ian4e4  on  the  west  side,  immediately  advanced 
against  Fort  Trumbufi ,  an  adjoining  redoubt,  and 
N^w-London.  These  posts  being  untenable,  were 
abani^oned  on  bis  approach.  Col.  Eyere,  who  com- 
manded the  detachment  which  landed  on  the  east- 


k 


m 


i 


270 


NEW-LONDON. 


em  side,  proceeded  to  storm  Fort  Griswold,  situattJ 
on  Groton  Hill.  It  was  occupied  by  a  garrison  of 
160  men,  commanded  by  Col.  Ledyard,  a  part  of 
whom  had  just  evacuated  the  works  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  river.  Ledyard  defended  the  fort,  until 
the  British  succeeded  in  entering  the  embrasures 
with  charged  bayonet.  Further  resistance  being 
useless,  Ledyard  surrendered  his  sword  to  the  Brit- 
ish colonel  ;  who,  in  defiance  of  every  rule  of  civi- 
lized warfare,  plunged  it  into  the  bosom  of  the  con- 
quered officer,  and  continued  the  carnage  until  tlie 
greater  part  of  the  garrison  was  destroyed.  Eyere, 
hcTvever,  lost  his  own  life  in  the  affair,  and  200  of  his 
men  were  either  killed  or  wounded.  New-London 
was,  ^t  the  same  time,  set  on  fire  by  the  direction 
of  Arnold,  and  most  of  its  buildings  and  all  the  pub- 
lic alores  deposited  in  the  place,  consumed  in  the 
conflagration. 

Forts  Griswold  and  Trumbull  are  still  in  tolerable 
preservation  ;  and  were  garrisoned  by  the  govern- 
ment during  the  late  war  with  Great  Britain. 

A  steam-boat  leaves  New-London  every  Monday 
and  Friday  on  the  arrival  of  the  Boston  stage,  which 
is  generally  at  7  P.  M.  and  reaches  New- York  early 
the  next  morning.  Leaves  New- York  for  New- 
London  every  Wednesday  and  Saturday  at  3  P.  M. ; 
and  continues  on  her  trip  from  New-London,  every 
Monday  and  Friday  at  4  P.  M.  jp  the  Thames  riv- 
er to  Norwich,  14  miles  distant. 

Stages  also  leave  New-London  on  Tuesday, 
Thursday  and  Saturday,  at  8  A.  M.  and  arrive  at 
Hartford,  at  6  P.  M.  passing  through  Waterford, 
Muntville,  Salem,  Colchester,  Hebron,  Marlbor- 
ougli,  Glastonbury  and  East  Hartford.  Distance 
47  miles — fare  ^.  This  is  the  most  direct  route  ; 
but  the  traveller  will  find  it  interesting  to  take  a  trip 
up  the  Thames  to  Norwich  ;  from  whence  a  con- 
veyance may  be  had  to  Hartford  three  times  a  week, 
as  noticed  hereafter. 


TRADING  COVE. 


m. 


situate 
son  of 
part  of 
pposite 
t,  until 
rasures 
!  being 
le  Brit- 
of  civi- 
le con- 
fttil  tlie 
Eyere, 
30  of  his 
London 
lirection 
the  pub- 
d  in  the 

tolerable 
govern- 

Monday 
e,  which 
ork  early 
or  New- 
3  P.M.; 
m,  every 
araes  riv- 

Tuesday, 
arrive  at 
Vaterford, 
Marlbor- 
Distance 
3ct  route ; 
take  a  trip 
,ce  a  con- 
es a  week, 


FROM  NEW-LONDON  TO  NORWICH, 
by  Steam  Boat. 

Previous  to  the  settlement  of  New-London,  in 
1648,  the  Thames  was  called  the  Pequot  river  ;  but 
at  that  period  it  received  its  present  name.  It  rises 
in  the  Mashapaug  pond  in  Union,  3  miles  N.  E.  of 
Hartford,  passes  into  Massachusetts,  re-enters  Con- 
necticut, and  pursues  a  southerly  course  till  it  falls 
into  Long  Island  iSound.  It  is  navigable  for  large 
vessels  no  farther  than  Norwich.  During  the  late 
war,  while  New-London  was  blockaded,  the  U.  S. 
ships  Macedonian,  United  States  and  Hornet,  were 
moored  in  a  cove  above  Massapeauge  Point  ;  and  a 
small  battery  erected  for  their  piotection. 

MoHEGAN  is  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Thames,  4 
miles  south  of  Norwich,  and  is  the  residence  of 
about  300  Mohegan  Indians,  the  only  remnant  of 
that  once  powerful  tribe,  who  formerly  owned  this 
section  of  country.  On  Horton*s  Hill,  not  far 
from  this  place,  the  lines  of  an  old  Indian  fort  can 
still  be  traced. 

Trading  Cove,  about  1  mile  farther,  is  a  bay 
extending  a  short  distance  into  what  was  once  the 
Indian  country,  and  derived  its  name  from  the  traf- 
fic which  was  here  carried  on  betv^'een  the  colonists 
and  the  Mobegans.  The  residence  of  Uncas,  their 
sachem,  and  early  friend  of  the  whites,  was  near  this 
cove,  now  the  centre  of  the  Indian  reservation. 


!   '4 


■  m 

I  i '5. 


'  i'ij^]^ 


\f^ 


i  ^i 


J  #. 


1:*^ 


m 


272 


NORWICH. 


NORWICH 

Is  an  incorporinted  city.  It  contains  three  com- 
pact settlements  ;  cf  which  Chelsea  Landing,  situ- 
ate at  the  point  of  land  between  the  8hetucket  and 
Yantic  rivers,  is  the  principal.  Its  location  is  pecul- 
iarly romantic  ;  and  it  is  a  place  of  much  enterprise 
and  business.  What  is  called  the  Town  is  2  miles 
northwest  of  Chelsea,  containing  the  court  house 
and  some  other  public  buildings  ;  and  the  third  set- 
tlement is  Bean  hill,  in  the  western  part  of  Norwich. 
The  city  contains  a  bank,  4  or  5  churches,  and  seve- 
ral manufacting  establishments.  The  Yantic  falls, 
1  ir>ile  from  Chelsea,  are  handsome,  and  afford  facil- 
ities for  mills  and  manufactories.  From  a  rock  70 
or  80  feet  in  height,  which  overhangs  the  stream, 
tradition  says  a  number  of  Narragansets  once  precip- 
itated themselves  when  pursued  by  the  Mohegans. 

Settlements  were  commenced  at  Norwich  as  ear- 
ly as  1660.  A  part  of  the  town  was  first  conveyed 
to  Thomas  Leffingwell,  a  colonial  militia  officer,  by 
the  sachem  Uncas,  in  consideration  of  services  ren- 
dered him  in  a  war  .with  a  neighboring  tribe.  A 
fort  belonging  to  Uncas,  on  the  Pequot  river,  was 
closely  besieged  by  the  Narragansets  ;  and  the  pro- 
visions being  nearly  expended,  it  was  reduced  totho 
last  extremity.  In  this  situation,  Uncas  contrived 
to  notify  the  English  at  Saybrook  fort  of  his  distress- 
ed condition.  Leffingwell,  who  commanded  that 
fort,  immediately  conveyed  to  the  besieged  a  supply 
of  provisions  ;  which  being  soon  known  to  the  as- 
sailints,  they  were  induced  to  raise  the  siege.  For 
this  generous  conduct  of  Leffingwell,  Uncas  con- 
veyed to  him  the  land  about  the  fort,  and  afterwards 
gave  him  a  formal  deed  of  a  township,  embracing 
most  of  the  present  town  of  Norwich. 

On  an  elevated  bank  north  of  what  is  called  the 
Cove,  and  near  the  Yantic  falls,  is  the  burying 
ground  of  the  royal  family  of  the  Mohegans,  com- 


HAKTFORD. 


m 


monly  called  ' '  the  buryingf  ground  of  the  Uncas- 
ses."  Many  of  their  graves  are  still  designated  by 
coarse  stones  ;  on  some  of  which,  are  English  in* 
scriptions.  Uncas  was  buried  here,  and  many  of 
his  descendants  ;  but  his  fumily  is  now  nearly  ex- 
tinct.  There  are  one  or  two  living  who  claim  a 
kindred  ;  but  who  have  very  little  of  the  magna- 
oimity  or  valor  for  which  he  was  so  conspicuous. 
The  Plain  near  the  burying  ground,  was  the 
summer  residence  of  the  Mohegans  ;  and  is  a  most 
delightful  spot. 

Stages  leave  Norwich  on  Tuesday,  Thursday  and 
Saturday  at  8  A.  M.,  and  arrive  at  Hartford  at  8  P. 
M.     Distance  39  miles<>-fare  $'2,50.  The  intermedi- 
ate distances  and  places  are  as  follow  :    f, .     ,.  ?  ,   > 
Bozrah,  5    Bolton,  4 

Lebanon,  4    East  Hartford,        13 

Coventry,  12    Hartford,  1 

East  Hartford  is  located  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Connecticut  river,  directly  opposite  Hartford, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  elegant  bridge. 
The  village  contains  4  churches,  several  manufactur- 
ing establishments,  and  between  2  and  3000  inhab- 
itants. 


he  as- 
For 
con- 
wards 
jracing 


i.  coni- 


,     ,,  HARTFORD,     ^       i .         *  >. 

The  largest  city  in  the  state,  is  located  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Connecticut  river,  at  the  head  of 
sloop  navigation,  and  50  miles  from  its  mouth.  The 
city  is  handsomely  laid  out,  and  contains  a  number 
of  elegani:  buildings  and  private  residences.  Among 
its  public  buildings,  are  a  state  house,  arsenal,  3 
banks,  a  museum,  an  academy,  a  college,  an  asylum 
for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  an  asylum  for  the  insane, 
and  7  or  8  churches.  Population,  between  7  and 
8000.  The  principal  public  houses  are  Bennet's, 
Morgan's  and  Ripley's. 

(i2 


m 
li 


Mi 


'*r  ..-(» 


274 


HARTFORI>. 


^•■V 


:t  i 


l'.:i 


"    I 


Washington  College  is  on  Main-street,  in  the 
south  part  of  the  city.  It  was  opened  in  1824,  and 
consists  of  two  edifices ;  one  of  which  is  150  feet 
long  and  4  stories,  and  contains  the  rooms  of  the 
students.  In  the  other  is  the  chapel,  recitation 
rooms  and  library. 

The  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  L  on  Tow6r  Hill, 
one  mile  west  of  the  city ;  and  was  the  first  institu- 
tion of  the  kind  established  in  the  U.  States.  It  is 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Gallaudet,*^  a  gentleman 
eminently  qualified  for  the  station.  He  is  assisted 
1^  Mr.  Le  Clerck,  who  is  deaf  and  dumb,  but  a 
man  of  distinguished  talents.  The  permanent  fund 
of  the  institution,  including  a  donation  of  land  by 
congress,  amounts  to  $215,639  ;  of  which  sum  $80,- 
000  are  available.  The  number  of  pupils  id  gene- 
rally about  70 ;  many  of  whom  are  supported  by 
puMic  and  private  charities. 

A  visit  to  the  institution  is  unusually  interesting. 
'the  utmodt  order  and  decorum  prevail ;  aiid  the 
stranger  will  be  delighted  with  the  means  here  em- 
ployed for  enlight^ing  and  cultivating  the  minds  of 
an  unfortunate  class  of  the  community  ;  arrd  with 
the  rapid  improvement  they  make,  not  only  in  writ- 
ing, but  in  a  study  of  many  of  the  sciences.  Every 
thing  is  communicated  '  j  .  «ans  of  signs.  After 
being  taught  ti  e  mode ;  f  e-r.  jying  the  most  neces- 
sary ideas,  they  proceeci  i(»  study  the  alphabet  em- 
ployed at  the  institution  ;  then  the  names  of  visible 
objects,  and  the  order  of  the  letters  used  in  designat- 
ing them ;  and  iinally  a  knowledge  of  absent  objects 


of  his  pupils,  a  most  interesting  and  intelligent  young 
lady.  Though  deaf  and  dumb,  her  penetration  and 
understanding  are  ^surprising.     She  is  enabled  to 


carry  on  a  rapid  conversation  by  means  of  signs,  not 
only  on  ordinary  topics,  but  on  many  scientific  and 
abstruse  subjects. 


0^-''>!^'7    .,.-**f  ■«*» 


*'W^'^W 


*u 


HAKTFORD. 


275 


the 
and 
feet 
[  the 
ation 

Hill, 

istitu- 

Itis 

leman 


but  a 
it  fund 
[and  by 
m$80,- 
3  genc- 
wted  by 

^resting' 
ar;d  the 
lere  csra- 
mindB  of 

in  wrU- 
Every 
After 
pst  neces" 
[abet  ero- 
lof  visible 
ldesigna<^' 
»t  objects 

Irried  one 
lent  young 
Iration  and 
[nabled  to 
1  signs,  not 
'r.titic  and 


and  abstract  ideas,  by  me^ns  of  ingenious  devices 
and  definitions.  Many  soon  attain  a  knowledge  of 
writing  correctly  ;  and  some  are  enabled  to  commu- 
nicate their  ideas  in  chaste  and  even  elegant  lan- 
guage. 

In  addition  to  mental  improvement,  they  are 
taught  habits  of  industry  ;  and,  among  the  males, 
several  mechanical  trades  have  recently  been  intro- 
duced. 

The  hospital  for  the  Insane^  is  a  stone  building, 
150  feet  long  and  50  wide,  4  stories  high,  with  wings 
of  3  stories.    It  is  located  a  little  south  of  the  city. 
A  settlemept  was  commenced  by  the  English  at 
Hartford  in  1634.    The  Dutch,  from  New-Nether- 
lands, had  previously  established  a  trading  house 
and  port  at  the  place,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on 
a  commerce  with  the  Indians,  and  were  disposed  to 
prevent  the  English  from  participating  in  the  traffic. 
But  finding  that  this  could  not  be  effected,  without 
a  bloody  contest,  they  abandoned  the  design. 

The  charter  which  was  originally  granted  to  the 
colonists  of  Connecticut,  having  been  demanded 
by  the  English  monarch  in  16S6,  through  the  medi- 
um of  an  agent,  it  was  reluctantly  sui  rendered  by 
the  colonial  legislature.     This  took  place  in  an  eve- 
ning ;  and  while  it  remained  on  the  table  in  a  room 
where  the  agent  and  several  British  officers  had  as- 
sembled, the  windows  being  open,  on  a  preconcert- 
ed signal,  the  candles  were  extinguished  by  persons 
in  the  street,  and  the  charter  seized  by  a  citizen  in 
the  room,  and  conveyed  to  a  tree  ;  in  the  cavity  of 
which  it  remained  for  several  years.    This  tree  is 
still  standing ;  and  is  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Charter  Oa/c.     It  is  located  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
town  in  the  street  running  east  from  the  south  church, 
and  is  directly  in  front  of  the  ancient  mansion  of  the 
Wyllis  family.     The  charter  is  still  preserved  in  the 
office  of  the  Secretary  of  Stale. 

q3 


'.M 


*1 


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w 


i  u 


p 


'•ll!t| 


276 


I  • 


JIJ!'         i 


STKWr-BOATS—STAGES 


STEAM  BOATS. 


A  steam  boat  leaves  Hartford  for  New- York  on 
Monday,  Wednesday,  Thursday  and  Saturday,  at 
11  A  M.  reaching  New- York  the  next  morning; 
and  leaves  New- York  on  Monday,  Tuesday,  Thurs- 
day anfl  Friday  at  4  P.  M.  reaching  Hartford  the 
next  day  at  noon. 

STAGES.   .  ,3,v..ui^.^^.^? 

To  JVew-Haven  and  JSTew-  York. — A  stage  leaves 
Hartford  every  morning,  (Sundays  excepted)  which 
reaches  New-Haven  at  noon,  and  New- York  the 
next  morning.  Fare  to  New- Haven,  40  miles,  |2 ; 
to  New  York,  123  miles,  ^,50. 

To  Boston. — A  stage  leaves  daily  (Sundays  ex- 
cepted) at  6  A.  M.  and  reaches  Boston  at  12atuigbt. 
Distance,  136  miles    fare  ^5,50. 

To  Litchfield^  Ct. — A  stage  leaves  Hartford  on 
Monday,  Wednesday  an<^  Friday  at  S  A.  M.  and 
prrivei^  at  Litchfield  at  3  P.  xVI. — Distance  30  miles, 
fare  $2.  -5    '  ■>  .^i  ^.h  » 

To  Hanover i  J*/.  H.  (up  Connecticut  river.) — A 
stage  leaves  Hartford  daily,  (except  Sundays)  arrives 
at  Brattleboruugh,  Vt.  the  tirst  day,  and  Hanover, 
N.  H  the  second — passing  through  Windsor,  Ct. 
Springfield,  Northampton,  Deerfield,  and  Green- 
field, Mass.  Braltleborough  and  Westminster,  Vt. 
Walpole  and  Charlestown,  N.  H.,  Windsor  and 
Hartford,  Vt.  to  Hanover.  [This  line  intersects  the 
claily  stage  for  Boston  at  Northampton,  and  the  dai- 
Jy  stage  for  Saratoga  Springs  at  Charlestown.]  Dis- 
t?:r..c-i  from  Hartford  to  Ilanover,  152  miles — fare 

To  S'efV'London.—'A  stage  leaves  Hartford  on 
Siiaduv,  Wednesday  and  Friday  at  8  A.  M.  and 
reaches  New-London  at  5  P.  M  — Distance  47 
n^iles — fare  fj3.  ■   >     - 


an 


i. 


MIDDLETOWN. 


277 


ork  on 
day,  at 
>rning ; 
Thurs- 
ord  the 
■.M  . 

.;  '.A 
»...■»■-»■ 

e leaves 
I)  which 
ork  the 
ilea,  |2  > 

iays  ex- 
atuight. 

rtford  on 
.  M.  and 
30  miles, 

ver.) — A 
)  arrives 
Hanover, 
Bor,  Ct. 
Green- 
ister,  Vt. 
idsor  and 
rsects  the 
d  the  dai- 
m.}   Dia- 
liles— fare 

artford  on 
^.  M.  and 
stance  47 


To  Albany. — A  stage  leaves  Hartford  and  Albany 
every  morning  (Sunday  excepted)  at  2,  and  arrives 
at  each  place  at  7  P.  M.  Distance  96  miles — fare  $5 . 

FROM  HARTFORD  TO  NEW-HAVEN, 

The  intermediate  places  and  distances  are  as  fol- 
low 


Wethersfield,         4 
Rocky  Hill,  3 

Middletown,  8 


Durham,  7 

Northford,         8 
New-Haven,   10 


Wethersfield  is  located  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Connecticut  river,  4  miles  below  Hartford.  The 
soil,  which  is  of  the  finest  order,  is  principally  de- 
voted to  the  culture  of  onions  ;  of  which  large  quan- 
ities  are  exported  annually.  The  labor  is  principal- 
ly performed  by  women  and  children.  The  new 
penitentiary  of  the  state  is  erected  at  this  place. 

Rocky  Hill,  3  miles  ;  a  parish  in  the  town  of 
Wethersfield,  containing  a  lofty  eminence,  from 
which  a  rich  and  variegated  prospect  of  the  surround- 
mg  country  is  enjoyed.  Six  miles  farther  is  a  vil- 
lage, called  Middletown  Upper  Houses ;  from  which 
to  the  city  of  Middletown  is  2  miles.         ,       . 

MIDDLETOWN, 

A  port  of  entry,  is  handsomely  located  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Connecticut  river,  31  miles  from  its 
mouth.  Among  its  public  buildings  are  a  court- 
house, jail,  almiL -house,  bank,  10  churches,  and  a 
military  academy.  There  are  also  several  extensive 
manufactories  of  rifles,  swords,  buttons,  ivory  combs, 
woollen  "tnd  cotton  goods,  &c.  The  population  of 
the  city,  in  1820,  was  2,618 ;  and,  including  the 
township,  6,479.  Francis',  Swathel's,  and  Board- 
man's  are  among  the  best  public  houses. 

Copt.  P(xrtridge's  Military  Academy  is  pleas- 
antly situated  «  short  distance  from  the  city.     The 

q4 


i  i 

r- 

i 


M 


m 

n 


278 


MIDDLETOWN. 


two  principal  buildings  are  each  150  feet  long,  5() 
broad  and  4  stories  high.  There  is  also  a  chapel, 
with  recitation  rooms  above,  and  a  dining  hall.  The 
latter  is  120  feet  long,  and  faces  the  parade.  The 
whole  assume  a  very  handsome  and  imposing  ap- 
pearance ;  and  from  the  top  of  the  chapel  may  be 
had  an  extensive  view  of  the  surrounding  country. 
The  course  of  instruction  is  similar  to  that  pursued 
at  the  Efiilitary  academy  at  West  Point.  The  schol- 
ars wear  the  uniform  of  cadets ;  and,  besides  other 
sciences,  are  taught  the  use  of  arras,  and  are  subject 
to  a  strict  military  discipline. 

On  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  opposite 
to  Middletown,  are  several  quarries  of  free  stone, 
used  for  building.  Immediately  below  the  city,  the 
river  turns  abruptly  to  the  west ;  and  passes  be- 
tween  two  lofty  hills,  forming  what  are  called  the 
Narrows.  Within  these  Narrows,  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  river,  is  a  lead  mine,^  which  was  used 
during  the  revolutionary  war.  It  can  be  approach- 
ed only  in  boats  or  by  means  of  a  foot  rath.*        ' 

In  proceeding  on  the  stage  route  to  New-Haven, 
tha  only  object  witnessed  worthy  of  remark,  is  a  7iat' 
uralice  hov,se  in  the  parish  of  Northford,  18  miles 
from  Middletown,  and  7  from  New-Haven.  It  is  on 

*  Continuing  a  course  down  the  river,  the  steam- 
boat successivdy  passes  Middle  Haddam,  Haddam, 
East  Haddam,  Essex  or  Petiipaug,  and  Saybrook, 
where  the  river  eaieta  Long  Island  Sound.  The 
shores  are  generally  bold  and  rocky,  and  present  but 
few  objects  of  interest  Saybrook  was  the  first 
town  settled  oq  the  river  ;  at  which  time  (1635)  a 
small  fort  was  erected  at  the  place.  The  town  was 
originally  granted  to  LcNrd  Say  and  Seal,  Lord  Brook 
and  others;  and  derived  its  name  from  these  pro- 
prietors. Yale  College  was  located  here  for  a  time, 
and  afterwards  removed  to  New-Haven.   .... 


NEW-HAVEN. 


379 


feet  long,  50 
Iso  a  chapel, 
ing  hall.  The 
parade.    The 
imposing  ap- 
tiapel  may  be 
iding  country. 
3  tViat  pursued 
t.    The  schol- 
besides  other 
md  are  subject 

iticut,  opposite 
of  free  stone, 
w  the  city,  the 
md  passes  be- 
t  are  called  the 
on  the  south 
rhich  was  used 
m  be  jpproach- 

t  path.* 
0  New-Haven, 
emark,  is  a  nat' 
iford,  18  miles 
[aven.  It  is  on 

|ver,  the  steam- 
Idam,  Haddam, 

and  Saybrooky 
i  Sound.  The 
and  present  but 
was  the  first 

time  (1686)  a 

Thotown  was 
^eal,  Lord  Brook 
[from  these  pro- 

here  for  a  time, 
ivcn.   .  .■■'.;.-  • 


the  declivitj  of  a  trap  ridge  near  the  road  ;  and  con- 
tains ice  throughout  the  year.* 

NEW-HAVEN, 

Is  usually  pronounced  by  travellers,  to  be  one  of  the 
handsomest  towns  in  the  Union.  It  is  located  a- 
round  a  harbor  which  sets  up  about  4  miles  from 
Long  Island  Sound  ;  and  is  the  semi-cnpital  of  the 
state.  The  city  is  built  on  a  large  plain,  encircled 
on  all  sides,  except  those  occupied  by  the  water,  by 
hills  and  lofty  mountains.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts, 

*  A  natural  ice  house,  of  still  greater  extent,  is  in 
the  town  of  Meriden,  on  another  route  from  Hart- 
ford to  New-Haven,  and  nearly  equa- distant  from 
those  places.  The  Jour"'^l  of  Science  remarks,  that 
it  is  in  a  country  composing  '•  a  part  of  the  secon- 
dary trap  region  of  Connecticut,  and  is  marked  by 
numerous  distinct  ridges  of  green  stone,  which  pre- 
sent lofty  mural  precipices,  and  from  their  number, 
contiguity  and  parallelism,  they  often  form  narrow 
precipitous  defiles,  tilled  more  or  less  with  fragments 
of  rocks  of  various  sizes,  from  that  of  a  hand-stone  to 
thai  of  a  cottage.  These  fragments  are  the  detritus 
or  debris  of  these  moimtains,  and  every  one  in  the 
least  acquainted  with  such  countries,  knows  how 
much  they  always  abound  with  similar  ruins. 

In  such  a  detile  the  natural  ice  house  ia  ques- 
tion is  situated.  On  the  south-western  side,  there 
is  a  trap  ridge  of  naked  perpendicular  rock,  which, 
with  the  sloping  ruins  at  the  base,  appears  to  be  400 
feet  high ;  the  parallel  ridge  which  forms  the  other 
side  of  the  defile  is  probably  not  over  40  feet  high, 
but,  it  rises  abruptly  on  the  eastern  side,  and  is  cov- 
ered by  other  wood,  which  occupies  the  narrow  val- 
ley also.  This  valley  is  moreover,  choked,  in  an 
astonishing  degree,  with  the  ruins  of  the  contiguous 
mountain  ridge,  and  exhibits  many  fragments  of  rock 

q3 


1^ 


,-i:;; 


m 


A 


M 


li 


M 


280 


NKW-HAVEN. 


called  the  old  and  new  townships  ;  in  each  ol  which 
is  an  open  square.  The  houses  are  generally  neat, 
and  some  are  very  elegant.  To  each  d  welling,  there 
is  generally  attached  a  garden,  and  frequently  a 
beautiful  yard  in  front.  Added  to  which,  several  of 
the  streets  are  adorned   with  tofiy  trees,  giving  to 

which  would  fill  a  large  room.  As  the  defile  is  very 
narrow,  these  fragments  have,  in  their  fall,  been  ar- 
rested here,  by  the  low  parallel  ridge,  and  are  piled 
on  one  another  in  vast  '.'onfusion,  forming  a  series 
of  cavities  which  are  situated  anionji  and  under  these 
rocks  Many  of  them  have  reposed  there  for  ages, 
as  appears  from  the  fact  that  small  trees,  (the  largest 
that  the  scanty  soil,  accumulated  by  revolving  cen- 
turies can  support)  are  now  growmg  on  some  of 
these  fragments  of  rock.  Leaves  also  aiul  other  ve- 
getable ruins  have  accumulated  among  the  rocks  and 
trees,  and  choked  the  mouths  of  many  of  the  cavities 
among  the  ruins.  This  defile,  thus  narrow  and  thus 
occupied  by  forest,  and  by  rocky  ruins,  runs  nearly 
N.  and  S.  and  is  completely  impervious  to  the  sun's 
rays,  except  when  he  is  near  the  meridian.  Then,  in- 
deed, for  an  hour,  he  looks  into  this  secluded  valley, 
but  tlie  trees  and  the  rocks  and  the  thick  beds  of 
leaves  scarcely  permit  his  beams  to  make  the  slight- 
est impress  on. 

It  is  in  t'ie  cavities  beneath  the  masses  of  rocks 
already  described,  that  the  ice  is  formed.  The 
ground  descends  a  little  to  the  south,  and  a  small 
brook  appears  to  have  formed  a  channel  among  the 
rocks.  The  ice  is  thick  and  well  consolidated,  and 
its  gradual  melting,  in  the  warm  season,  causes  a 
stream  of  ice-cold  water  to  issue  from  this  defile. 
This  fact  has  been  known  to  the  people  of  the  vicin- 
ity for  several  generations,  and  the  youth  have, 
since  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  been  accustom- 
ed to  resort  to  this  place,  in  parties,  for  recreation, 
and  to  drink  the  waters  of  the  cold-flowing  brook." 


VALi:  COLLEGE. 


2SI 


^  neat, 
;,  there 
ently  a 
veral  of 
iving  to 

e  is  very 
been  at- 
ire  piled 
r  a  series 
ier  these 
for  ages, 
ae  largest 
ving  cen- 

some  of 
other  vc- 
rocks  and 
:iQ  cavities 
V  and  thus 
ins  nearly 
>  the  sun's 

Then,  in- 
led  valley, 
ck  heds  of 

the  slight- 

es  of  rocks 
led.     The 
and  a  small 
among  the 
idated,  and 
)n,  causes  a 
this  defile, 
jf  thevicin- 
outh  have, 
n  acGUStouo- 
■  recreation, 
ing  brook." 


tiie  whole  a  rural  and  most  delightful  appearance. 
Among  the  public  buildings,  are  a  state  house,  the 
college  edifices,  5  churches,  a  court  house,  jail,  2 
banks,  a  custom  house  and  3  or  4  academies.  The 
population  is  between  11  and  12,000. 

The  Public  Sqitare  or  Green,  near  the  cen- 
tre of  the  city,  is  an  elegant  spot,  containing  several 
acres,  and  is  surrounded  by  stately  elms  In  the 
centre,  are  three  churches  and  a  state  house  ;  on 
the  west  side,  the  college  buildings ;  and  on  the 
east  side,  fronting  the  state  house,  the  Tontine  Cof- 
fee house.  The  space  immediately  in  the  rear  of 
the  churches,  called  the  Upper  Green,  was  formerly 
used  as  a  burying  ground  ;  but  in  1821,  the  monu- 
ments were  removed  to  the  new  burying  ground,  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  the  city .  The  ancient  mon- 
ument of  Dixwell,  {see page  2A2f)  is  still  to  be  seen  ; 
and  it  is  believed  by  many  that  the  other  regicides, 
Goffe  and  Whalley,  were  also  interred  here  ;  but 
this  opinion  is  unsupported  by  evidence.  Gofle 
died  at  Hadley,  and  was  probably  buried  there  ;  and 
of  Whalley  no  certain  information  was  ever  obtain- 
ed, after  he  left  Hadley. 

Yale  College  was  founded  in  1701,  and  wa.s 
named  after  its  early  benefactor,  Elihu  Yale,  govern- 
or of  the  East  India  Company.  It  was  originally 
located  at  Killingworth  ;  afterwards  removed  to 
Saybrook,  («e6/>.  27S)  ;  and  from  thence,  in  1717, 
to  New-Haven.  The  faculty  is  composed  of  a 
president,  10  professors,  a  librarian  and  8  tutors. 
The  Ubraiy  consists  of  about  10,000  volumes  ;  and 
the  literary  societies  among  the  students  have  libra- 
ries amounting,  collectively,  to  5000  volumes  The 
cabinetofmineralsis  very  extensive,  and  by  far  the 
most  valuable  of  any  in  the  union.  The  college 
buildings  consist  of  four  spacious  edifices,  each  4 
•ftories  nigh,  104  feet  long  and  40  wide,  and  each 


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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  M580 

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282 


TONTINE  COFFEE  HOUSE. 


It 


cobiiainmg  32  room's  for  sttidents  ;  two  chapels,  one 
containing  a  philosophical  chamber  ;  a  Lyceum, 
containing  the  library  and  recitation  rooms — all  of 
brick  ;  and  a  handsome  dining  hall  in  the  rear  of  the 
other  buildings,  built  of  stone.  Seven  of  these 
buildings  stand  in  a  line  fronting  the  green,  the  Ly- 
ceum occupying  a  central  position  ;  and  the  whole, 
with  the  charming  scenery  around,  form  a  most 
enchanting  and  elegant  landscape.  The  medi- 
cal institution  fronting  College  street,  is  connected 
with  the  college,  and  has  a  valuable  anatomical  mu- 
seum. The  number  of  students  at  Yale,  is  gener- 
ally from  450  to  500.  The  alumni  of  the  institution 
amounted,  in  1826,  to  upwards  of  4000  ;  of  wjiom 
more  than  2200  were  then  living.  ■"''  «  ««  /■  '•' 

The  New  Burying  Ground,  containing  sev- 
eral acres,  is  divided  into  parallelograms,  which  are 
subdivided  for  tinmilies.  The  ground  is  planted  with 
trees,  mostly  willows  ;  and  the  white  monuments, 
several  of  which  are  obelisks,  seen  through  the 
foliage,  with  the  taste  and  uniformity  every  where 
discovered,  give  to  the  whole  a  most  impressive  and 
solemn  appearance.  '  /:.  ^r 

The  Tontine  Coffee  House  ,  kept  by  Messrs. 
Drake  and  Andrews,  (the  former  a  proprietor  of 
the  Congress  Hall  at  Saratoga  Springs,)  is  one  of 
the  best  establishments  of  the  kind  in  the  union. 
It  is  located  directly  in  front  of  the  state  house  and 
college  edifices,  the  public  square  intervening,  com- 
manding from  its  upper  or  fourth  story,  a  beautiful 
and  extensive  view  of  the  city  and  the  surrounding 
country.  The  Tontine,  which  is  built  of  brick,  is  60 
feet  long,  with  a  wing  extending  back  100  feet  It 
contains  a  spacious  dining  hall,  cotillion  room,  8  pri- 
vate and  public  parlours,  and  a  sufficient  number  of 
lodging  chambers  to  accommodate  from  80  to  100 
guests.  It  is  kept  in  the  best  style,  and  is  entitled 
to  the  most  liberal  patronage. 


oi 

se 

FC 


FARMINGTON  CANAL. 


283 


W£ST  Rock  is  2  miles  north  west  of  New-Ha- 
ven. It  is  the  southern  extremity  of  the  east  ridfi^e 
of  the  Green  Mountains,  and  is  a  perpendicular 
bluff  fronting  the  south,  400  feet  in  height.  The 
village  of  Hotchkisstown  is  at  its  foot.  The  cave  iu 
which  the  regicide  judges,  Whalley  and  Goffe,  se- 
creted themselves  for  three  or  four  years,  (^seep. 
241,)  is  on  the  summit  of  the  rock,  about  a  niUe 
north  of  the  bluff.  The  cave  is  formed  by  the  crev- 
ices between  several  large  rocks,  apparently  thrown 
together  by  some  convulsion,  and  is  entirely  above 
ground.  Near  the  top  of  one  of  the  rocks  is  this  in- 
scription :  "  Opposition  to  tyrants  is  obedience  to 
God."  During  the  co!itinuance  of  the  regicides  at 
this  place,  they  were  furnished  daily  with  food  by  a 
family  who  resided  near  the  (ooi  of  the  mountain. 

East  Rock  is  2  miles  north  east  of  New-Haven, 
and  is  the  southern  termination  of  the  Mount  Tom 
range  of  mountains.  It  is  370  feet  high  ;  and  from 
its  top  a  fine  view  is  had  of  New-Haven,  its  harbor, 
the  Sound  and  Long  Island.  It  was  for  some  years 
the  residence  of  a  hermit,  who  was  found  dead  in  his 
habitation  a  few  years  since. 

The  Farmington  Canal,  which  was  origin- 
ally commenced  at  the  north  line  of  the  state,  ter- 
minates at  New- Haven — distance  5S  miles,  lockage 
21S  feet.  This  canal  has  since  been  extended  to 
Northampton,  Mass.  between  20  and  30  miles  far- 
ther ;  and  a  branch  has  been  constructed  from  Farm- 
ington  up  the  Farmington  river,  to  New-Hartford, 
15  miles. 

The  towns  bordering  on  the  Sound,  near  New- 
Haven,  are  visited  in  the  summer  months  by  numer- 
ous invalids  for  the  benefit  of  the  sea  breeze  and  a 
salubrious  climate.  Amo.ig  these  to.  ns,  GuiLr 
FORD,  15  miles  east  of  New-Haven,  js  generally 
^aeferred.    It  has  two  harbors,  is  a  place  oif  coBsid- 


■M 


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284        STEAM-BOATS  AND  STAGES. 


erable  trade  ;  and  is  constantly  supplied  with  the 
best  of  oysters,  lobsters  and  fisn,  taken  in  and  near 
the  harbors. 

Steam  Boats  ply  between  New-Haven  and 
New- York  daily  Jeaving  the  former  place  at  S  P.  M. 
and  the  latter  at  7  A.  M.  The  passage  is  generally 
performed  in  8  or  9  hours.     Fare  $2. 

Stages  leave  New -Haven  daily,  for  Hartford, 
Boston,  Albany,  and  New-York.  Distance  to  Hart- 
ford 40  miles,  fare  |2  ;  to  Boston,  136  miles,  fare 
$7  50  :  to  Albany,  110  miles,  fare  $7 ;  to  Aevv- 
York,  86  miles,  fare  $4.* 

*  This  route  is  usually  performed  in  12  or  14 
hours,  aud  the  intervening  places  and  distances  are 
as  follow: 

Stratford, 
Bridgeport, 
Fairfield, 
Norwalk, 

Bridgeport  is  handsomely  situated  on  both 
banks  of  the  Pughquonnuck  river.  The  village  con- 
tains a  bank  and  two  churches. 

Fairfield  is  a  port  of  entry  on  Long  Island 
Sound,  containing  a  court  house,  academy,  several 
chuiches,  aiid  a  population  of  about  2000.  It  was 
on  a  low  level  fHece  of  ground,  which  is  seen  on  the 
left  side  of  tbe  road  about  a  mile  and  a  half  after 
leaving  the  village,  that  the  remnant  of  the  Pequot 
tribe  of  Indians,  after  the  destruction  of  their  fort  by 
Capt.  Mason  at  Mystic  {seep.  268,)  were  either 
killed  or  captured.  The  battle  was  severe  and 
bloody,  and  some  reliques  of  arms  used  in  the  con- 
test are  at  this  day  occasionally  found  by  the  inhab- 
kants. 

Norwalk  is  on  th«  Sounds  and  i3  9  pleasant 
village,  containing  an  academy  and  3  churches. 


13 

Stamford, 

11 

3 

Greenwich, 

6 

5 

Harlaem, 

80 

10 

New-York, 

8 

BEACON  MOTTNTAIN. 


285 


the 
near 

I  and 
P.M. 
erally 

rtford. 
Hart- 

I,   fare 
^ew- 


or  14 

ces  are 

11 

6  * 
SO 
8 

>n  botti 
ige  con- 


tsland 
several 
It  waH 
n  on  the 
lalf  after 
Pequot 
ir  fort  by 
re  either 
rere  and 
the  con- 
le  inhab- 

pleasant 
ches. 


FROM  NEW-HAVEN  TO  LITCHFIELD. 

A  stage  leaves  New-Haven  daily  for  Litchfield, 
passing  through  Waterbury  and  Watertown — dis- 
tance 38  miles. 

Parsing  West  Rock,  {seep.  283,)  and  proceeding 
ftoih  thence  for  a  considerable  distance  in  a  norther- 
ly c(ii«ction,  thrdUgh  a  beautiful  valley,  having  on 
its  right  a  lofty  rocky  barrier,  with  nide  perpeiidicu- 
lar  pr6cipic6s,  Beddon  Mountain  is  reached  in  trav- 
elling 14  mi\63  from  NeW-Haven.  This  mountain 
is  a  ndge  of  almost  naked  rock  stretching  to  the 
south-west.  "  i1i6  road,  which  is  formed  in  the 
nsktural  j^ap  of  the  mountain,  hitt  winds  through  a 
bold  gulf  or  defile,  so  ndrrow,  thiait  at  one  ptac6  only 
a  single  carriage  can  pass  at  once.  On  both  sides, 
the  cufts  are  lofty,  particularly  on  th'i  left  ;  and  on 
the  ri^ht,  a  little  distance  from  the  road,  they  over- 
hang m  d  fri^tful  manner."  Beyond  this  gap,  the 
road  turns  ddore  to  the  left,  running  along  a  rivulet ; 
and  sifter  Uire6  or  four  miles,  on  rismgan  eniinence, 
the  Nftugdtuck,  a  branch  of  the  Housatobic  river,  is 
discovered.  It  runs  through  a  deep  and  narrow  gulf, 
which  is  seen  froin  the  roAd. 

West  CHtstBR  Coui^ty,  which  i6  entered  in  a 
f6w  niiles  after  leaving  Greenwich,  and  which  was 
«  n^ufaral  gh)tind'*  during  the  revolutionary  war, 
wa^  seletted  by  Mr.  Cdope^,  the  novelist,  tid  the 
principal  scerte  of  his  *'  Spy." 

At  HoRSENECK)  33  mile  from  N.  York,  the  trav- 
eller is  shown  the  steep  down  which  Gen.  Putnam 
descended  on  horse-back  during  the  revolution. 

At  Harlaem,  8  miles  from  New- York,  the  road 
passes  near  the  East  river,  atfording  the  traveller  a 
view  of  Hurl  Gate. 


m 


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i 


m 


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I 

li! 


286      WATERTOWN— LITCHFIELD. 


Watertown,  26  miles  from  New-Haven,  is  on 
a  commanding  hill,  and  is  a  beautiful  little  village, 
containing  two  churches.    .  t.  ^ 


:yriJiiinA 


Litchfield  is  on  a  handsome  eminence,  and  is 
considered  one  of  the  most  pleasant  villages  in  the 
state  The  principal  street  extends  more  than  a 
mile  in  length,  and  contains  a  collection  of  neat 
houses,  adorned  with  gardens  and  court  yards. 
Among  the  public  buildings  are  a  court  house,  jail, 
bank,  and  2  churches.  There  is  also  at  this  place  a 
young  ladies  school,  which  has  obtained  much  ce- 
lebrity ;  and  a  distinguished  law  school,  establish- 
ed in  1784  by  the  late  Tapping  Reeve,  and  now  un- 
der the  charge  of  the  Hon.  James  Gould.  The 
number  of  students  educated  at  this  institution  since 
its  establishment  is  between  6  and  700. 

Mount  Tom,  near  the  south-west  comer  of  this 
town,  is  700  feet  above  the  river  at  its  base  ;  and 
affords  from  its  top  an  extensive  prospect. 

The  Great  Pond,  in  Litchfield,  comprises  an 
area  of  about  900  acres,  is  the  largest  in  the  state, 
and  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  ;  affording  at  its 
outlet  a  number  of  valuable  mill  seats. 

A  Chalybeate  Spring  has  been  discovered  within 
a  few  years,  on  the  east  side  of  Mount  Prospect,  four 
miles  west  of  the  village  of  Litchfield.  It  issues 
from  an  extensive  bed  of  sulphuret  of  iron.  **  The 
spring  (says  a  writer  in  the  Journal  of  Science)  is  co- 
pious and  perennial,  exhibiting  in  its  course  much 
oxid  of  iron,  ochre,  and  a  white  deposit.  The  ex- 
tract from  gall  nuts,  or  an  infusion  of  white  oak 
leaves  produces  a  copious  precipitate  of  the  gallate 
of  iron,  changing  the  color  of  the  water  nearly  black ; 
neither  lime-water  or  sulphuric  acid  effected  any 
change.  A  dense  white  precipitate  was  produced 
by  acetate  of  lead,  indicating  probably  a  muriate  or 
a  sulphate.  A  peculiar  smell,  by  popular  opinion 
attributed  to  sulphur,  is  perceptible  at  the  spring  ; 


LITCHFIELD. 


2S7 


within 
ct,  four 
issues 
»«The 
)  is  co- 
much 
The  ex- 
lite  oak 
gallate 
black ; 
ted  any 
oduced 
ariate  or 
opinion 

spring  ; 


the  hands  retain  this  smell  fur  hours  after  wasliing  in 
itH  waters.  An  astringent  effect  and  soreness  of  tlie 
throat  is  produced  by  a  free  use  of  the  spring.  Iron 
is  evidently  the  chief  mineral  ingredient  of  this  wa- 
ter, but  I  was  destitute  of  tests  for  satisfactory  ex- 
amination. A  yellow  deposit  is  observable  in  ves- 
sels containing  standing  water  from  this  spring,  and 
less  effect  is  produced  upon  the  water  by  astringent 
extracts.  A  patient  afflicted  by  the  rheumatism,  at- 
tended by  much  debility,  has  been  greatly  relieved 
by  a  free  use  of  the  spring  for  a  few  days,  and  a 
complete  cure  is  anticipated. 

**  Mount  Prospect,  above  mentioned,  is  a  rocky, 
wood  clad,  elevated  ridge,  of  two  miles  extent. 
From  its  summit  an  interesting  and  diversified  view 
is  presented  of  villages  and  lakes,  and  of  a  well  cul- 
tivated, healthy  country.  Sienite,  rendered  por- 
phyritic  by  crystals  of  feldspar,  is  the  predominant 
rock  of  the  mountain ;  it  presents  ledges  of  con- 
siderable height  and  extent.  Beds  of  sulphuret  of 
iron  are  observed  on  both  sides  of  the  mountain, 
sometimes  exhibiting  a  white  effloresence.  Native 
sulphate  of  iron  has  been  collected  on  this  mountain, 
and  used  in  dying  by  the  adjacent  inhabitants.  The 
spring  is  already  much  resorted  to,  and  has  excited 
considerable  interest."  '     ' 

From  Litchfield,  a  stage  may  be  taken  daily,  pass- 
ing through  East  Goshen,  Norfolk,  Canaan,  Shef- 
field, Great  Barrington,  West  Stockbridge,  Chat- 
ham, Nassau,  Sch^ack  and  Greenbush  to  Albany, 
and  reaching  the  latter  place  in  about  21  hours.  Dis- 
tance 72  miles — fare  |4.  This  is  the  most  direct 
route,  also,  from  Litchfield  to  Saratoga  Springs  ;  but, 
to  make  the  tour  of  New- England  more  complete, 
it  is  recommended  to  proceed  from  Litchfield  to 
Hartford,  and  from  thence  up  the  beautiful  valley  of 
the  Connecticut  river,  which  is  variegated  with  vil- 
lages and  country  seats,  and  presents  some  of  the  fin- 
est scenery  on  the  continent. 


:,iff.'l 

.1!  *• 


rl 


',.ii 


288 


CONNECTICUT  RIVER. 


FROM  LITCHFIELD  TO  HARTFORD. 

A  stage  mav  be  taken  at  Litchfield  on  Tuesday, 
Thursday  and  Saturday  at  8  A.  M.  possing  throuj;h 
Harwinton,  Burlington  and  Farmington,  and  reach' 
ing  Hartford  at  3  P.  M.  Distance  30  miles-^-fare  |2. 

Harwinton  is  a  small  village,  7  miles  from 
Litchfield,  on  the  Naugatuck  river. 

BxTRLiNOTON,  7  milcs. 

Farmington,  6  miles.  This  is  a  pleasant  vil- 
lage, located  on  the  Farmington  river,  whicb*  after 
leaving  the  village,  takes  a  northerly  course  for  15 
miles  where  it  is  joined  by  the  Salmon  river.  It 
tfif*  18  to  the  south-east,  passing  between  lofty 
mo  ■:■■'■  ^8  and  descends  a  cataract  of  15Q  feet ;  after 
.whU>i  it  is  called  the  Windsor  river,  and  joins  the 
Connecticut  4  miles  above  Hartford.  Farn^ington 
contains  3  churches  and  a  population  of  between  2 
and  3000.  [For  a  notice  of  the  FarmiQgtoii  canal, 
which  passes  through  this  place,  see  page  ^,^.] 

Hartford,  10  miles.    {Seep.  2TZ.) 


ROUTE  UP  THE  VALLEY  OF  CONNECT- 
ICUT RIVER. 

Stages  run  daily  between  Hartford,  Conn,  and 
Hanover,  N.  H.  up  the  Connecticut  river,  as  noti- 
ced at  page  276.  Passing  through  East  Hirtford, 
{seep.  278, > the  first  village  reached  is  .^^, 

Windsor,  7  miles  from  Hartford,  located  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  river.  Settlements  were  com- 
menced at  this  place,  as  well  as  at  Hartford,  in 
1633.     A  fort   was  constructed  for  the  defence 


the 


SUFFIELD— SPRINGFIELD.         289 


ID. 

uesday, 
thtouzh 
1  reach- 
fare  |2. 

les  from 


^t  vil- 
icj),  ?iter 
se  for  15 
river.    It 
ew  lofty 
jet;  ?iier 
joins  the 
urmin^on 
Atween  2 
OQ  canal, 
J83.1 

i' 

NNECT- 

ponn.  and 
as  noti- 
iHartfoid, 

■iim-^  ■ 

ted  on  the 
were  com- 
lartford,  in 
le  defence 


of  the  inhabitants,  who  were  surrounded  and  often- 
times annoyed  by  different  tribes  of  Indians. 

SuirzKU),  10  miles,  on  the  west  hank  of  the  riv- 
er, is  a  beautiful  town.  The  village,  which  is  on  an 
eminence  about  a  mile  west  of  the  river  road,  is 
composed  principally  of  one  street,  half  a  mile  in  ex- 
tent The  houses,  with  their  handsome  gardens 
and  yards,  present  a  picturesque  and  elegant  appear- 
ance. A  sulphur  spring,  a  mile  or  two  south-west 
of  the  village  is  a  place  of  some  resort  by  invalids. 

WssT  Springfield,  9  miles,  is  located  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Connecticut  river,  and  contains 
several  handsome  private  dwellings .  A  bridge  here 
crosses  the  river,  connecting  the  place  with 

Sfringfisld,  on  the  opposite  side ;  which  is  a 
large  and  handsome  village.  The  houses  are  prini- 
psduy  located  at  the  foot  of  a  hill ;  on  the  west  side 
of  wbdch  are  several  elegant  residences,  and  on  the 
summit  a  U.  S.  Arsenal.  The  village  contains  a 
court-house,  jail,  2  churches,  and  several  manufac- 
tories. 

The  buildings  composing  the  Arsenal  on  the 
heights,  occupy  a  large  square,  and  are  surrounded 
by  a  high  wall.  They  are  mostly  built  of  brick  and 
present  a  magnificent  appearance.  About  13,000 
muskets  are  manufactured  here  annually.  The  wa- 
ter works  emptoyed  for  the  purpose,  are  on  Mill  riv- 
er, a  mile  south  of  the  arsenal. 

Sprin^eld  became  the  theatre  of  savage  barbari- 
ty during  Philip's  war,  in  1675.  The  towns  still 
further  up  the  river  had,  for  some  time  previous,  suf- 
fer^ severely  from  repeated  Indian  incursions.  But 
the  Springfield  tribe  had  thus  far  remained  quiet ; 
and  it  was  not  till  the  month  of  October  of  this  year, 
that  Philip  could  succeed  by  his  artifices,  to  enlist 
them  in  his  favor.    On  the  night  of  the  4th,  it  was 


M 
if 


I  >] 


\m 


1 1 


200 


SOUTH  HADLEY  FALLS. 


ascertained  by  meaus  of  a  friendly  Indian,  that  300 
of  Uie  tribe  had  suddenly  and  secretly  assembled  at 
a  fort  on  Long  hill,  about  a  mile  below  the  village. 
This  intelligence  produced  much  consternation 
among  the  i^abitants  ;  and  they  immediately  re* 
paired  to  their  fortified  houses.  No  disturbance, 
however,  occurring  in  the  night,  hopes  were  enter- 
tained  that  hostilities  were  not  intended  on  Ae  part 
of  ttie  Indians.  Lieut.  Cooper,  the  commandant  of 
the  place,  and  another,  accordingly  resolved  on  re- 
painng  to  the  fort,  for  the  purpose  of  dissipating  the 
fears  that  still  existed  among  the  inhabitants.  Hav- 
ing reached  the  small  stream  at  the  lower  part  of  the 
village.  Cooper  and  his  companion  were  snot  by  In- 
dians who  were  concealed  in  the  woods.  This 
seemed  to  be  a  signal  for  attack ;  as  the  whole  body 
immediately  rushed  into  die  town  with  a  horrid  yell, 
and  fM  fire  to  the  unfortified  dwellings,  and  bams. 
The  whole  were  soon  enveloped  in  names  and  con- 
sumed .  During  this  period,  a  fire  was  kept  up  from 
the  fortified  houses  upon  the  Indians,  and  several 
killed  ;  but  it  was  not  till  they  had  destroyed  32 
dwellinj^  and  nearlv  as  many  bams,  and  plundered 
every  thing  within  their  reach,  that  they  withdrew. 
A  brick  house  standing  at  the  time  of  this  catastro* 
phe,  is  still  in  tolerable  preservation. 

During  the  rebellion  of  %ays,  in  1786,  the  ar- 
moury at  this  place  was  attacked  by  lum.  But  he 
was  repirised,  with  the  loss  of  a  few  men ;  and  his 
followers  subsequently  dispersed. 

Pursuing  the  course  of  uie  river  on  the  west  side, 
over  a  beautiful  country. 

South  Haplst  Tjlllb  are  reached  in  going 
12  miles  from  Springfield .  The  river  here  doscend^ 
in  tbe  distance  of  two  and  a  half  miles,  52  feet ;  and 
on  the  east  side,  commencing  at  South  Hadley  vill- 
age, a  canal  has  been  constracted,  coiresponduig  in 
extent  with  these  falls,  through  which  lumber  and 
the  largest  river  boats  pass. 


HATFIELD. 


291 


"  Previous  to  reaching  Northampton,  the  river,  ^iu 
which  there  is  an  abrupt  turn,)  passes  between 
Mount  Tom  on  the  south,  and  Mount  Holyoke  {see 
p.  2^)  on  the  north.  North  of  the  latter  mountain , 
a  most  charming  and  extensive  plain  is  presented, 
embracing  many  elegant  villages  and  country  seats. 

No&THAMPTON,  5  miles  from  South  Hadley. 
(See p.  239.) 

'  --..-■■  ^  '  -r«  •   "■       »-»        >     ■■  -  <i  •   ■       -I      •         r 

-n  *"  *  •  I 

Haolsy,  8  miles  east  of  Northampton.  {Seep, 
241.  The  distiuice  between  the  two  villages  is 
there  erroneously  stated  to  be  12  miles  ;  it  should 
hiv^beenS.) 

Hatfield,  5  m.es  north  of  Northampton,  on  the 
west  side  of  the  river,  is  a  neat  and  venerable  town, 
having  been  settled  as  early  as  1668.  In  October, 
1675,  after  the  burning  of  Springfield,  {seep,  289,) 
the  liadians  under  Philip,  flush^  with  their  repeat- 
ed successes,  made  an  attack  on  Hatfield  ;  which 
was  then  d^ended  by  two  companies,  aided  by  a 
third,  which  came  to  their  relief  during  the  conflict. 
The  Indians  were  about  700  strong,  and  made  a  fu- 
rious assault  upon  the  town  in  various  directions, 
pillaging  and  burning  several  of  the  houses.  But 
they  were  defeated,  and  compelled  to  seek  safety  in 
a  precipitate  flight.  Many  of  the  Indians  were 
killed  ;  and  in  their  retreat  across  sdill  river,  they 
lost  several  (if  their  implements  of  war. 

On  the  30th  of  May  of  the  following  year,  anoth- 
er attack  was  made  upon  Hatfield  by  600  Indians. 
Twelve  unfortified  buildings  were  immediately 
burnt ;  but  the  others,  which  were  palisaded,  were 
defended  by  a  few  inhabitants .  Part  of  the  Indians 
then  repaired  to  the  fields,  and  attacked  the  men  at 
their  labor ;  but  25  young  men  crossed  the  river 
&om  Hadley,  and  lUshing  upon  the  Indians,  killed 

r2 


292 


MUDDY  BROOK. 


several,  and  finally,  with  the  aid  of  the  inhabitants, 
dispersed  them. 

In  September,  1677,  another  descent  was  made 
by  the  Indians  upon  Hatfield,  and  20  of  its  inhabit- 
ants, including  several  women  and  children,  taken 
prisoners.  One  man  was  executed  by  the  savaces, 
and  the  rest  of  the  captives  conveyed  to  Canada  ; 
where  they  were  sold  to  the  French.  They  were» 
however,  subsequently  ransomed,  and  returned  to 
their  families  in  safety. 


—  »  : 


Muddy  Brook,  9  miles  from  Hatfield,  is  a  small 
village,  deriving  its  name  from  a  stream  which  pass- 
es through  the  place,  bordered  by  a  narrow  morais. 
The  place  in  1675,  and  for  some  time  subsequent, 
was  called  Bloody  Brook,  m  consequence  of  a  bat- 
tle which  was  fought  with  the  Indians  on  the  ISth 
of  September  of  that  year.  Capt.  Lothrop,  who  had 
been  despatched  with  80  men  and  several  teams, 
to  secure  a  quantity  of  wheat  in  Deerfield,  two  or 
three  miles  further  nortl',  was  suprised  on  his  return 
through  this  place,  by  a  ?,)arty  of  700  Indians,  who 
had  secretly  watched  fajs  movements,  and  who  lay 
in  ambush  awaiting  his  arrival.  He  had  no  sooner 
crossed  the  small  stream  above  mentioned,  than 
they  rushed  upon  him,  pouring  in  such  a  deadly  fire 
as  to  produce  complete  discomfiture.  Lothrop  and 
his  men  fled  ;  but  being  pursued  and  overtaken  at 
all  points,  they  resolved  to  sell  their  lives  in  a  vigor- 
ous struggle.  They  accordingly  posted  themselves 
behind  the  neighboring  trees  ;  when  the  conflict 
became  a  trial  of  skill  in  sharp  shooting.  At  length 
the  struggle  terminated  in  the  annihilation  of  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  English.  LoUirop  was  killed  in 
the  early  part  of  the  action  ;  and  his  loss,  including 
teamsters,  amounted  to  ninety.  The  troops  at 
Deerfield,  under  captain  Mosely,  hearing  the  mus- 
ketry, hastened  to  the  scene  of  combat,  and  arrived 
soon  after  its  close.    They  found  the  Indians  strip-^ 


\ 


bEERFIELt). 


293 


ping  the  slain.  Mosely  improving  the  ftvorablc 
opportunity,  rushed  upon  them,  cutting  them  dovrn 
iu  all  directions,  and  driving  the  remainder  into  the 
adjacent  swamps.  The  nest  morning,  it  was  fo'jnd 
that  a  few  Indians  had  returned  to  the  field  of  battle 
for  the  purpose  of  plunder  ;  but  they  were  soon 
diroersed. 

Though  the  loss  of  the  enemy  on  the  previous  day 
was  estimated  at  about  100,  the  engagement  was, 
nevertneless,  more  disastrous  in  its  consequences, 
to  the  English.  The  destruction  of  90  valuable  men, 
the  flower  of  a  th>nly  scattered  population,  was  cal- 
culated to  produce  much  despondency,  and  occasion 
the  most  serious  apprehensions  for  the  safety  of  the 
remaining  colonists. 

The  place  where  this  battle  was  fought,  is  near 
the  centre  of  the  village,  about  30  rods  south  of  the 
church.  The  bridge  over  the  stream,  is  located  at 
the  place  where  Lothrop  crossed.  Some  remains 
of  a  coarse  monument  once  erected  here,  are  still 
visible. 


;  •!•■ 


DeerfyeijD,  3  miles  from  Muddy  Brook,  and  17 
miles  north  of  Northampton,  is  a  handsome  village 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Connecticut  river.     It  is  in 
the  midst  of  a  very  fertile  and  beautiful  country, 
presenting  a  succession  of  rich  and  highly  cultivated 
farms.    The  town  was  among  the  early  settlements^ 
on  the  river  ;  and,  more  than  any  other  place,  was 
the  theatre  of  Indian  warfare,    ui  September,  1675, 
an  attack  was  made  on  the  place,  one  man  killed 
and  several  houses  reduced  to  ashes.    For  about  20 
years  subsequent  to  this,  owing  to  repeated  incur- 
sions of  the  savages,  the  inhabitants  were  often  com- 
pelled to  abandon  their  dwellings  an  1  seek  a  tem- 
porary asylum  in  the  neighboring  Xowns.    During 
the  French  wars  under  William  and  Anne,  however, 
they  maintained  their  ground  until  1704;    made 
many  improvements  and  enclosed  the  centre  of  the 

r3 


: 


294 


DEERFIELD. 


li*^ 


village  by  an  extensive  but  imperfect  palisaded 
vTwik.  This  fortification  was  attacked  by  about  850 
f  rench  and  Indians  in  the  month  of  February  of 
that  year.  They  had  secretly  taken  a  position  two 
miles  north  of  the  village  on  the  evening  of  the  9th ; 
from  whence  they  cautiously  paroceedi^d  to  the  fort 
the  next  moniing  before  day.  There  being  no  sen- 
tinels posted,  the  fortification  was  easily  entered, 
and  the  work  of  destruction  commenced,  ere  the  in- 
habitants had  aroused  from  their  slumbers.  A  fee- 
ble resistance,  only,  could  be  made."*  All  the  hou- 
ses, except  one,  within  the  pallisades,  were  burnt ; 
between  40  and  50  of  the  inhabitants  were  killed, 
and  112,  including  women  and  children,  made  pris- 
oners. In  the  drear  of  winter,  widi  a  scanty  supply 
of  provisions,  and  with  little  clothing,  the  mifortu- 
nate  captives  were  compelled  to  take  up  their  line 
<^ march  for  Canada.  Mr.  Williams,  the  clergyman 
of  the  place,  and  his  family,  were  of  the  number. 
His  wifef  was  murdered  in  two  or  three  davs  after 
commencing  the  excursion  ;  and  sixteen  others  ei- 
ther died  or  were  massacred  before  reaching  the 
Province.  Most  of  those  who  survived,  after  re- 
maining in  captivity  for  some  time,  vrere  redeemed. 
A  daughter  of  Mr.  Williams,  however,  who  had 
married  an  Indian  chief,  refused  to  return.  She 
assumed  the  habiliment  of  a  savage,  and  died  in 
Canada  some  years  afterwards.  Several  of  her  de- 
scendants are  still  living  there. 

The  house  which  survived  the  conflagration  at 
Deerfield,  is  still  standing.    It  is  owced  by  Col. 

*From  one  or  two  houses  a  sharp  fire,  for  a  short 
time,  was  kept  up  on  the  enemy  ;  and  his  loss  in 
killed  amounted  to  between  40  and  50. 

fShe  was  afterwards,  with  her  husband,  interred 
in  the  church-yard  at  Deerfield  ;  and  marble  slabs 
placed  over  their  graves.        --  


TURNER'S  FALLS. 


295 


£lihu  Ho^t ;  is  in  a  tolerable  state  of  preservation  ; 
and  exhibits  to  this  day  the  perforation  made  In  Uie 
door  by  tomahawks,  as  well  as  the  marks  of  balls  in 
the  interior.  One  of  these  marks  is  shown,  as  hav- 
ing been  made  by  a  ball  which  killed  a  female  in  the 
house  ;  and  in  one  of  the  timbers  a  bullet  is  seen, 
ivhich  has  never  been  extracted. 

GREEm'iELi),  4  miles  from  Deeriield,  is  a  large 
and  pleasant  village,  on  the  west  side  of  the  river ; 
from  which  it  is  distant  2  miles.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  jail,  bank  and  8  churches.  It  is  a  cen- 
tral position  for  the  trade  of  the  surrounding  coun- 
try ;  and  is  a  place  of  wealth  and  enterprise. 

TtTRNBR's  Falls,  on  the  Connecticut  river,  are 
3  miles  from  Greenfield,  in  a  north-easterly  direc- 
tion. The  road  taken  in  visiting  them  is  east  of 
the  ordinary  stage  route ;  and  it  is  customary,  there- 
fore, after  an  excursion  to  the  falls,  to  return  to 
Greenfield.  The  route  is  principally  over  the  ground 
taken  by  Capt.  Turner,  in  his  attack  on  the  Jmdians 
in  1676.  The  fall  is  between  forty  and  fifty  feet ; 
but  by  the  erection  of  a  dam  for  the  accommodation 
of  a  canal  around  the  falls,  the  cataract  has  lost  much 
of  its  original  wildness. 

The  Indians  amounting  to  several  hundreds,  hav- 
ing taken  a  po^  ition  on  elevated  ground,  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  river  at  the  head  of  the  fall,  it  was  deem- 
ed important  to  dislodge  them.  This  service  was 
undertaken  by  Capt.  Turner,  at  the  head  of  about 
160  mounted  troops.  He  left  Hatfield  on  the  17th 
of  May,  1676,  and  reached  within  half  a  mile  of  the 
Indian  encampment  before  day  the  next  morning, 
without  discovery.  Here  his  men  left  their  horses, 
and  by  a  rapid  march,  reached  the  camp  before  the 
Indians  awoke  from  their  slumbers.  A  deadly  and 
destructive  fire  was  immediately  commenced.  Be- 
lieving it  to  proceed  from  theii  ancient  and  powerful 

r4 


296 


BRATTLEBOROUGU. 


enemy  the  Mohawks,  many  of  the  Indians  tied  to 
the  river,  and  leaped  into  their  canoes;  but  in  at- 
tempting to  cross,  they  were  mostly  shot  or  precipi- 
tated over  the  cataract.  Others  fled  to  the  rocks  of 
the  river  bank,  where  they  were  cut  down,  without 
resistance ;  and  few  escaped  the  victorious  arm  of 
the  assailants.  One  hundred  were  left  dead  on  the 
field  ;  one  hundred  and  forty  were  seen  to  descend 
the  cataract ;  and  their  whole  loss  was  afterwards 
ascertained  to  have  been  300.  Turner  lost  but  one 
man.  v  v« 

In  his  retreat,  he  was  less  fortunate.  He  was  at- 
tacked by  other  parties  of  Indians  on  the  route — ^his 
men  divided—himself  killed ;  and  the  loss  of  his 
party,  before  they  reached  Hatfield,  amounted  to 
between  30  and  40.  Capt.  T.  is  supposed  to  have 
fallen  in  what  is  called  Greenfield  Meadow,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  small  stream  on  which  a  mill  now  stands ; 
as  his  body  was  afterwards  found  at  that  place  by  a 
scouting  party  of  the  English. 

Bernardston,  5  miles  north  of  Greenfield. 

Vernon,  6  miles  :  the  first  town  reached  in 
entering  the  state  of  Vermont.  Fort  Dummer, 
built  to  protect  the  inhabitants  against  the  Indians, 
was  located  at  this  place.  It  was  attacked  by  the 
enemy  in  1723,  and  four  or  five  of  the  inhabitants 
killed.  A  body  of  troops  marched  from  Northamp- 
ton to  relieve  the  besieged ;  but  before  they  reach- 
ed the  fort,  the  Indians  had  withdrawn.  -^ 

Guilford,  5  miles.-  Here  are  two  slate  quarries 
and  several  mills  and  manufactories. 

Br  ATTLEBOROUGH,  6  miles,  a  flourishing  village, 
is  located  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Connecticut  riv- 
er ;  over  which  there  is  a  permanent  bridge.  White 
stone  creek  also  passes  through  the  place,  affording 
anumber  of  good  mill  sites.  The  village  contains 
a  bank,  the  most  extensive  printing  establishmept 
in  the  state,  and  several  manufactories.    Stages  pass 


I  ! 


CHARLESTOWN. 


297 


daily  between  this  place  and  Boston,  Hartford,  Al- 
bany and  Hanover. 

DvMMERSTON,  5  miles. 

Putney,  5  miles,  i      4,r:.\.   .1.  .■',   .^^ 

Westminster  7  5  miles.  The  first  newspaper  print- 
ed in  Vermont  was  issued  from  a  press  at  this  place  ; 
though  it  was  discontinued  several  years  since  for 
want  of  patronage.  The  village  is  located  on  a 
beautiful  plain  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Connecticut ; 
but  it  has  not  improved  much  within  the  last  twen- 
ty years. 

Walpole,  N.  H.  to  which  a  bridge  leads,  is  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  and  is  noticed  at 
page  223. 

Bellows  Falls,  on  tfie  Vermont  side,  4  miles 
from  Walpole.  {See  p.  222.)  Proceeding  up  the 
river  over  a  beautiful  plain, 

>  * 

Charlestown,  N.  H.  is  reached  in  travelling 
S  aiiles  from  Bellows  Falls.  It  is  handsomely  locat- 
ed on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  and  is  a  neat  village, 
containing  a  court-house,  jail  and  bank. 

A  fort  was  built  for  the  defence  of  this  place  in 
1743,  on  rising  ground  south  of  the  church,  over 
which  the  present  street  passes.  In  March,  1747, 
while  the  fort  was  occupied  by  Capt.  Stevens  and 
thirty  men,  a  furious  assault  was  made  upon  it  by  a 
large  body  of  French  and  Indians,  under  the  com- 
mand of  M.  Debeline.  The  fort  being  composed 
of  materials  which  were  combustible,  the  enemy  at- 
tempted its  destruction,  by  setting  a  log  house  and 
the  fences  to  the  windward  on  fire.  To  guard 
against  a  conflagration,  the  besieged,  through  great 
exertions,  succeed  in  making  several  subterranean 
passages  under  the  parapet,  with  an  opening  at  the 
top  of  each.  From  these  passages,  which  were 
deep  enough  to  protect  the  men  from  the  enemy's 
shot,  water,  taken  from  a  well  within  the  fort,  was 

r5 


'ij 


11 


IH 


Hi 


29S 


HANOVER. 


V  ) 


tbrovrn  upon  the  parapet,  and  the  plan  of  the  enemy 
frustrated.  A  sort  of  mantelet,  loaded  with  dry  fag- 
gots, set  on  fire,  was  then  forced  towards  the  fort, 
accompanied  with  flaming  arrows ;  but  all  to  no  pur- 
pose. Stevens  maintained  his  position,  continued 
a  fire  upon  the  enemy  whenever  he  presented  him- 
self, and  refused  all  propositions  of  a  surrender.  Af- 
ter an  assault  of  three  days,  and  suffering  severely 
in  the  loss  of  his  men,  Pebeline  withdrew  from  the 
siege.  Noneof  Stevens*  men  were  billed;  and  but 
two  wounded. 

For  this  brave  defence,  Sir  Charles  Knowles, 
commandant  of  a  naval  force  then  in  Boston  hairbor, 
sent  Capt.  Stevens  an  elegant  sword.  The  town 
was  subsequently  named  in  nonor  of  Sir  Charles. 

From  Charlestown,  a  stage  may  be  taken  daily 
for  Saratoga  Springs,  passing  through  Chester,  Man- 
chester, &c.;  or  for  Boston,  passing  through  Wal- 
pole,  Eeene,  Sec.    {Seep.  220  to  225. ) 

Springfield,  Vt.  on  tlie  west  side  of  the  river, 
5  miles  from  Charlestown. 

W9ATH)i9iSFiE;M>»  6  miles;  a  fin«  agricultural 
township,  jarvis*  farm,  at  what  is  termd  Weath- 
ersfield  Bow  (a  turn  in  the  rive?)  is  consult  red  one 
of  the  best  in  Vermont. 

Windsor,  7  miles.    {Seep.  228.)  ;•' 

Hartland,  7  miles. 

Hai^TFord,  7  miles.  There  are  two  handsome 
villages  in  this  town ;  one  near  the  junction  of  the 
White  river,  and  the  other  near  the  junction  of  thd 
Queechy  river  with  the  Connecticut.  In  both  there 
are  several  mills  and  manuf4^:tO|:ies.  From  Hart- 
ford, the  river  is  crossed  to 

Hanover,  (noticed  at  p.  229)  from  which  a 
stage  may  be  taken  three  times  a  week  for  Burling- 
ton, Vi.  or  Boston. 


ih 


^ 


TRAVELLERS'  NOTES. 


299 


'    I 


'   ' 


i 


f  i  1 

■ 
4     1 


300 


TRAVELLBBS*  NOTES- 


^ 


TRAVELLERS'  NOTES. 


^01 


S02 


TRAVELLERS'  NOTES. 


TRAVELLERS'  NOTES. 


303 


a04  TRAVELLERS'  NOTES. 


■r— — ^— »• 


TRAVELLEIUB*  NOTES. 


aoft 


306 


TRAVELLEB8'  NOTES. 


